山东海岸木生海洋真菌的研究I.(英文)

为调查中国黄海海域的丝状海洋真菌,从山东威海潮间带海滩收集了沉没木、附着木和沙埋木,并从其上分离到7种高等海洋真菌。Arenariomycestrifurcata,Corollosporamaritima,Alternariamaritima,Trichocladiumachrasporum为中国大陆新记录种,Chaetomiunglobosum,Tetraploaaristata,Torulasp.为中国大陆新生境报道。对每个种作了描述并对分类和形态进行了讨论。     

山东海岸木生海洋真菌的研究I.

为调查中国黄海海域的丝状海洋真菌,从山东威海潮间带海滩收集了沉没木、附着木和沙埋木,并从其上分离到7种高等海洋真菌。Arenariomyces trifurcata,Corollospora maritima．Alternaria maritima,Trichocladium achrasporum为中国大陆新记录种,Chaetomium globosum,Tetraploa aristita,Torula sp．为中国大陆新生境报道。对每个种作了描述并对分类和形态进行了讨论。     

山东海岸木生海洋真菌的研究Ⅶ

从山东省渤海、黄海海域检查到4种海壳目真菌,分别为Aniptodera chesapeakensis、Ligninco lalaevis、Nais inornata、Natantispora retorquens,子囊孢子均为椭圆形、双胞、无色。本文对这4个种的形态学进行了描述和讨论。研究标本和菌种保存于青岛农业大学真菌学标本室(MHQAU)。     

山东海岸木生海洋真菌的研究Ⅷ

<正>山东省海岸线占全国总海岸线的六分之一,海洋微生物资源丰富,已陆续报道了山东海岸的海洋真菌27种(刁立功等2009;Jinetal.2004;金静和黄金光2009;Sunetal.2008;杨志多等2009)。本文将继续报道发现自山东沿海岸的海洋真菌,以便丰富我国海洋真菌的多样性。     

山东海岸木生海洋真菌的研究Ⅵ

本文首次报道了来自山东沿海岸漂流木及沙滩木上的2种海洋腔菌纲真菌,分别为Passeriniella obiones和Tremateia halophila,均为中国新记录属、种。文中对每个种进行了形态描述及讨论,标本保存于青岛农业大学菌物标本室(MHQAU)。     

山东海岸木生海洋真菌的研究Ⅲ

Five species of higher marine fungi were observed on the incubated drift and intertidal woods collected from the coasts of Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea. Among them, Halosphaeriopsis was a genus newly recorded for China. Taxonomy and morphology of these species were discussed in this paper. The specimens were deposited in Mycology Herbarium at Qingdao Agricultural University (MHQAU).     

山东海岸木生海洋真菌的研究 Ⅲ

Five species of higher marine fungi were observed on the incubated drift and intertidal woods collected from the coasts of Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea. Among them, Halosphaeriopsis was a genus newly recorded for China. Taxonomy and morphology of these species were discussed in this paper. The specimens were deposited in Mycology Herbarium at Qingdao Agricultural University (MHQAU).     

山东海岸木生海洋真菌的研究V.格孢腔菌属

本文报道了来自中国黄海海域潮间带木上腔菌纲格孢腔菌目格孢腔菌属的4种真菌,分别为Pleospora betae,Pleospora pelvetiae,Plespora spartinae和Pleospora vitalbae。其中Pleospora pelvetiae为中国新记录种,Pleospora betae和Pleospora vitalbae分别首次在世界和中国海洋环境中报道,Plespora spartinae已在香港报道过。标本保存于青岛农业大学菌物标本室（MRCQAU）。     

中国黄海中海洋真菌的报道Ⅰ.

本文首次报道了来自中国黄海海域的两种海洋真菌,其中树球壳属Dryosphaera为中国的新记录属,海浮树球壳菌D．navigans为中国的新记录种：另一种放射鱼雷孢菌Torpedospo raradiata仅在我国南海海域（香港）报道,在黄海海域为首次报道。文中提供了两种海洋真菌的形态描述和附图,研究的标本保存于莱阳农学院真菌标本室（MHLYAC）。     

山东海岸木生海洋真菌的研究 Ⅳ..Buergenerula，中国新记录属

The genus Buergenerula in driftwoods and culms of Spartina alterniflora in intertidal zone is newly recorded from China seas. Taxonomy and morphology of Buergenerula spartinae and the comparison between the species and similar species were discussed in this paper. The specimens were deposited in Mycology Herbarium at Qingdao Agricultural University (MHQAU).     

FUNGI OF THE CHESAPEAKE BAY AND ITS TRIBUTARIES. III. THE DISTRIBUTION OF WOOD-INHABITING ASCOMYCETES AND FUNGI IMPERFECTI OF THE PATUXENT RIVER

The effects of changes in salinity and temperature on the distribution of wood-inhabiting Ascomycetes and Fungi Imperfecti in the Patuxent River were studied. Forty-one species of Ascomycetes and 83 species of Fungi Imperfecti were collected; Pyrenomycetes and dematiaceous Hyphomycetes predominated. Salinity was the most important factor affecting the distribution of fungi, and the major change in species composition occurred where freshwater and saltwater mix. The ratio of Ascomycetes to Fungi Imperfecti increased with increasing salinity, while the number of species collected generally decreased. Triadelphia heterospora Shearer and Crane was collected only at low temperatures and appears to be the only regularly occurring species whose distribution was affected by temperature. The interaction of temperature and salinity did not affect the distribution of four species that occurred regularly at wide ranges of temperature and salinity. Species composition differed between two limnetic stations, one above and the other below the discharge points of two sewage treatment plants.     

我国东南沿海地区的VA菌根真菌 Ⅰ.四种硬囊霉

报道了从我国东南沿海地区山东、浙江、福建、广东、广西、海南等省分离的四种VA菌根真菌:枫香硬囊霉Sclerocystis liquidambaris Wu & Chen,台湾硬囊霉Sclerocystis taiwanensis Wu & Chen,悬钩子状硬囊霉Sclerocystis rubiformis Gerdemann & Trappe,弯丝硬囊霉Sclerocystis sinuosa Gerdemann & Bakshi。其中枫香硬囊霉,台湾硬囊霉和悬钩子状硬囊霉在我国大陆初次发现。本文详细记叙了以上四个种的形态特征及生境状况。     

SOME ASPECTS OF THE PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY OF MARINE FUNGI

1. This review deals with certain aspects of the physiology and biochemistry of marine fungi. Though it is not easy to define what is meant by a marine fungus, the information presented here relates to those species that by consensus can be accepted as being truly marine. The material is in two parts, that relating to the higher fungi (Ascomycotina, Basidiomycotina and Deuteromycotina) and that relating to the lower fungi, particularly those zoosporic fungi that require sodium for growth. 2. Higher marine fungi appear to have a similar carbon, nitrogen and vitamin nutrition to their terrestrial counterparts. 3. Growth of higher marine fungi can be optimal in 100% sea water, but more frequently optimal growth is at a lower percentage. The percentage giving optimal growth may be determined by the rate of ion uptake required to generate the necessary turgor for growth. The tolerance of the vegetative phase of many terrestrial fungi to salinity appears little different from that of marine fungi. In general, members of the Basidiomycotina are particularly sensitive to salinity, while those of the Ascomycotina and Deuteromycotina are much more tolerant. 4. The degree of tolerance to salinity may be dependent upon temperature and whether or not adaptation by the fungus has occurred. 5. Maintenance of a suitable internal potassium concentration by a higher marine fungus is important for growth in a saline medium. Calcium appears to be necessary for the retention of potassium and organic solutes within the hyphae. 6. It appears that higher marine fungi are able to maintain a ratio of potassium: sodium higher than that of sea water by the presence of a plasma membrane ATPase which may have a higher pH optimum than the equivalent enzyme from terrestrial counterparts. 7. Higher fungi produce more glycerol as the salinity of the external medium is increased. Whether or not the compound is involved in osmoregulation has yet to be determined. 8. Turgor is thought to be generated in higher marine fungi growing in sea water by organic solutes (predominantly glycerol and arabitol) and by ions, with the latter playing the major role. Though interpretation of the data depends on several assumptions, the high concentrations of sodium that seem likely to be present in hyphae or cells have implications for the activity of enzymes, if they have similar properties to those of higher plants. There is a need for information on the effects of high concentrations of ions on enzymes located in the cytoplasm of higher fungi. 9. In spite of some experimental uncertainties, it seems that reproduction and spore germination of higher marine fungi are very much less affected by salinity than are the same processes of terrestrial counterparts. 10. The zoosporic marine fungi require sodium for growth. Though the ion is required at high concentration for growth, sodium cannot be replaced by potassium. Evidence indicates that sodium is involved in the transport of solutes across the plasma membrane. 11. The carbon and nitrogen requirements for the growth of the zoosporic marine fungi demand further investigation, particularly at the biochemical level. There is evidence that the respiration of these fungi possesses many interesting features. 12. Vitamin requirements of the zoosporic marine fungi depend on the isolate under investigation. Vitamin B., does not now seem to be an obligatory requirement. The ability of phospholipids and sterols to stimulate growth requires further investigation. 13. Further studies on marine fungi in the laboratory should focus particularly on growth in continuous culture. Physiological and biochemical studies would be helped by more precise guidance from those concerned with the ecology of these fungi.     

海洋半知类真菌次级代谢物研究概况

海洋真菌的次级代谢物的研究在20世纪90年代以来取得了很大进展,其中主要在海洋子囊菌和半知菌的菌体和发酵液中发现了很多结构新颖、具有独特生理活性的化合物,这些研究结果表明海洋真菌中蕴含了丰富的新型化合物,将是未来新药研究的重点领域.综述了近年来海洋子囊类真菌活性次级代谢物的研究情况.     

海洋真菌与细菌发酵物中的环二肽

从红树林真菌1356攻株发酵液中分离到4个环二肽,它们是环Pro-Tyr,环Pro-Ile,环Gly-Phe和环Ala-Phe。另从海洋细菌110菌株发酵液中分离到5个环二肽,它们是环Leu-Ile,环Val-Leu,环Ala-Val,环Ala-Ile和环Ala-Leu。这些环二肽多数是新发现的微生物产物。本比较了分离的环二肽与已经报道的环二肽在来源、结构、功能等方面的区别。     

PHYSIOLOGICAL ECOTYPES IN THE MARINE ALGA BOSTRYCHIA RADICANS (CERAMIALES,RHODOPHYTA) FROM THE EAST COAST OF THE U.S.A1

The comparative ecophysiology of nine culture isolates of the eulittoral red alga Bostrychia radicans (Montagne) Montague collected at sites from seven states along the east coast of the U.S.A. was investigated. The growth response in relation to different salinity and light conditions as well as photosynthesis-irradiance curves were studied. In addition, the effect of salt treatment on the content of the isomeric polyols d -sorbitol and d -dulcitol was also studied. All isolates grew between salinities of 5.3 and 70 ppt but with quite different optima and maxima. The isolates were all adapted to low light levels, i.e. growth was already recorded at 2.5 μmol photons·m^?2·s^?1, and growth rates peaked between 40 and 60 μmol photons·m^?2·s_-1. These low-light requirements were also reflected by the photosynthesis-irradiance curves: all plants had low light compensation points (2.5–9.7 μmol photons ·m^?2·^?1) and low photon fluence rates for initial saturation of photosynthesis (38.1–84.7 μmol photons·m^?2·s^?1, indicating that these isolates are “shade-adapted.” Isolates from Florida and Georgia synthesized and accumulated both the osmolytes d -sorbitol and d -dulcitol in increasing salinities, whereas only d -sorbitol was present in plants from North Carolina north to Connecticut. d -sorbitol was always strongly involved in osmotic acclimation. In various isolates from the same location in South Carolina, both polyol patterns were found, i.e. d -sorbitol plus d -dulcitol and d -sorbitol only. All data indicate that B. radicans exhibits a broad salinity tolerance and a low-light preference, which explain the successful colonization of this alga on various intertidal and shaded substrates. The data also clearly indicate intraspecific differences among the nine isolates, which is interpreted as development of different physiological ecotypes.