鱼藤酮帕金森大鼠呼吸链复合酶Ⅰ、Ⅳ的改变

目的研究鱼藤酮帕金森模型大鼠呼吸链复合酶Ⅰ、Ⅳ的变化。方法雄性Wistar大鼠每日颈背部皮下注射鱼藤酮葵花油乳化液2 mg/（kg.d）连续3～5周制备鱼藤酮帕金森模型大鼠;按行为学评分标准记分。模型动物分成高分组、低分组、模型4周组。分光光度法测定呼吸链复合酶Ⅰ、Ⅳ。结果模型低分组肌肉呼吸链复合酶Ⅰ受到明显抑制,停给鱼藤酮4周后肌肉和黑质呼吸链复合酶Ⅰ显著低于正常。而模型高分组肌肉呼吸链复合酶Ⅰ升高,模型各组肌肉呼吸链复合酶Ⅳ均见升高,但黑质未见升高。结论鱼藤酮帕金森模型大鼠肌肉和黑质呼吸链复合酶Ⅰ明显抑制。肌肉见呼吸链复合酶Ⅳ代偿性升高而黑质未见。     

损毁或高频刺激丘脑底核对黑质神经元的保护作用

目的：探讨损毁或高频刺激丘脑底核（STN）对帕金森病（PD）大鼠黑质致密部神经元的保护作用及其可能的发生机制。方法：应用每羟基多巴胺（6-OHDA）制备偏侧PD大鼠模型,于丘脑底核（STN）区分别植入刺激电极给以高频电刺激,或注入鹅膏蕈氨酸（IA）进行损毁后,观察PD大鼠行为改变;运用尼氏（Nissl）染色、DNA原位末端标记技术（TUNEL）、免疫组化方法检测并分析黑质致密部（SNc）神经元存活及凋亡发生情况。结果：刺激组黑质致密部凋亡神经元的阳性率显著低于模型组与损毁组（P〈0．05）。与正常大鼠相比,刺激组Bel-2染色呈强阳性,Bel-2／Bax比值较高,模型组、损毁组SNc区的Bcl-2表达有所下调,Bax表达增加,Bcl-2／Bax比值降低（P〈0．05）,虽然损毁组SNc的凋亡阳性神经元少于模型组（P〈0．05）,但二者的Bel-2、Bax的表达及Bel-2／Bax比值无显著性差异（P〉0．05）。结论：损毁或高频刺激SIN对PD大鼠黑质SNc神经元存在保护作用,高频刺激的长期保护作用更为明显。     

蝎源活性肽对帕金森病大鼠凋亡因子改变的影响

目的:研究早期帕金森病(PD)大鼠脑内凋亡因子的改变及蝎源活性肽的保护作用。方法:选取健康雄性SD大鼠,体重为180~220 g,随机分为4组(n=10):早期PD模型组、假手术对照组、单独蝎源活性肽处理组和蝎源活性肽治疗组。采用6羟多巴胺(6-OHDA)制备大鼠PD早期模型,免疫组化观察大鼠黑质致密部和纹状体尾状核处Bax和Bcl-2免疫反应阳性颗粒数量和光密度的变化,观察大鼠PD发病早期脑内促进凋亡的Bax和抑制凋亡的Bcl-2的表达情况,进一步观察蝎源活性肽保护作用的抗凋亡机制。结果:发现在6-OHDA给药侧,PD早期大鼠与对照组相比,脑内促进凋亡的Bax表达增强,而抑制凋亡的Bcl-2表达减弱,而蝎源活性肽可有效的逆转这种异常的表达。结论:早期PD大鼠促进凋亡的Bax表达增强和抑制凋亡的Bcl-2表达减弱参与PD的早期病变,而抗凋亡机制参与了蝎源活性肽对中脑多巴胺能神经元的早期保护作用。     

鱼藤酮帕金森大鼠多脑区铁积聚与胶质细胞激活

目的观察鱼藤酮帕金森病（Parkinson＇s disease,PD）大鼠铁积聚脑区胶质细胞是否激活。方法雄性Wistar大鼠予颈背部皮下注射鱼藤酮（2 mg/kg）葵花油乳化液,每日一次,连续注射4~6周制备PD模型,8周时做冰冻切片,行免疫组化染色观察PD大鼠铁积聚脑区小胶质细胞（OX42）和星形胶质细胞（GFAP）。结果 PD大鼠黑质致密部、海马齿状回颗粒细胞层、纹状体苍白球、小脑齿状-间位核及小脑面神经核中铁染色显著积聚区域内小胶质细胞和星形胶质细胞染色积分光密度值较正常组明显增加（P〈0.05）。结论鱼藤酮PD大鼠铁积聚脑区小胶质细胞、星型胶质细胞均呈激活状态。     

PTSD与杏仁核神经元细胞凋亡的关系

目的观察创伤后应激障碍（PTSD）大鼠杏仁核神经元细胞凋亡相关基因的表达与细胞凋亡的发生,从杏仁核神经元细胞凋亡揭示PTSD的部分发病机制。方法成年健康雄性Wister大鼠50只,随机分为连续单一刺激（single prolonged stress,SPS）模型的1d、4d、7d、14d组及正常对照组。应用免疫组化和Western Blotting技术检测凋亡相关基因Bax、Bcl-2在PTSD杏仁核神经元的表达;采用TUNEL法检测PTSD大鼠杏仁核神经元细胞凋亡。结果PTSD大鼠杏仁核神经元凋亡相关基因Bax于4d达高峰,Bcl-2于1d表达最高,Bax／Bcl-2比值逐渐升高,于4d达到峰值,之后渐趋下降。TUNEL阳性细胞在SPS各组模型均出现,4d达最高峰。结论PTSD大鼠杏仁核神经元细胞凋亡中,凋亡相关基因Bax、Bcl-2各自发挥促进凋亡和抑制凋亡的作用,Bax／Bcl-2比值升高促进细胞发生凋亡,可能与杏仁核调节的PTSD恐惧异常的发病机制相关。     

TLR4/P38/JNK信号通路在海马神经元凋亡中的作用

目的：探讨Toll样受体4（TLR4）/P38/JNK信号通路在海马神经元凋亡中的作用及其机制,为神经退行性疾病（ND）的发病机制与防治研究提供新的实验依据。方法：采用体外培养7 d的新生大鼠海马神经元,免疫荧光双标法鉴定海马神经元纯度。用TLR4配体脂多糖（LPS）或TLR4抗体预处理海马神经元,以激活或阻断TLR4的作用。实验1设正常对照组、LPS组及TLR4抗体+ LPS组;免疫荧光法检测P-P38,P-JNK的表达。实验2分为6组：正常对照组,LPS组,TLR4抗体+ LPS组,SB202190（抑制P38） + LPS组,SP600125（抑制JNK） + LPS组,PD98059（抑制ERK） + LPS组;分别用TLR4抗体、P38、JNK及ERK的抑制剂预处理海马神经元后再给以LPS刺激24 h,Western blot法检测Bcl-2,Bax,Active-caspase-3的表达变化;流式细胞术检测海马神经元凋亡率。结果：LPS组海马神经元P-P38、P-JNK的表达明显高于正常对照组（P < 0. 01）,TLR4抗体+ LPS组P-P38,P-JNK表达显著低于LPS组（P <0.01）。与正常对照组相比,LPS组海马神经元Bcl-2/Bax表达减少、Active-caspase-3表达增加,海马神经元凋亡率增加（P < 0.01）。而TLR4抗体+ LPS组、SB202190 + LPS组、SP600125 + LPS组Bcl-2/Bax显著高于LPS组、Active cas-pase-3显著低于LPS组（P < 0.01）,海马神经元凋亡率显著低于LPS组（P < 0. 05,P < 0. 01）。PD98059 + LPS组与LPS组海马神经元凋亡率无明显差异。结论：①海马神经元中有TLR4介导的P38/JNK信号通路。②海马神经元TLR4激活后,P-P38、P-JNK表达增加,使Bcl-2/Bax的比例降低和Active-caspase-3表达增加,从而促进海马神经元的凋亡。海马神经元凋亡过程中有TLR4介导的P38/JNK信号通路的参与。     

卡托普利对心力衰竭大鼠心肌细胞Bax、Bcl-2蛋白表达的影响

目的:探讨卡托普利对慢性压力负荷性心力衰竭大鼠心肌细胞凋亡相关基因Bax、Bcl-2蛋白表达的影响。方法:90只SD大鼠随机分为3组(n=30):假手术组(SH)、腹主动脉缩窄组(CAA)、卡托普利治疗组(CAP)。采用腹主动脉缩窄法复制模型,于第6、10周,检测各组心衰大鼠心肌细胞凋亡相关基因Bax,Bcl-2蛋白的表达。结果:造模后6周、10周结果均显示,CAA组较SH组心肌细胞凋亡基因Bcl-2蛋白及Bcl-2/Bax比例表达显著下降(P<0.01),Bax蛋白表达显著升高(P<0.01)。CAP组较CAA组Bcl-2蛋白及Bcl-2/Bax比例表达显著升高(P<0.01),Bax蛋白表达显著降低(P<0.01)。CAP组10周时较6周Bcl-2蛋白表达明显升高(P<0.05),Bax蛋白表达显著降低(P<0.01),Bcl-2/Bax比例显著升高(P<0.01)。结论:卡托普利能增加Bcl-2、降低Bax蛋白的表达,上调Bcl-2/Bax比率,从而抑制心肌细胞凋亡改善心功能。     

神经节苷脂GM1对帕金森模型小鼠黑质细胞凋亡及Bcl-2和Bax表达的影响

目的观察神经节苷脂GM1对帕金森模型小鼠黑质细胞凋亡及Bcl-2和Bax表达的影响,探讨其预防帕金森病的机制。方法成年C57-BL雄性小鼠分为正常对照组、模型组和神经节苷脂GMI治疗组。应用TUNEL法和免疫荧光组织化学染色技术观察各组小鼠黑质神经元凋亡及Bcl-2和Bax表达情况。结果TUNEL、Bcl-2和Bax阳性神经元主要位于黑质致密部。模型组黑质神经元凋亡数明显多于正常对照组,神经节苷脂GM1组黑质神经元凋亡数明显少于模型组。在模型组Bcl-2阳性神经元和Bax阳性神经元的数量均较正常对照组明显增多;在神经节苷脂GM1组Bcl-2阳性神经元的数量较模型组明显增多,但Bax阳性神经元的数量较模型组明显减少。结论神经节苷脂GM1可能通过增强黑质神经元内Bcl-2基因表达及抑制Bax基因表达的途径抑制黑质神经元的凋亡。     

灯盏花注射液抗新生鼠缺氧缺血性脑损伤的作用及对Bcl-2、Bax蛋白表达的影响

目的：观察灯盏花注射液对新生大鼠缺氧缺血脑损伤（HIBD）的保护作用及对Bcl-2、Bax蛋白表达的影响。方法：采用新生7日龄SD大鼠缺氧缺血性脑损伤模型,设立假手术组、缺氧缺血脑损伤模型组、灯盏花注射液治疗大、中、小剂量组、无菌注射用水对照组。采用硫堇染色、免疫组织化学染色的方法测定各组大鼠海马CA1区神经元密度、组织学分级及凋亡相关基因Bcl-2、Bax蛋白表达情况,并计数各时间点Bcl-2、Bax免疫阳性细胞数目及测定积分光密度值。结果：假手术组,大鼠海马CA1区无锥体细胞缺失,未见明显免疫阳性细胞。与假手术组比较,缺氧缺血脑损伤模型组、无菌注射用水对照组Bcl-2、Bax蛋白表达均于3 d时达到高峰（与其余各时间点比较差别有显著意义P〈0.05）,神经元密度明显降低,组织学分级显著增高,积分光密度值增加。灯盏花治疗组,与无菌注射用水对照组比较,Bcl-2蛋白表达进一步增加,积分光密度值增加;而Bax蛋白表达则减少,积分光密度值降低;神经元密度显著高于对照组,组织学分级明显降低。结论：灯盏花注射液可能是通过上调Bcl-2表达,抑制Bax表达,减轻缺氧缺血引起的神经元凋亡及迟发性神经元死亡。     

维生素E对老年大鼠卵巢颗粒细胞保护作用机制的探讨

目的：通过观察维生素E（VE）对老年雌性大鼠卵巢凋亡相关蛋白Bcl-2、Bax的影响及对其抗氧化能力的影响,探讨VE延缓卵巢衰老的作用和机制。方法：采用自然衰老雌性大鼠,给予不同剂量外源性VE,用免疫组化方法观察卵巢颗粒细胞凋亡调控蛋白Bcl-2、Bax的表达,用Western Blot法检测卵巢Bcl-2、Bax蛋白含量,用生化法测定血清总超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活力和丙二醛（MDA）含量。结果：与成年对照组相比,老年对照组Bcl-2表达明显降低、Bax表达明显升高（P〈0．01）,血清中SOD活力下降、MDA含量显著升高（P〈0．01）。与老年对照组相比,VE纽Bcl-2表达升高,Bax表达降低（P〈0．05）,MDA含量显著减少（P〈0．01）。结论：VE可调控凋亡相关蛋白Bcl-2、Bax的表达和对抗自由基对颗粒细胞的损伤,对卵巢颗粒细胞具有一定的保护作用。     

Lactacystin诱导帕金森病大鼠黑质胶质细胞的变化

目的观察蛋白酶体抑制剂Lactacystin诱导大鼠黑质胶质细胞的变化、炎性介质NF-κB的表达。方法采用立体定向术将蛋白酶体抑制剂Lactacystin 10μg注射至大鼠黑质部位,免疫组织化学法观察黑质区多巴胺(DA)能神经元、小胶质细胞、星形胶质细胞的变化,炎性介质核转录因子κB(NF-κB)的表达。结果注射Lactacystin 3周,阿朴吗啡腹腔注射后出现典型旋转行为;8周后实验组大鼠损毁侧黑质酪氨酸羟化酶(TH)阳性细胞数明显减少,黑质小胶质细胞及星形胶质细胞的数量均增加,NF-κB表达增强。结论蛋白酶体抑制剂Lactacystin能激活大鼠黑质小胶质细胞及星形胶质细胞,诱导炎性介质表达。     

骨髓间充质干细胞黑质内移植对帕金森病大鼠的治疗作用

目的探索骨髓间充质干细胞（BMSCs）移植到帕金森病（Parkinson’s disease,PD）大鼠毁损侧黑质内,PD模型大鼠的姿势不对称性和黑质及纹状体内酪氨酸羟化酶（tyrosinehy droxylase,TH）表达的改变,以及BM—SCs在大鼠脑内的存活、分化情况。方法黑质、前脑内侧束两点法注射6一羟多巴胺（6-OHDH）并行为学分析筛选PD模型大鼠。将PD模型大鼠随机分为移植组和对照组。BMSCs移植术后4周和8周,观察大鼠姿势不对称性,免疫组织化学及免疫荧光显色方法检测黑质和纹状体酪氨酸羟化酶（tyrosine hydroxylase,TH）的表达变化以及BMSCs在大鼠体内的存活、迁移及分化情况。结果BMSCs黑质内移植可使PD模型大鼠的转动频率由（10．62±2．97）r／min降至（4．65±1．08）r／min（P〈0．01）,显著增加毁损侧黑质TH阳性细胞数量和纹状体内TH阳性纤维密度。BMSCs在大鼠黑质内可以存活至少8周,部分细胞分化为神经干细胞、神经元和神经胶质细胞。结论黑质内移植BMSCs对PD模型大鼠有一定的治疗作用。     

Recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor protects against MPTP-induced dopaminergic cell death in mice by altering Bcl-2/Bax expression levels

Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) has been used for the treatment of neutropenia in hematologic disorders. The neuroprotective effects of G-CSF were reported in neurological disease models. In the present study, we examined whether G-CSF can protect dopaminergic neurons against MPTP-induced cell death in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease. Mice of one group were injected intraperitoneally with MPTP for five consecutive days, those of another group with MPTP and intraperitoneal G-CSF at 2 days and 1 day before the first MPTP injection, and 30 min before each MPTP injection, while control mice received saline injections. Immunohistochemistry, western blotting analysis, and HPLC were performed to evaluate damage of substantia nigra dopaminergic neurons and expression of Bcl-2 and Bax protein. MPTP induced dopaminergic cell death in the substantia nigra. G-CSF significantly prevented MPTP-induced loss of tyrosine hydroxylase-positive neurons (p < 0.05), increased Bcl-2 protein and decreased Bax protein expression. Our findings indicate that G-CSF provides neuroprotection against MPTP-induced cell death and this effect is mediated by increasing Bcl-2 expression levels and decreasing Bax expression levels in C57BL/6 mice.     

帕金森大鼠黑质和纹状体BMP4及其mRNA表达的时程变化

目的：探讨帕金森（PD）大鼠模型体内脑黑质和纹状体内骨形成蛋白4（BMP4）及其mRNA表达的变化规律。方法：用六羟基多巴胺（6-OHDA）建立PD模型后,第2、4、6、8和10周时处死大鼠,取左侧黑质、纹状体,用免疫组化、酶联免疫、荧光定量PCR技术从蛋白水平和基因水平检测BMP4及其mRNA表达。结果：BMP4及其mRNA表达基本一致,其BMP4及mRNA表达均呈双峰,其蛋白表达在纹状体内第2周和6周时达高峰、在黑质内第2周和8周时达高峰,其mRNA表达在纹状体内第2周和8周时达高峰、在黑质内第4周和8周达高峰,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论：PD大鼠模型体内,BMP4及其mRNA不呈现稳定的低表达,而是有波动性,明确BMP4及其mRNA处于稳定低表达的时间后,为下一步的治疗实验时间点的选择上奠定了基础。     

Age- and area-dependent distinct effects of ethanol on Bax and Bcl-2 expression in prenatal rat brain

Cell proliferation and differentiation are critical processes in a developing fetal rat brain, during which programmed cell death (PCD) also plays an important role. One of the decisive factors for PCD is Bcl-2 family proteins, where Bax induces cell death, whereas Bcl-2 acts as an inhibitor of PCD. As maternal drinking is known to cause fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) or malformation of the fetal brain during pregnancy, the objective of the present study was to investigate whether maternal ethanol exposure alters the PCD-related Bax and Bcl-2 protein expression during fetal brain development. Pregnant female rats were orally treated with 10% ethanol and the subsequent expressions of the Bax and Bcl-2 proteins examined in the fetal brain, including the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain, from gestational day (GD) 15.5 to GD 19.5, using Western blots, in situ hybridization, and immunohistochemistry. With regard to the ratio of Bcl-2 to Bax proteins (Bcl-2/Bax), the Bax protein was dominant in the forebrain and midbrain of the control GD 15.5 fetuses, except for the hindbrain, when compared with the respective ethanol-treated groups. Moreover, Bcl-2 became dominant in the midbrain of the control GD 17.5 fetuses when compared with the ethanoltreated group, representing an alternation of the natural PCD process by ethanol. Furthermore, a differential expression of the Bcl-2 and Bax proteins was found in the differentiating and migrating zones of the cortex, hippocampus, thalamus, and cerebellum. Thus, when taken together, the present results suggest that ethanol affects PCD in the cell differentiation and migration zones of the prenatal rat brain by modulating Bax and Bcl-2 expression in an age- and area-dependent manner. Therefore, this is the first evidence that ethanol may alter FAS-associated embryonic brain development through the alteration of Bax and Bcl-2 expression.     

Protection by the NDI1 gene against neurodegeneration in a rotenone rat model of Parkinson's disease

It is widely recognized that mitochondrial dysfunction, most notably defects in the NADH-quinone oxidoreductase (complex I), is closely related to the etiology of sporadic Parkinson's disease (PD). In fact, rotenone, a complex I inhibitor, has been used for establishing PD models both in vitro and in vivo. A rat model with chronic rotenone exposure seems to reproduce pathophysiological conditions of PD more closely than acute mouse models as manifested by neuronal cell death in the substantia nigra and Lewy body-like cytosolic aggregations. Using the rotenone rat model, we investigated the protective effects of alternative NADH dehydrogenase (Ndi1) which we previously demonstrated to act as a replacement for complex I both in vitro and in vivo. A single, unilateral injection of recombinant adeno-associated virus carrying the NDI1 gene into the vicinity of the substantia nigra resulted in expression of the Ndi1 protein in the entire substantia nigra of that side. It was clear that the introduction of the Ndi1 protein in the substantia nigra rendered resistance to the deleterious effects caused by rotenone exposure as assessed by the levels of tyrosine hydroxylase and dopamine. The presence of the Ndi1 protein also prevented cell death and oxidative damage to DNA in dopaminergic neurons observed in rotenone-treated rats. Unilateral protection also led to uni-directional rotation of the rotenone-exposed rats in the behavioral test. The present study shows, for the first time, the powerful neuroprotective effect offered by the Ndi1 enzyme in a rotenone rat model of PD.     

Selective vulnerability of dopaminergic neurons to microtubule depolymerization

Parkinson disease (PD) is characterized by the specific degeneration of dopaminergic (DA) neurons in substantia nigra and has been linked to a variety of environmental and genetic factors. Rotenone, an environmental PD toxin, exhibited much greater toxicity to DA neurons in midbrain neuronal cultures than to non-DA neurons. The effect was significantly decreased by the microtubule-stabilizing drug taxol and mimicked by microtubule-depolymerizing agents such as colchicine or nocodazole. Microtubule depolymerization disrupted vesicular transport along microtubules and caused the accumulation of dopamine vesicles in the soma. This led to increased oxidative stress due to oxidation of cytosolic dopamine leaked from vesicles. Inhibition of dopamine metabolism significantly reduced rotenone toxicity. Thus, our results suggest that microtubule depolymerization induced by PD toxins such as rotenone plays a key role in the selective death of dopaminergic neurons.     

Paraquat neurotoxicity is mediated by a Bak-dependent mechanism

Paraquat (PQ) causes selective degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta, reproducing an important pathological feature of Parkinson disease. Oxidative stress, c-Jun N-terminal kinase activation, and alpha-synuclein aggregation are each induced by PQ, but details of the cell death mechanisms involved remain unclear. We have identified a Bak-dependent cell death mechanism that is required for PQ-induced neurotoxicity. PQ induced morphological and biochemical features that were consistent with apoptosis, including dose-dependent cytochrome c release, with subsequent caspase-3 and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase cleavage. Changes in nuclear morphology and loss of viability were blocked by cycloheximide, caspase inhibitor, and Bcl-2 overexpression. Evaluation of Bcl-2 family members showed that PQ induced high levels of Bak, Bid, BNip3, and Noxa. Small interfering RNA-mediated knockdown of BNip3, Noxa, and Bak each protected cells from PQ, but Bax knockdown did not. Finally, we tested the sensitivity of Bak-deficient mice and found them to be resistant to PQ treatments that depleted tyrosine hydroxylase immuno-positive neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta of wild-type mice.