不同脱水处理对桔梗花粉离体萌发及贮藏性能的影响

对桔梗花粉离体萌发条件进行了筛选,并采用花粉离体萌发法测定了不同干燥方式和贮藏时间处理对桔梗花粉生活力的影响;同时采用人工授粉的方法研究了不同处理后桔梗花粉授粉结实能力的变化。结果表明：（1）30℃培养1.5h是桔梗花粉离体萌发和花粉管生长的最佳培养条件。（2）不同干燥方式、不同干燥时间处理后桔梗花粉萌发率和花粉管长度均有所下降,但下降幅度不同,其中以干燥箱45℃烘干处理1.5h~2h下降最少,其花粉耐藏性也有明显提高。（3）不同干燥方式处理桔梗花粉后其授粉结籽率的变化明显不同,阴置2h处理的花粉结籽率最低,而干燥器内放置6h、日晒2h和烘干1.5h处理后花粉结籽率略有变化;干燥处理后随贮藏时间的增加,其授粉结籽率均呈下降趋势,但45℃烘干1.5h处理的花粉结籽率下降速度最慢,其授粉结籽能力可保持5d左右。     

结实期水分胁迫对不同氮肥水平下水稻产量及其品质的影响

以生产上广泛使用的3个水稻品种为材料,研究了结实期适度水分胁迫对不同氮肥水平下稻米产量及其品质的影响.结果表明,正常施氮水平下,水分胁迫使3个品种籽粒产量降低11.6%～14.7%,虽整精米率有所提高,但垩白度却显著增加(18.7%～33.1%),外观品质变劣;而高氮水平下,水分胁迫处理的产量增加18.8%～22.2%,垩白粒率和垩白度分别降低15.3%～37.2%和13.7%～29.9%,外观品质变优.稻米RVA谱特征值和米饭质地也明显受到结实期土壤水分和施氮水平的影响.正常施氮水平下,水分胁迫处理的最高粘度和崩解值(扬稻6号除外)要低于水层灌溉处理,而其消减值却明显高于水层灌溉处理,水分胁迫使得正常施氮处理的米饭口感较硬,弹性较差,粘性降低,且咀嚼有渣感.而高氮水平下,水分胁迫利于米粉糊化过程中早期粘度的上升,最高粘度增加,崩解值也明显高于水层灌溉,消减值却明显减小,米饭的硬性和凝聚性减小,松弛性和粘附性增大,米饭质地有变优的趋势.     

干旱胁迫对霸王水分生理特征及细胞膜透性的影响

以2年生霸王为试验材料,用盆栽人工控制土壤水分,研究不同梯度土壤水分条件对霸王水分生理特征、丙二醛含量和细胞膜相对透性的影响.结果表明,与充足供水对照(土壤重量含水量为23%)相比,在严重干旱胁迫(土壤含水量为3%)20 d和45 d时,霸王叶水势和叶片相对含水量分别显著降低70.87%和45.54%、26.81%和12.66%;相应的叶片MDA含量和细胞膜相对透性分别显著增加33.81%和21.78%、17.51%和14.98%;严重干旱胁迫30 d使得霸王叶片保水力显著下降;同时随着土壤干旱胁迫程度的增强,霸王日蒸腾耗水量持续下降,且严重干旱胁迫处理的蒸腾耗水量日变化为水平直线型,其余处理均为单峰型.研究发现,严重干旱胁迫下随着胁迫时间的延长,霸王叶水势和叶片相对含水量有增加趋势,而叶片MDA含量和细胞膜相对透性则有减小趋势,它能够通过自身的调节机制,逐渐改善叶片水分状况,降低细胞膜伤害程度,从而适应严重干旱环境.     

罗汉果花粉生活力与其贮藏能力的研究

<正> 罗汉果系雌雄异株植物,栽培品种均需人工授粉才能结实。在实践中,由于花期不遇,给生产带来严重的影响。因而对罗汉果花粉生活力及贮藏能力的探索,使在人工授粉条件下,调节花粉的缺余,对提高结实力和增强杂交育种的效果都有重要意义。鉴于罗汉果花粉生活力及其贮藏能力的研究尚未见有报导,我们于1980——1982年进行了花粉生活力、花粉萌发动态及花粉贮藏试验,现将试验结果报告如下。     

不同无性系蔗茅抽穗开花特性的观察和花粉贮藏条件的研究

来源于较低海拔地区的3个蔗茅无性系的抽穗期较短,来源于较高海拔(大于1500m)地区的16个蔗茅无性系的抽穗期较长,且抽穗期与原产地海拔呈显著负相关(F=-0.827**).蔗茅的这一特性在集中种植后仍能相对稳定地表现出来.蔗茅花粉量较多,花粉发育良好.在自然条件下,蔗茅新鲜花粉仅能存活1 h左右;而经低温(10℃)硅胶干燥2 h后贮藏于-80℃条件下,其生活力保持可超过360d.蔗茅贮藏花粉生活力的下降比率与花粉含水量呈显著正相关(r=0.933**);含水量降至10%以下的花粉在低温中贮藏时才能保持较高生活力.     

玉米根、叶质膜透性和叶片水分对土壤干旱胁迫的反应

利用大型活动式防雨旱棚 ,人工控制不同土壤含水量 ,全生育期系统研究了轻度及严重土壤干旱胁迫对夏玉米根系活力、叶片相对含水量、离体叶片保水力和根、叶质膜透性的影响 .结果表明 :土壤干旱胁迫下 ,玉米叶片相对含水量下降、离体叶片保水力降低 ;叶片及根系质膜透性上升 ,并且根的质膜透性比叶片上升快 ,根系活力下降 ;在干旱胁迫下 ,根系、叶片质膜透性与叶片相对含水量呈负相关 ,而根系、叶片质膜透性与离体叶片保水力呈显著正相关 ,根系膜透性与叶片膜透性也呈显著正相关 ,维持根系活力与保持较高的叶片含水量有密切关系 .另外 ,由于严重水分胁迫处理的上述特性和充分供水处理差异显著 ,而轻度胁迫和充分供水不显著 ,因此可以认为轻度水分胁迫 ,即土壤含水量为田间持水量的 6 0± 5 %为夏玉米正常生长发育的下限指标 ,可作为制定节水栽培措施的理论依据 .     

胡杨、灰叶胡杨花粉成分及生活力的比较研究

比较研究了胡杨,灰叶胡杨花粉的化学成分及2种花粉在不同贮藏条件下的生活力变化。结果表明;在室温,4℃冰箱内保存,灰叶胡杨花粉生活力保持的时间均比胡杨花粉生活力保持的时间长,同一个种的花粉贮藏相同时间,在4℃冰箱内贮藏的生活力比室温下贮藏的生活力强,耐贮藏的灰叶胡杨花粉水分,淀粉含量较胡杨花粉高,蛋白质,还原糖,17种游离氨基酸含量较胡杨花粉含量低。     

悬铃木花粉生活力及贮藏力的研究

以30~40年生悬铃木(Platanus acerifolia)的花粉为试材,研究了不同培养基对其萌发的作用,同时探讨了不同贮藏条件和贮藏时间对花粉生活力的影响。结果表明:悬铃木花粉在15%蔗糖 0.01%硼酸的培养基上培养24 h后萌发率最高;附加琼脂的固体培养基对花粉的萌发影响不大;50 mg/L的赤霉素对悬铃木花粉的萌发没有明显的抑制或促进作用;花粉干燥后在低温4℃下贮藏能保持较长的生活力,比未经干燥25℃和4℃下贮藏分别长35 d和20 d。     

水分胁迫对杨树幼苗非结构性碳水化合物分配的影响

以1年生杨树幼苗为对象,采用盆栽控水法,设置适宜水分、轻度、中度和重度干旱胁迫处理,研究杨树幼苗叶、茎和根在处理15、30、45和60 d时非结构性碳水化合物(NSC)的变化。结果表明:与适宜水分处理相比,随着水分处理时间延长,水分胁迫导致杨树幼苗叶和茎的可溶性糖及NSC含量先增加后减少;根可溶性糖及NSC含量在轻度和中度胁迫处理呈下降趋势,在重度胁迫处理先增加后减少;叶淀粉含量在轻度胁迫处理先增加后降低,在中度和重度胁迫处理先减少后升高。水分处理45 d后,水分胁迫导致茎和根的淀粉及NSC含量显著下降。水分处理60 d时,NSC含量在各器官的下降率表现为根茎叶,淀粉含量下降率大于NSC含量。可溶性糖含量主要在叶中下降,在枝和根中保持稳定。水分胁迫导致杨树幼苗NSC储量降低,易遭受环境胁迫而导致死亡。     

水分胁迫对水稻籽粒蛋白质积累及营养品质的影响

以生产上广泛使用的水稻(Oryza sativa)品种‘汕优63’、‘扬稻6号’和‘武育粳3号’为材料,研究了水分胁迫对结实期水稻籽粒蛋白质积累及营养品质的影响。结果表明:正常施氮水平下,花后10~20 d的水分胁迫提高了谷氨酰胺合成酶(Glutamine synthetase,GS)和谷氨酸合酶(Glutamate synthase,GOGAT)活性,提高了籽粒自身利用无机氮合成氨基酸的能力,从而利于籽粒内蛋白质的积累,而高氮水平下,水分胁迫降低了籽粒自身合成氨基酸的能力。以重量为基数的蛋白质含有率在整个灌浆过程中呈“V”型消长,正常施氮水平下,水分胁迫明显提高了花后15 d至成熟期蛋白质含有率,而高氮水平下,水分胁迫处理的蛋白质含有率明显低于水层灌溉。与水层灌溉相比,水分胁迫提高了正常施氮水平下精米中醇溶蛋白和谷蛋白含量,但却明显降低了高氮水平下精米中醇溶蛋白和谷蛋白含量。水分胁迫对稻米中赖氨酸含量的影响因品种、植株的氮营养水平的不同而不同,水分胁迫显著降低了两种氮肥水平下‘汕优63’中赖氨酸含量,但却明显提高‘扬稻6号’中赖氨酸含量;而‘武育粳3号’于两种氮肥水平下表现恰好相反,正常施氮水平下赖氨酸含量略有升高;而高氮水平下赖氨酸含量明显降低。     

Effects of high-temperature stress on microsporogenesis in heat-sensitive and heat-tolerant genotypes of Phaseolus vulgaris

High ambient temperature (32/27 °C, day/night, 12 h photoperiod) applied prior to anthesis to Phaseolus vulgaris plants results in abnormal pollen and anther development during microsporogenesis. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy were used to examine anther and pollen morphology and pollen wall architecture after heat stress was applied to two genotypes that differ with respect to yield potential under high‐temperature field conditions: one, a heat‐sensitive, Mesoamerican genotype, A55, the second, a heat‐tolerant, Andean genotype, G122. High‐temperature treatment of both genotypes was applied 1–13 d before anthesis. Under heat stress, the heat‐tolerant genotype showed anther and pollen characteristics that were generally similar to the low temperature controls. In contrast, after 9 d of heat treatment before anthesis, the anthers of the heat‐sensitive genotype were indehiscent and contained abnormal pollen. Pollen wall architecture was also affected in the 12 and 13 d treatments. In addition to the morphological changes, the heat‐sensitive genotype also experienced reduced pollen viability and reduced yield in high‐temperature experiments conducted in both the greenhouse and field.     

Ripe pollen carbohydrate changes in Trachycarpus fortunei: the effect of relative humidity

Pollen of the palm Trachycarpus fortunei was kept at 25°C and relative humidities (RH) of 20, 55 and 98%. Changes in viability, water content and carbohydrates were measured over 2–17 days. Water content remained almost constant at 20 and 50% RH and increased dramatically at 98%. Pollen viability and germination rate remained almost constant over 14 days at 20% RH and decreased to about 2% after 7–9 days at 55% and to even less at 98% RH. Although the three experimental conditions were constant, qualitative and quantitative variations in pollen carbohydrates were recorded, even after pollen had lost its viability. The quantities of mono-, di- and polysaccharides varied with the period of pollen storage at the various RH. The greatest changes in glucose, fructose and sucrose content were recorded at 55 and 98% RH. At these relative humidities, maximum glucose and fructose content and minimum sucrose content occurred at maximum water content. Starch was not present in mature pollen but appeared and peaked after 7–9 days of pollen storage at 55 and 98%. Appearance of starch coincided with an increase in pectin content. PAS-positive cytoplasmic polysaccharides showed an increasing trend at 20% RH. A relation was found between pollen viability, water content and monosaccharide content. Pollen viability and germination capacity remained high at 20% RH for 14 days. At this relative humidity, pollen water, glucose and fructose contents remained almost constant, while sucrose reached its maximum value. The fluctuations of more complex carbohydrates (starch, pectins and PAS-positive cytoplasmic polysaccharides) were less easy to interpret. Changes observed under experimental conditions could simulate processes occurring in nature during pollen presentation and dispersal.     

龙眼果实防腐保鲜技术研究

近几年来,我们探讨了不同的贮藏温度、化学防腐剂、气体组分、包装容器及包装方法对不同品种龙眼果实的防腐保鲜效果。结果表明:龙眼品种间的耐贮性有很大差异,按耐贮性排列:泉州本>乌龙岭>普明庵>福眼>赤壳>水涨;最佳的保鲜贮藏温度为3～4℃;仲丁胺、仲丁胺+赤霉素、多菌灵、甲基托布津、苯甲酸、特克多、FISB-1和FISB-2等不同化学防腐剂对泉州本的防腐效果,以FISB-1和FISB-2防腐效果最佳,贮藏40天,好果率分别为95.0％和95.2％,其他防腐剂处理的好果率为80.7％～86.5％;气调贮藏,CO_2为4％～6％,O_2为6％～8％的气体组分可延长贮藏寿命,降低龙眼果实自身损耗;包装容器以塑料周转箱套薄膜袋气调贮藏效果最佳。     

Heat-stress effects on reproduction and seed set in Linum usitatissimum L. (flax)

Heat stress can detrimentally affect the reproductive capacity of many plants. The effect of a 7 or 14 d heat stress on flowering, seed set, pollen viability and germinability of flax (Linum usistatissimum L.) was assessed under growth chamber conditions. An incremental (2 °C/h), cyclical (daytime high 40 °C and night‐time low 18 °C) heat stress was applied 12 d after the initiation of flowering. Although flower formation in flax was not affected by heat stress, boll formation and seed set were reduced with onset of the heat stress. On removal of heat stress the stressed plants showed a compensatory response, flowering and producing bolls at a greater rate than the control plants. Heat stress significantly prolonged flowering by 17 d. Boll weight and seed weight were reduced with heat stress and the number of malformed, sterile seed increased three‐fold after 14 d of heat stress. Pollen viability and appearance were negatively affected after 6 and 10 d of heat stress, respectively. Pollen germinability decreased by the sixth day of heat stress, with no pollen germinating by the tenth day. Effects of heat stress on pollen viability and germinability alone, which did not occur until after the sixth day of the stress, could not account for the decreased boll formation due to heat stress in flax. These observations suggest that a combined effect of heat stress on both pollen and ovules contributes to decreased boll formation and seed set in flax.     

调亏灌溉对冬小麦耗水特性和水分利用效率的影响

以高产中筋冬小麦品种济麦22为材料,在山东兖州小孟镇史王村进行田间试验,研究了调亏灌溉对冬小麦耗水特性和水分利用效率的影响.结果表明：在全生育期降水228 mm条件下,W₁（土壤相对含水量：播种期80%+拔节期70%+开花期70%）和W₄（土壤相对含水量：播种期90%+拔节期85%+开花期85%）处理总耗水量高于W₀（土壤相对含水量：播种期80%+拔节期65%+开花期65%）、W₂（土壤相对含水量：播种期80%+拔节期80%+开花期80%）和W₃（土壤相对含水量：播种期90%+拔节期80%+开花期80%）处理,W₁和W₄处理间无显著差异;W₁处理增加了0～200 cm土层土壤贮水消耗量,降低了小麦拔节至开花期的耗水模系数,提高了开花至成熟期的耗水模系数;W₄处理在开花至成熟期、拔节至开花期的耗水量和耗水模系数均较大.调亏灌溉条件下,W₀处理水分利用效率较高,但产量最低;随灌溉量增加,其他处理水分利用效率呈先增加后降低的趋势.耗水量最高的W₁和W₄处理产量也最高,W₁处理灌溉水利用效率和灌溉效益均高于W₄处理,为本试验条件下高产节水的最佳处理.     

不同穗型小麦光能利用和旗叶13C同化物分配特性及对补灌水平的响应

为明确不同穗型小麦冠层光能利用和¹³C同化物分配特性的差异及对补灌水平的响应,以中穗型品种‘青农2号’和‘济麦22’、大穗型品种‘山农23’和‘山农30’为材料,设置3个水分处理:小麦全生育期不灌水(W₀)、节水灌溉(W₁,拔节期和开花期0～40 cm土层土壤相对含水量分别补灌至65%和70%)和充分灌溉(W₂,拔节期和开花期0～40 cm土层土壤相对含水量分别补灌至85%和90%),研究了不同处理对两种穗型小麦冠层光能利用和旗叶¹³C同化物分配特性的影响.结果表明:W₁处理两种穗型小麦品种开花后2、11、20和31 d的叶面积指数、冠层PAR截获率和利用率均显著高于W₀处理,再增加灌水至W₂处理,上述各指标无显著变化.¹³C示踪表明,济麦22和山农23的W₁旗叶¹³C同化物在籽粒中的分配量比W₀分别高159.34和171.1 g·hm^-2,分配比例分别高6.5%和6.5%,与W₂无显著差异;两种穗型品种W₁的籽粒产量亦显著高于W₀,与W₂无显著差异.不同穗型品种比较,节水灌溉条件下中穗型品种在开花后2和11 d、大穗型品种在开花后20和31 d具有较高的冠层光合有效辐射(PAR)截获和利用能力;中穗型品种济麦22旗叶¹³C同化物在籽粒的分配量和分配比例比大穗型品种山农23分别低6.8%和2.7%.     

Physiological and morphological traits associated with adaptation of lucerne (Medicago sativa) to severely drought‐stressed and to irrigated environments

Adaptation to severe drought and to irrigated cropping can both contribute to increased water use efficiency of lucerne, but knowledge on the relevant adaptive traits is limited. Five cultivars featuring contrasting adaptive responses for 3‐year forage yield across 10 agricultural environments of the western Mediterranean basin were currently studied, to identify physiological and morphological traits associated with specific and wide‐adaptation responses. The landraces Mamuntanas, Demnat 203 and Erfoud 1, and the varieties SARDI 10 and Prosementi, were grown in replicated metal containers (55 cm long × 12 cm wide × 75 cm deep; 21 plants per container) under irrigation (weekly restoring soil field capacity) and under moderate and severe drought stress (implying decreased irrigation for 30 days followed by withheld irrigation for 33 and 58 days, respectively). Cultivar post‐stress survival reflected the known cultivar adaptation to drought‐prone agricultural environments. Demnat 203, specifically adapted to irrigated, frequently mown environments, displayed higher amounts of starch, soluble proteins and total nitrogen in the crown and the root under irrigation. This was due to outstanding organ size and, for starch, higher concentrations. Mamuntanas, specifically adapted to drought‐prone environments, exhibited high water‐soluble carbohydrate concentration in storage organs under severe stress, along with a water‐conservation strategy implying less water used in initial drought‐stress phases due to limited early root development that resulted in more water available under severe stress. Drought‐tolerant germplasm also displayed lower wilting under early stress, more plants with green tissues under severe stress, and more stems per plant in stress or favourable conditions. Multivariate patterns of cultivar variation for physiological and morphological traits were strictly associated with cultivar variation for adaptation pattern. Our results highlighted the difficulty to combine some traits of environment‐specific adaptive value into a unique widely adapted variety, supporting the selection of varieties specifically adapted to irrigated or severely drought‐prone environments.     

Effect of desiccation level and storage temperature on green spore viability of Osmunda japonica

In order to effectively preserve green spores, which have relatively higher water content and lose viability more quickly than non-green spores, we studied the effect of desiccation level and storage temperature on Osmunda japonica spores. The water content of fresh spores was 11.20%. After 12 h desiccation by silica gel, the water content decreased to 6% but spore viability did not change significantly. As the desiccation continued, the decrease in water content slowed, but spore viability dropped. For almost all storage periods, the effects of storage temperature, desiccation level, and temperature × desiccation level were significantly different. After seven days of storage, spores at any desiccation level stored at 4 °C obtained high germination rates. After more than seven days storage, liquid nitrogen (LN) storage obtained the best results. Storage at −18 °C led to the lowest germination rates. Spores stored at room temperature and −18 °C all died within three months. For storage at 4 °C and in LN, spores desiccated 12 and 36 h obtained better results. Spores without desiccation had the highest germination rates after being stored at room temperature, but suffered the greatest loss after storage at −18 °C. These results suggest that LN storage is the best method of long-term storage of O. japonica spores. The critical water content of O. japonica spores is about 6% and reduction of the water content to this level improves outcome after LN storage greatly. The reason for various responses of O. japonica spores to desiccation and storage temperatures are discussed.     

长林无性系油茶抗旱性的综合评价

油茶产区在夏季常伴有持续干旱、高温少雨等天气,造成油茶产量不高。为了解持续干旱对油茶生理造成的影响,该研究以两年生的9个长林无性系油茶为材料,在温室内模拟自然干旱胁迫试验,并研究干旱胁迫第0、5、10、15、20和25天时其叶片生理生化指标的变化。同时以各生理指标的抗旱系数作为衡量油茶抗旱性的指标,利用主成分分析、隶属函数法及权重对其抗旱能力进行综合评价。结果表明：将14个单项指标降维成3个独立的综合指标,并通过隶属函数值和权重确定各油茶耐旱性综合评价值,进而得到长林无性系油茶的抗旱强弱依次为长林59号>长林22号>长林53号>长林4号>长林40号>长林8号>长林3号>长林27号>长林18号。     

Pollen,ovules, and pollination in pea: Success,failure, and resilience in heat

Field pea (Pisum sativum), a major grain legume crop, is autogamous and adapted to temperate climates. The objectives of this study were to investigate effects of high temperature stress on stamen chemical composition, anther dehiscence, pollen viability, pollen interactions with pistil and ovules, and ovule growth and viability. Two cultivars (“CDC Golden” and “CDC Sage”) were exposed to 24/18°C (day/night) continually or to 35/18°C for 4 or 7 days. Heat stress altered stamen chemical composition, with lipid composition of “CDC Sage” being more stable compared with “CDC Golden.” Heat stress reduced pollen viability and the proportion of ovules that received a pollen tube. After 4 days at 35°C, pollen viability in flower buds decreased in “CDC Golden,” but not in “CDC Sage.” After 7 days, partial to full failure of anthers to dehisce resulted in subnormal pollen loads on stigmas. Although growth (ovule size) of fertilized ovules was stimulated by 35°C, heat stress tended to decrease ovule viability. Pollen appears susceptible to stress, but not many grains are needed for successful fertilization. Ovule fertilization and embryos are less susceptible to heat, but further research is warranted to link the exact degree of resilience to stress intensity.