中国70年来蜜蜂生物学研究进展

蜜蜂生物学是养蜂学领域中最基础的学科,人类饲养蜜蜂是从观察蜜蜂生物学特性过程中逐渐开始的,并且随着对蜜蜂生物学特性深入了解,蜜蜂饲养技术得到了不断提高;而且,蜜蜂也是一种理想的社会型模式昆虫,蜜蜂生物学研究结果对整个社会生物学有重要的参考价值,因此蜜蜂生物学研究长期以来一直是热门课题,每年有大量论文发表。本文对我国学者70年来在蜜蜂生物学方面研究取得的进展进行了总结,重点介绍了中华蜜蜂生物学、蜜蜂发育生物学、蜜蜂行为生物学和蜜蜂营养生物学领域的最新研究成果,提出了未来的发展趋势,旨在于推动我国养蜂学事业的发展。     

蜜蜂蛋白质组学研究新进展北大核心CSCD

蛋白质组学是后基因组时代的重要技术之一,随着超高压液相色谱、高分辨率和高灵敏度生物大分子质谱技术的快速发展,近年来在蜜蜂生物学和蜂产品研究领域的研究应用越来越广,蜜蜂的许多重要生物学形成机理被解析,蜂产品中的重要功能成分不断被鉴定,这对促进我国蜂学领域的原始创新具有重要意义。对近年来国际蜜蜂蛋白质组学的研究进行系统综述,旨在促进我国蜜蜂生物学和养蜂业的发展。     

蜜蜂蛋白质组学研究新进展

蛋白质组学是后基因组时代的重要技术之一,随着超高压液相色谱、高分辨率和高灵敏度生物大分子质谱技术的快速发展,近年来在蜜蜂生物学和蜂产品研究领域的研究应用越来越广,蜜蜂的许多重要生物学形成机理被解析,蜂产品中的重要功能成分不断被鉴定,这对促进我国蜂学领域的原始创新具有重要意义。对近年来国际蜜蜂蛋白质组学的研究进行系统综述,旨在促进我国蜜蜂生物学和养蜂业的发展。     

中华蜜蜂重要生物学特性相关功能基因研究进展

中华蜜蜂Apis cerana cerana Fabricisus是一种重要的经济动物,具有嗅觉敏锐,抗寒耐热,抗螨及采集能力强等特点.目前人们采用分子生物学的方法,对中华蜜蜂的基因组成、基因表达调控及基因功能分析等方面开展研究,揭示其特征行为的分子机理已成为该领域的研究热点之一.近年来,中华蜜蜂重要生物学特征功能相关基因(即蜂王浆蛋白相关基因、化学通讯相关蛋白基因和抗逆相关基因)在基因克隆、表达特性及功能研究等方面取得了重大进展.本文重点对此进行综述.     

蜜蜂蜂群温湿度调节研究进展

环境温度的变化直接影响蜜蜂的个体发育、群体活动、蜂群繁殖、群势强弱等方面,蜂群温湿度是对蜜蜂生命活动影响最大的环境因素,蜜蜂会积极地响应环境温度变化。在巢群内温度高于或低于子脾要求温度,蜜蜂就会采取各种解决办法。研究蜂群温度的分布、变化规律以及调控机制是当前蜂学领域的热点问题,而掌握了蜂群温度变化规律,也能更好的进行科学养蜂,提高蜂产品的产量和质量,同时对人类认知、环境保护也具有非常重要的借鉴价值。近年来随着基因组学、生物学、高新科学技术等的应用,蜜蜂温湿度调节的研究不断深入。整合当前国内外蜜蜂蜂群温湿度调节的研究报道,对蜜蜂蜂群温湿度调节现象和行为进行综合阐述,并对蜂群温湿度内在调控机理方面的进一步研究提出新思路。     

深度学习在蜜蜂研究中的应用

实现对蜜蜂蜂群的实时动态监测,有助于养蜂业的数字化与智能化发展,对大幅提升养蜂管理水平具有重要意义。深度学习作为人工智能的一种新的研究方向,目前已被广泛应用于昆虫分类学、行为学、害虫生物防治等领域。随着深度学习检测算法的迅速发展,基于深度学习的蜜蜂蜂群监测技术不断涌现,为智能化养蜂提供了可能。为促进深度学习在蜜蜂领域的进一步应用,本文梳理了深度学习在蜜蜂的物种识别、行为跟踪监测、蜂群健康监测和蜂巢监测等方面的研究进展,分析了深度学习技术在蜜蜂蜂群监测研究及应用中存在的一些问题和未来发展方向,为深度学习在蜜蜂领域的应用提出了建议。     

野生蜜蜂及其传粉作用的研究现状

传粉是维持与提升生物多样性的重要生态过程。膜翅目蜜蜂总科昆虫是自然界中最重要的传粉者, 但对野生蜜蜂的研究一直以来非常薄弱, 如野生蜜蜂类群的资源调查、种类的准确鉴别、营巢生物学与传粉生物学研究等方面。目前, 生物多样性与保护生物学方面的工作越来越多地涉及野生蜜蜂与植物的相互关系, 地方植物区系与农林作物的传粉生物学基础研究与应用项目也引起重视。本文综述了国内外野生蜜蜂的研究现状, 期望从分类学、营巢生物学与传粉生物学等方面推动野生蜜蜂传粉在农林业生产实践中的应用。     

成纤维细胞生长因子20研究进展

成纤维细胞生长因子20(FGF20)是成纤维细胞生长因子家族(FGFs)的成员之一。研究发现,FGF20具有广泛生物学活性,不仅在退行性神经系统疾病,如帕金森病中起着重要作用,还在组织修复,肿瘤发生、器官发育等方面具有重要的生物学功能。尽管作为重组蛋白药物的开发其功能和机制仍有待进一步研究,但FGF20所具备的生物学特性将会有非常广阔的研究领域和应用价值。     

小蜂螨研究综述

小蜂螨Tropilaelaps spp.是亚洲地区重要的蜜蜂害螨,是一类比大蜂螨Varroa destructor危害性更大的寄生虫,近几年关于小蜂螨的研究越来越多。本文就小蜂螨的分类与分布、生物学特性、流行特点与传播、诊断与防治等领域的最新研究作一综述,并对小蜂螨的研究趋势进行了讨论。     

宁乡猪实验动物化研究及在生物医学研究中的应用

宁乡猪为脂肪型猪种,具有遗传性稳定、食用价值高、生长快、适应性强及繁育力强等特征,已逐渐被应用于生物医学研究领域。本文对宁乡猪在封闭群培育、近交系培育、生物学特性及在生物医学研究领域中的应用等研究进展进行了综述。实验宁乡猪已封闭繁殖14年,可能是研究动脉粥样硬化、糖尿病有利模型。     

Modellsystem Honigbiene

The honeybee provides a suitable context for synergistically uniting a nearly unlimited range of questions from different perspectives. The model system honeybee thus provides a contentual framework for linking subject‐specific biological contents in student and teacher science education. Furthermore, due to the coordination of subject‐specific, didactic, pedagogical and practical school aspects, the observed levels can be linked horizontally and vertically. This article presents four research projects for pupils focusing on the model organism honeybee. Each of the projects corresponds to a different subject area and focuses on working with authentic research questions.     

生物合成材料聚β-羟基丁酸(PHB)的研究进展

聚β-羟基丁酸(PHB)是原核微生物在碳、氮营养失衡的情况下,作为碳源和能源贮存在生物体内的一类热塑性聚酯.它作为微生物合成的可降解材料,除了具有与化学合成高分子相似的性质外,还具有一般化学合成高分子没有的性质,如光学活性好、透氧性低、抗紫外线辐射、生物可降解性、生物组织相容性、压电性和抗凝血性等,具有广阔的应用前景,越来越受到人们的关注.国内外的许多公司和科研机构纷纷开展可降解塑料的研发工作.着重介绍了PHB的理化性质、检测方法、生物合成、降解以及基因改良菌种方面的研究进展,同时对其应用、目前存在的问题以及可能的解决方案进行了讨论.     

A Comparative Study of the Biological Activities of Two Molecular Species of Chloroplast-type Ferredoxins

Pairs of two molecular species of soluble chloroplast-type ferredoxins(Fd I and Fd II) from Nostoc muscorum and Aphanothece sacrumwere used to examine and compare the abilities of ferredoxinto substitute for spinach ferredoxin in the photoreduction ofNADP⁺ by spinach chloroplasts or N. muscorum membrane fragmentsand to link the reducing power of illuminated spinach chloroplaststo the Bacillus polymyxa nitrogenase system. Ferredoxins II of Nostoc and Aphanothece showed rather low activitiesin NADP⁺ photoreduction and nitrogenase system with spinachchloroplasts as the photosensitizer, compared to other ferredoxins.However, there was no difference between two ferredoxins (FdI and Fd II) from Nostoc in NADP⁺ photoreduction by photosyntheticmembrane fragments prepared from the same organism, N. muscorum. The biological significance of two molecular species of ferredoxinsin one organism could be ascribed to the different contributionof each ferredoxin to certain biological reactions in whichferredoxin functioned as an electron carrier. (Received November 4, 1980; Accepted January 9, 1981)     

Molecular Genetic Analysis of Ethanol Intoxication in Drosophila melanogaster

Recently, the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster has been introducedas a model system to study the molecular bases of a varietyof ethanol-induced behaviors. It became immediately apparentthat the behavioral changes elicited by acute ethanol exposureare remarkably similar in flies and mammals. Flies show signsof acute intoxication, which range from locomotor stimulationat low doses to complete sedation at higher doses and they developtolerance upon intermittent ethanol exposure. Genetic screensfor mutants with altered responsiveness to ethanol have beencarried out and a few of the disrupted genes have been identified.This analysis, while still in its early stages, has alreadyrevealed some surprising molecular parallels with mammals. Theavailability of powerful tools for genetic manipulation in Drosophila,together with the high degree of conservation at the genomiclevel, make Drosophila a promising model organism to study themechanism by which ethanol regulates behavior and the mechanismsunderlying the organism's adaptation to long-term ethanol exposure.     

蜜蜂转基因研究进展及研究途径探讨

转基因动物的科研价值和商业价值促进了转基因技术的不断发展和在各个领域的深入应用。蜜蜂是有着悠久饲养历史的经济昆虫和在基础理论研究领域有重大应用价值的模式动物,但其转基因研究却相对落后。雌性蜂的级型分化和工蜂清洁巢房行为增加了蜜蜂转基因的难度,精子介导转基因配套以人工授精技术及蜜蜂卵或幼虫的转基因操作与蜜蜂人工孵育技术结合是目前蜜蜂转基因的较好途径。文章综述蜜蜂转基因的研究进展,并讨论蜜蜂转基因所面临的特殊性及其研究途径。     

大蜡螟防控技术研究进展

大蜡螟Galleria mellonella L.是蜂群中普遍存在的害虫,其幼虫蛀毁巢脾,造成封盖蛹不能孵化出房,使蜂群群势下降甚至飞逃.当前,大蜡螟作为试验昆虫受到越来越多的关注,而其防控技术的研究相对薄弱,蜡螟危害仍是限制养蜂发展的因素之一.本文对国内外大蜡螟的防控技术进行了梳理总结,为我国制定蜡螟综合防控措施提供...     

Developmental expression and biophysical characterization of a Drosophila melanogaster aquaporin

Aquaporins (AQPs) accelerate the movement of water and other solutes across biological membranes, yet the molecular mechanisms of each AQP's transport function and the diverse physiological roles played by AQP family members are still being defined. We therefore have characterized an AQP in a model organism, Drosophila melanogaster, which is amenable to genetic manipulation and developmental analysis. To study the mechanism of Drosophila Malpighian tubule (MT)-facilitated water transport, we identified seven putative AQPs in the Drosophila genome and found that one of these, previously named DRIP, has the greatest sequence similarity to those vertebrate AQPs that exhibit the highest rates of water transport. In situ mRNA analyses showed that DRIP is expressed in both embryonic and adult MTs, as well as in other tissues in which fluid transport is essential. In addition, the pattern of DRIP expression was dynamic. To define DRIP-mediated water transport, the protein was expressed in Xenopus oocytes and in yeast secretory vesicles, and we found that significantly elevated rates of water transport correlated with DRIP expression. Moreover, the activation energy required for water transport in DRIP-expressing secretory vesicles was 4.9 kcal/mol. This low value is characteristic of AQP-mediated water transport, whereas the value in control vesicles was 16.4 kcal/mol. In contrast, glycerol, urea, ammonia, and proton transport were unaffected by DRIP expression, suggesting that DRIP is a highly selective water-specific channel. This result is consistent with the homology between DRIP and mammalian water-specific AQPs. Together, these data establish Drosophila as a new model system with which to investigate AQP function. fluid homeostasis; osmosis; channel; membrane     

果蝇在肿瘤学研究中的优势及应用前景

果蝇作为研究人类疾病的模式生物, 与哺乳动物不仅在基本的生物学、生理学和神经系统机能等方面比较相似, 而且果蝇有其作为模式生物的独特优势。近年来的研究表明, 果蝇和人类在肿瘤发生信号通路等方面的保守性很高, 而且果蝇具有很强的遗传学可操作性, 是肿瘤学研究有效的模型之一, 可用于研究人类肿瘤发生、发展、转移等分子机制。文章综述了果蝇在肿瘤学研究中的优势、已建立的用于研究特定癌症的果蝇模型, 并对其在未来肿瘤学的研究方向进行展望, 以期为国内肿瘤学研究和抗肿瘤药物的研发提供参考。     

鸡基因组计划及在遗传学研究中的应用

鸡,以其独特的生物学特性,成为研究许多生物学问题的重要模式生物。而在长期选育中形成的肉鸡和蛋鸡两大品系则是研究许多遗传性状的分子机制的理想模型。鸡基因组计划的完成,极大推动了以鸡作为模式生物的研究与开发工作。本文重点介绍了鸡基因组学的研究进展,和利用基因组相关信息对鸡的不同品系的数量性状进行遗传学研究的方法策略;并阐明了以鸡作为模式生物,利用基因组学的信息进行发育和遗传学研究的广阔前景。     

Quantitative comparison of caste differences in honeybee hemolymph

The honeybee, Apis mellifera, is an invaluable partner in agriculture around the world both for its production of honey and, more importantly, for its role in pollination. Honeybees are largely unexplored at the molecular level despite a long and distinguished career as a model organism for understanding social behavior. Like other eusocial insects, honeybees can be divided into several castes: the queen (fertile female), workers (sterile females), and drones (males). Each caste has different energetic and metabolic requirements, and each differs in its susceptibility to pathogens, many of which have evolved to take advantage of the close social network inside a colony. Hemolymph, arthropods' equivalent to blood, distributes nutrients throughout the bee, and the immune components contained within it form one of the primary lines of defense against invading microorganisms. In this study we have applied qualitative and quantitative proteomics to gain a better understanding of honeybee hemolymph and how it varies among the castes and during development. We found large differences in hemolymph protein composition, especially between larval and adult stage bees and between male and female castes but even between adult workers and queens. We also provide experimental evidence for the expression of several unannotated honeybee genes and for the detection of biomarkers of a viral infection. Our data provide an initial molecular picture of honeybee hemolymph, to a greater depth than previous studies in other insects, and will pave the way for future biochemical studies of innate immunity in this animal.