金针菇品系间酯酶同工酶标记筛选研究

采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶垂直板状电泳,研究了不同生长发育期,不同组织对金针菇酯酶同工酶电泳表型的影响,筛选出不受生长发育期及常规培养条件等影响的酯酶标记区带。标记区带分所有品系的出现的基本带和部分品系出现的识别带。酯酶同工酶标记区带电泳表型显示出多态性。     

Esterase genes in Daphnia pulex: linked inheritance and genotypic distribution in natural populations

Summary Esterase patterns were examined in three populations of Daphnia pulex. The total number of bands showing esterase activity was 17. Three major genes Est-1, Est-2, Est-3 controlling esterase synthesis were identified and genetically studied. These genes were found to be located in the same linkage group. It was shown that two or three homologous chromosomes differing in sets of esterase alleles predominantly occur in the populations considered.     

Esterases in Folsomia candida (Collembola: Isotomidae). Characterization of enzymes among parthenogenic strains

Esterase enzymes from four strains of Folsomia candida were investigated using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Up to 12 bands of enzymatic activity were present in each strain. Esterase bands were classified as choline esterases or as one of two groups of carboxyl esterases, based on mobility, on substrate specificity and on activity remaining after inhibition by class-specific chemicals. One strain-specific choline esterase was discovered which resisted the effects of many organophosphate inhibitors. Organophosphate inhibitor concentrations had to be 10 to 100 times greater to reduce the staining activity of this resistant choline esterase to the level of comparable esterases in other strains.     

Genetic control of multiple esterases from needles and macrogametophytes ofPicea abies

Summary The patterns of multiple esterases from needles and macrogametophytes ofPicea abies were examined by polyacrylamide-gel disc-electrophoresis. There are three patterns: (1) two slow-migrating bands, (2) three fast-migrating bands, and (3) a combination of (1) and (2). Re-electrophoresis of the individual bands and genetic analysis demonstrated the existence of two distinct isozymes controlled by two alleles at one locus. In a native population the esterase patterns were in a Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. In the offspring of crosses between clonal grafts which represent individual trees with different esterase patterns, the patterns segregated in Mendelian ratios. In the haploid macrogametophytes of individual trees they also segregated as expected, i.e. in a 1:1 ratio. This latter fact allows a genetic analysis of individual trees without crossing experiments by investigation of the isozyme patterns only.     

木耳栽培菌株酯酶同工酶的酶谱多样性研究

采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳技术对木耳（Ａｕｒｉｃｕｌａｒｉａａｕｒｉｃｕｌａ（Ｈｏｏｋ）Ｕｎｄｅｒｗ）１０个栽培菌株酯酶同工酶的酶谱多样性进行了研究。１０个供试菌株的幼龄菌丝（７ｄ）中仅检测到２５条酶带,各个菌株分别具有２～３条酶带,１０个菌株仅有２种酶谱类型;老龄菌丝（７２ｄ）中共检测到４４条酶带,各个菌株分别具有３～６条酶带,１０菌株共有８种酶谱类型。研究表明,木耳双核体菌丝中某些酯酶同工酶基因位点在一定的发育时期才开始表达,老龄菌丝酯酶同工酶酶谱在木耳菌株鉴别和遗传育种研究中具有更大的应用价值。     

Analysis of the Esterase Isozymes in Three Lines and F1 in Oryza sativa and Prediction of Heterosis

Esterase isozyme patterns in the embryos of dry seeds of 114 combinations of steriles, maintainers, restorers and their F1 hybrids were analyzed with acrylamide gel eleetrophoresis. Usually six major bands were found and named 1A, 3A, 4A, 5A, 6A and 7A. The isoesterase zymograms in three lines--sterile, maintainer and restorer were diffcrent. There were seven types of zymograms in F1 hybrids. The eomplementary bands were shown in F1 hybrids when sterile with 6A band and restorer with 3A or 5A band were used as parents. F1 hybrids with 3A and 6A complementary each other were more vigorous in vegetative growth and only those 5A and 6A complemontary each other displayed economic superiority. It was shown that the pattern of esterase zymograms of F1 hybrids was influenced by both cytoplasm and nucleus of their parents. It was concluded that esterase isozyme patterns could be used as one of the biochemical markers for the predicting hybrid vigor in heterosis breeding.     

湖北大麦品种酯酶同工酶酶谱与地区分布关系的研究

对产于湖北的１０５份大麦品种,采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳进行了酯酶同工酶酶谱分析,共得到８种酶谱类型。８种酶谱聚为４类,其中具酶谱类型Ｉ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ和Ⅷ的品种约占供试材料的９４％,构成湖北大麦酯酶同工酶酶谱的主要类型。对这些品种来源地的分析表明,具有相同或相近酶谱的品种分布在一些相对集中的地区,这些地区的气候条件较相似。对湖北大麦酯酶同工酶酶谱类型与地区分布和气温关系的关系,以及酯酶在大麦引种育种生产实践     

蓖麻蚕不同组织脂酶同工酶的研究

本工作为蚕类同工酶研究中的一部分,研究了蓖麻蚕五龄幼虫不同组织器官酯酶的分布情况,试图逐渐建立酶谱化。目的在于利用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳,检验家蚕的DNA对蓖麻蚕的诱变作用（陈元霖等,1981）,以期供体、受体与转化体之间几种酶谱的异同,从分子生物学的角度对蚕类DNA诱导遗传性变异加以阐述。     

Variation and distribution of esterase isozymes inHeteranthelium andTaeniatherum of the tribe triticeae,gramineae

Esterase isozyme variations ofHeteranthelium piliferum, Taeniatherum asperum andT. crinitum collected in Iraq, Turkey and Iran were analysed by gel isoelectric focusing. InH. piliferum two types of esterase zymogram, H1 and H2, were found. It was demonstrated that a pair of allelic genes, which is shown in the heterozygotes, controls the difference between type H1 and H2. Two types of esterase zymogram, T1 and T2, were observed in two species ofTaeniatherum. The majority of strains having type H1 ofH. piliferum and type T1 ofT. crinitum was distributed in the highly elevated plateau of the Anatolian and Iranian highlands, while strains with H2 and T2 of these two species were found in the western foot-hills of the Zagros Mountains, the Tigris basin of Mesopotamia and the central Anatolian plateau.     

三种蜘蛛酯酶同工酶的比较研究

应用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳对狼蛛科的拟水狼蛛、蟹蛛科的三突花蛛和肖蛸科的鳞纹肖蛸3种蜘蛛的酯酶同工酶进行了比较研究。结果表明,不同科的蜘蛛酯酶同工酶种问差异性大并有着明显的种簇特异性,推测它们的酯酶同工酶酶谱中的区带组受不同的基因位点控制,且各自的基因位点数不等;同种蜘蛛的雌蛛和雄蛛之间也有各自的酯酶同工酶谱型,但差异小,其控制基因位点大体相同。这样,我们从分子的水平上讨论了酯酶同工酶的差异性可以用来作为识别物种的附加指标。     

亚麻耐盐性愈伤组织的生理生化特性

以亚麻(双亚5号)耐盐愈伤组织为材,以同种亚麻普通愈伤组织为对照,分别经含0~250 mmol·L^-1 NaC1的培养基培养20 d后,比较含水量、MDA含量、POD酶活、SOD酶活、EST同工酶谱、POD同工酶谱及SOD同工酶谱。结果表明：亚麻耐盐组愈伤组织与对照组愈伤组织在多方面存在明显差异,前者含水量均高于后者;丙二醛含量也高于后者,但变化幅度不大;POD酶活均高于对照组;酯酶同工酶谱不同于对照组,酯酶酶活量均高于对照组;POD同工酶谱比对照组多一条带,且酶活均高于对照组;SOD同工酶谱与对照组一样多,但酶活均高于对照组,且平稳。这为进一步筛选亚麻耐盐突变细胞系奠定了良好的基础。     

Genetics of an esterase in Aedes aegypti

Zymograms of single individuals of Aedes aegypti were obtained by means of starch gel electrophoresis, using alpha-naphthyl acetate as substrate. Inbred lines gave consistently homogeneous patterns; earlier results from random-breeding laboratory strains had shown considerable variability. Six distinct bands were observed. The furthest moving band, designated Esterase 6, showed differential migration in two inbred lines. Reciprocal crosses between these lines gave F₁ progeny showing both bands. Backcrosses of F₁ to either parental line gave a 1:1 segregation. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that the two forms of Esterase 6 are controlled by a single pair of codominant alleles at a single gene locus (Est 6 ^a and Est 6 ^b). Linkage tests with marker genes have demonstrated that Est 6 is on linkage group 2, with the following alignment: spot-abdomen (9.0±1.0) yellow-larva (17.4±1.3) Est 6. Crosses with another inbred line demonstrated a third band with intermediate mobility, designated Est 6 ^c. An additional electrophoretic variant which seems to have a simple Mendelian basis was found in esterase band 1.This work was supported by NIH Research Grant No. A1-02753.     

Variation of Genetic Expression During Development, Revealed by Esterase Patterns in Aedes aegypti (Diptera, Culicidae)

Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was used to analyze esterase patterns during development of Aedes aegypti from the cities of Marília and São José do Rio Preto (SJRP), Brazil. The zymograms showed a total of 23 esterase bands, 22 of which were in the specimens from Marília and 19 in those from SJRP. These esterase bands were considered to be the product of 23 alleles distributed tentatively in eight genetic loci. Most of the alleles were developmentally regulated. The larval stage expressed the greatest number of them (19 alleles, from the eight loci, in Marília; and 17 alleles, from seven loci, in SJRP). The pupal stage expressed 10 alleles from seven loci, in both populations, and the adult stage expressed 8 alleles from five and six loci in SJRP and Marília, respectively. Some alleles that were active in every stage were developmentally controlled at the level of expression (amount of product). A single allele was constitutively and highly expressed, in larvae, pupae, and adults, in both populations. Differences in esterase synthesis among stages are probably due to regulatory mechanisms acting in agreement with the requirements of a variable number of processes in which esterases are involved. The larval stage is the most active in developmental processes and shows very intense intake of food and very high mobility. These features may demand increased esterase production at that stage. Comparison of the two populations examined showed (besides the existence of alleles that they do not share) that they exhibit differences in the control of expression of other alleles. Such findings may reflect genetic differences between founders in each population, but the possibility of involvement of the intensive use of insecticides in SJRP is also discussed.     

Differential Esterase Expression in Developmental Mutants of Aspergillus nidulans

Esterase isozymes were used to detect substrate-preference polymorphism in five strains of Aspergillus nidulans, and to show differential gene expression in developmental mutants in response to 5-azacytidine treatment. The medusa mutants B116, SM23, and M25 were selected in the presence of 5-azacytidine (5AC); also the G839 bristle mutant obtained in the absence of 5AC as well as the UT196 master strain and the normal segregant SM24 were used for the esterase studies. The esterase isozyme patterns of the A. nidulans strains observed with 4-methylumbelliferyl esters and alpha- and beta-naphthyl esters indicated a total of 18 isoesterases. Substrate preference for either 4-methylumbelliferyl esters and alpha- or beta-naphthyl esters was observed. Similarity between the different A. nidulans genotypes was 84.4-100%. The genomic similarity of the B116, SM23, and M25 mutant strains (100%) supports previous observations that specific DNA sequences might be targets for 5AC action in this filamentous fungus, and the differential expression of the Est-4 isozyme in the medusa developmental mutant and the Est-2 isozyme specifically detected in the bristle mutant G839 seems to indicate esterase isozymes as possible markers of biochemical differences among different developmental mutants of A. nidulans.     

玉米花粉形成过程不同阶段特异蛋白变化规律及酯酶同工酶研究

利用薄层胶电泳技术对玉米花粉形成过程不同阶段的酯酶同工酶及可溶性蛋白种类和含量变化进行了研究。结果表明在玉米花粉形成过程中的不同阶段酯酶同工酶的种类和活性均有不同。四分体时期出现两种小分子量酯酶同工酶到小孢子阶段即很快消失,早期小孢子阶段酯酶同工活性及种类达到高峰,以后则逐步递减。玉米花粉可溶性蛋白电泳显示玉米花粉形成过程中不同发育时期蛋白类和含量有很大变化。四分体时期存在有特异性蛋白（ＴＰ）,它     

三倍体罗汉果及其亲本的同工酶比较研究

为了加快三倍体罗汉果育种的进程和效率,进一步提高其亲本选择性,该文对F1代3x罗汉果与其4x和2x亲本的过氧化物酶(POD)同工酶和酯酶(EST)同工酶进行了比较。结果表明:F1代3x罗汉果与其4x和2x亲本的POD和EST同工酶均有一定差异,3x和4x的POD和EST同工酶不同迁移率的平均酶带数目较2x多,酶带活性也较强;4x的POD同工酶数目较3x的多,但EST同工酶两者差异较小;F1代3x罗汉果的同工酶均出现了与其4x和2x亲本不同的新酶带,预示着其可能具有的杂种优势;聚类分析结果显示,F1代3x罗汉果与其4x母本的遗传距离更近,并且当4x母本间亲缘遗传关系较近时,其F1代3x在亲缘遗传上也相聚较近,说明F1代3x在亲缘遗传上更倾向于其4x母本。由于三倍体罗汉果育种亲本间存在杂种优势,且更倾向于其母本遗传,因此通过该研究可以初步总结出三倍体罗汉果及其父本、母本的遗传规律,并提出罗汉果三倍体良种选育的建议,即在3x罗汉果育种时需要更加关注4x母本的优良性状表现,并以亲本的遗传背景为基础,选择遗传差异较为显著的父本和母本。     

Esterase Isozyme analyses of the Species and Their Varieties of the Genus Gossypium

The isozyme make up of esterases of the seeds from fifteen species and twenty-three cultivar of Gossypium was analyzed by isoelectrofocusing. The experimental results are summarized as follows: 1. Differeces were observed in the number of esterase isozyme bands among the species of different genome groups. The cultivated species, G. hirsutum (AD)1 gave rise to 46 isozyme bands, the most among the species of the genus Gossypium. G. barba- dense (AD)2, G. arboreum (A2) and G. herbaceum (A1) gave rise to 42, 40 and 38 bands, respectively. In wild species, G. australe (C3) had 20 esterase bands, the least in all species of Gossypium. The bands given rise from other wild species ranged from 26 to 40. 2. Each species of every genome groups had its marker bands. The results were in agreement with the traditional classification and provided some biochemical evidence for modern classification of Gossypium. 3. It was clear that all cotton species of different genome groups contain 5 main isozyme bands, viz. PI=3.85, 4.61, 5.48, 5.73 and 5.91 in the zymograms. In other words, these zymograms are common characters of Gossypium. 4. The esterase of 23 cultivers in four cultivated species studied showed that no variation in isozyme patterns existed within one species, except the disease-resistant variety Hea-7124 which differs from other 4 cultivars of G. barbadense.     

The genetics and expression of an esterase locus inAnopheles gambiae

The main polymorphic system of esterase isoenzymes in adults of the G3 laboratory strain ofAnopheles gambiae consists of two to five major bands of activity per individual. The bands are designated 5S, 5F, 13, 14, and 15. In genetic crosses, the genes which coded for the bands assorted as three codominant alleles, Est A, Est B, and Est C, at a single autosomal locus. Homozygotes for the Est C allele were significantly underrepresented among backcross progeny. The developmental pattern of esterase expression was examined. Esterase gene expression in embryos was first detectable between 2 and 12 hr after oviposition. The initiation or termination of expression of some of the bands corresponded to boundaries between developmental stages. Most of the esterase fractions were not specifically localized within the tissues tested, with the exception of a series of bands which were restricted largely to adult male testes.     

Electrophoretic variation in esterases and peroxidases of native greek diploidAegilops species(Ae. caudata andAe. comosa,Poaceae)

The esterase and peroxidase patterns in five varieties ofAegilops caudata (genome type C) andAe. comosa (genome type M) were studied in order to elucidate the phylogenetic relationships within and between the two groups. The electrostarch gel electrophoresis technique was applied to extracts of shoot and root of 4-day-old seedlings, and the electropherograms were evaluated by gel densitometer traces. Inspite of considerable isozyme polymorphism, closer relationships in the banding patterns were found between different varieties of a single species than between varieties of the two different species. Esterase and peroxidase patterns of the twoAe. caudata varieties (caudata andpolyathera) are very similar and prove their close phylogenetic relationship. The isozyme affinities withinAe. comosa varieties are illustrated by the seriessubventricosa—biaristata—thessalica. The latter endemic variety has quite a number of characteristic bands and is relatively isolated. Altogether, the electrophoretic data agree well with morphological and cytological similarities (Zhukovsky 1928,Eig 1929,Karataglis 1973, 1975b).     

Esterase isozyme polymorphism, specific and nonspecific esterase, syngenic lines development and natural occurrence of a thermostable esterase in the tropical silkworm Bombyx mori L

Esterase isozyme polymorphism was documented for digestive juice and haemolymph of the tropical multivoltine silkworm, Bombyx mori L., breed CB5 (GP) and its syngenic lines (CB5Lm^e-1, CB5Lm-2 and CB5Lm-5) using - and β-naphthylacetate separately as nonspecific substrates (Ogita, Z., Kasai, T., 1965. Genetico-biochemical analysis of specific esterases in Musca domestica. Jpn. J. Genet. 40, 173–184). Polymorphism existed in the isozyme pattern of -esterase with two or three bands in digestive juice and three to five bands in haemolymph. No polymorphism was observed in β-esterase isozyme pattern having four bands in digestive juice and two bands in haemolymph. During the course of esterase isozyme studies, the presence of some specific -esterase bands (Est-1, 4 and 5) in haemolymph and β-esterase bands (Est-1, 2 and 3) in digestive juice were observed. But both - and β-esterase bands Est-3 and 4 in digestive juice and Est-2 and 3 in haemolymph were found to be nonspecific. Nonspecific β-esterase band (Est-3) in haemolymph of CB5 (GP) and its syngenic lines withstood a temperature up to 80±1°C for 10 min. No thermostable band was observed in the isozyme zymogram of -esterase in digestive juice and haemolymph or β-esterase in digestive juice. Overall, this study discusses the presence of esterase heterogeneity in the CB5 (GP) genepool, syngenic lines development, occurrence of specific - and β-esterase bands in digestive juice and haemolymph and thermostable β-esterase band Est-3 in haemolymph in tropical silkworm Bombyx mori L.