西部地区县域碳排放核算及主体功能区解析——以四川省为例

科学认知区域碳排放是开展碳减排研究的基础性工作,主体功能区诸多政策都直接或间接与碳中和相关,分析不同功能定位的地域单元碳排放特征,有利于制定符合各地区功能定位的碳减排政策。选取城市化地区、农产品主产区、重点生态功能区比较典型的四川省,核算了2010-2017年各类主体功能区的碳排放量,以主体功能区为视角分析不同空间组分碳排放格局特征,结果显示：（1）四川省县域尺度碳排放整体上呈现东高西低的空间分布格局,碳排放具有明显核心-边缘结构特征,以成都平原为核心、攀枝花为次核心向外依次梯度降低。（2）主体功能区间碳排放量差异明显,城市化地区是碳排放的主要承载区和碳排放变化的主要贡献区,农产品主产区和重点生态功能区碳排放量远低于城市化地区,重点生态功能区碳排放强度显著高于城市化地区和农产品主产区（P<0.05）,需引起关注。（3）第二产业是各类主体功能区碳排放的主要来源,城市化地区第二产业碳排放比重高于其他主体功能区,农产品主产区和重点生态功能区居民生活碳排放比重则高于城市化地区。（4）立足各类主体功能区功能定位,从结构、技术角度讨论了各类主体功能区的碳减排政策措施,同时强调加强主体功能区区际合作,着眼全局,降低碳排放强度、减少碳排放量。     

青杨雌雄叶片气孔分布及气体交换的异质性差异

利用网格和二维成图的方法对青杨雌雄叶片各区域的气孔分布及气体交换特性进行了测定.结果表明:1)除气孔密度(SD)外,雌雄植株在气孔长度(SL)、宽度(SW)和比值(SR)方面具有显著差异(P=0.000,P=0.000和P=0.002).雌株的SL和SW分别比雄株的高51.86%和67.06%,而SR则比雄株的低11.46%.从雌株和雄株的叶面分布来看,SD均为叶中>叶尖>叶基,SL均为叶尖>叶中>叶基,SW的最小值同在叶基部,但最大值分别在叶中和叶尖部.雌株的SR表现为叶基>叶尖>叶中,雄株却正好相反.2)在净光合速率(Pn)上雌株明显低于雄株.雌株的Pn叶基最低(Pn值介于2.00～3.00?μmol m-2 s-1),叶尖最高(Pn值介于8.00～9.00?μmol m-2 s-1),总体上表现出沿叶基到叶尖逐渐增大的趋势.雄株的Pn在叶面的分布也有差异,但总体规律不明显.3)从叶面各区间的气体交换来看,雌株的蒸腾速率(Tr)和气孔导度(Gs)变化不大,雄株的Tr和Gs呈现叶尖和叶中部高于叶基部的明显趋势.雌株的胞间CO2浓度(Ci)为叶基>叶中>叶尖,气孔限制值(Ls)与此相反.而雄株的Ci在叶面的变化较大,Ls呈现沿叶尖至叶基方向逐步上升的趋势.上述结果表明,青杨雌雄叶片在气孔分布及气体交换特性上不仅存在显著的性别差异,而且具有明显的叶面区域异质性.     

DO SUTURE ZONES EXIST?

Remington (1968) argued that 13 suture zones exist in North America. Remington defined a suture zone as, "a band of geographic overlap between major biotic assemblages, including some pairs of species or semispecies which hybridize in the zone" (p. 322). Although initially controversial, the idea that suture zones exist has picked up momentum over the past decade, due largely to the phylogeographic work of Hewitt, Avise, and their colleagues. Nevertheless, the reality of suture zones has not yet been subjected to rigorous analysis using statistical and geographic information system (GIS) approaches. To test for the existence of Remington's suture zones, we first identified 117 terrestrial hybrid zones in Canada and the United States through a literature search for the key words "cline," "contact zone," "hybrid zone," and "hybridization" in articles published between 1970 and 2002. The 117 hybrid zones were mapped using a GIS approach and compared with a digitized version of Remington's original suture zone map. Overall, there does appear to be an association between hybrid zones and suture zones, but this association is largely attributable to clustering of hybrid zones in only two of the 13 suture zones recognized by Remington. The results suggest that evolutionary biologists should retain some skepticism toward Remington's suture zones.     

Activated platelets form protected zones of adhesion on fibrinogen and fibronectin-coated surfaces

Leukocytes form zones of close apposition when they adhere to ligand- coated surfaces. Because plasma proteins are excluded from these contact zones, we have termed them protected zones of adhesion. To determine whether platelets form similar protected zones of adhesion, gel-filtered platelets stimulated with thrombin or ADP were allowed to adhere to fibrinogen- or fibronectin-coated surfaces. The protein- coated surfaces with platelets attached were stained with either fluorochrome-conjugated goat anti-human fibrinogen or anti-human fibronectin antibodies, or with rhodamine-conjugated polyethylene glycol polymers. Fluorescence microscopy revealed that F(ab')2 anti- fibrinogen (100 kD) did not penetrate into the contact zones between stimulated platelets and the underlying fibrinogen-coated surface, while Fab antifibrinogen (50 kD) and 10 kD polyethylene glycol readily penetrated and stained the substrate beneath the platelets. Thrombin- or ADP-stimulated platelets also formed protected zones of adhesion on fibronectin-coated surfaces. F(ab')2 anti-fibronectin and 10 kD polyethylene glycol were excluded from these adhesion zones, indicating that they are much less permeable than those formed by platelets on fibrinogen-coated surfaces. The permeability properties of protected zones of adhesion formed by stimulated platelets on surfaces coated with both fibrinogen and fibronectin were similar to the zones of adhesion formed on fibronectin alone. mAb 7E3, directed against the alpha IIb beta 3 integrin blocked the formation of protected adhesion zones between thrombin-stimulated platelets and fibrinogen or fibronectin coated surfaces. mAb C13 is directed against the alpha 5 beta 1 integrin on platelets. Stimulated platelets treated with this mAb formed protected zones of adhesion on surfaces coated with fibronectin. These protected zones were impermeable to F(ab')2 antifibronectin but were permeable to 10 kD polyethylene glycol. These results show that activated platelets form protected zones of adhesion and that the size of molecules excluded from these zones depends upon the composition of the matrix proteins to which the platelets adhere. They also show that formation of protected zones of adhesion by platelets requires alpha IIb beta 3 integrins while the permeability properties of these zones of adhesion are regulated by both alpha IIb beta 3 and alpha 5 beta 1 integrins.     

GIS支持下的辽宁省地表水环境功能区划

辽宁省现执行的地表水环境功能区划存在着环境功能与实际情况的差别,对水功能区目标期望值过高,难以适应当前环境管理需要。在GIS技术支持下,对辽宁省地表水环境功能进行了调整、核定和重新划分。建议将辽宁省地表水主要水系共划分781个水环境功能区,其中源头水域15个,自然保护区7个,饮用水源保护区204个,渔业用水区287个,景观娱乐用水区54个,工业用水区35个,农业用水区179个;采用基于组件的GIS开发技术,设计实现了辽宁省地表水环境功能区划信息系统,从而为辽宁省水环境功能区划信息管理、水资源保护及科学制定水环境管理方案提供决策支持。     

南京市生态系统服务的空间流转

生态系统服务的空间流转研究是生态系统服务研究的重要部分,对于制定区域生态补偿标准具有重要意义。为了衡量地区生态系统服务流转到外部区域的相对价值大小,提出了地区比较生态辐射力概念,利用断裂点公式、指数距离衰减函数,衡量比较生态辐射力的大小。基于南京市主体功能区研究,定量研究南京市各保护型区域的生态系统服务对各开发型区域的辐射力,计算出各开发型区域从不同保护型区域提供的生态系统服务价值比例。结果表明:高淳县、江宁区、溧水县对于白下区、秦淮区比较生态辐射力相对较大,六合区对于鼓楼区、下关区比较生态辐射力相对较大,浦口区对于鼓楼区、秦淮区的比较生态辐射力相对较大。以白下区为例,提出了南京市实施生态补偿建议,根据白下区从外部保护型区域获得的生态系统服务总量,在其提供的生态补偿金中,浦口区、江宁区、六合区、溧水县、高淳县应分别获得总额的22.76%、22.67%、21.50%、17.27%与15.80%。     

Growth Zones in the Echinoid Skeleton

Growth zones in echinoid skeletal ossicles are mainly the resultof differences in structural characteristics. In the test plates,opaque zones, which appear light in reflected light, dark intransmitted light, and are X-ray dense, have relatively largertrabecules and smaller intertrabecular channels. Translucentzones, which appear dark in reflected light, light in transmittedlight, and are less X-ray dense, have relatively smaller trabeculesand larger intertrabecular channels. Organic material in theplates, especially when pigmented or charred, enhances the appearanceof the growth zones. Opaque zones result from relatively fastplate growth while translucent zones result from relativelyslow plate growth; food deprivation leads to the formation oftranslucent zones. The growth zones appear to be formed seasonally,at least in some cases, probably in relation to seasonal changesin growth rates, and perhaps in relation to seasonal reproductiveactivity     

Are plant hybrid zones centers of vertebrate biodiversity? A test in the Quercus grisea × Quercus gambelii species complex

The plant-hybrid-zones-as-centers-of-biodiversity (hereafter, PHZCB) hypothesis posits that plant hybrid zones represent areas of elevated biodiversity, and supports the inclusion of plant hybrid zones in conservation efforts. Support for the PHZCB hypothesis is limited to a handful of cases involving insect and fungal species and to two studies involving higher trophic levels. The PHZCB hypothesis requires further testing before plant hybrid zones can be established with any certainty as centers of biodiversity. We test whether the PHZCB hypothesis holds for higher trophic levels by examining the community structure of birds and reptiles associated with the Quercus grisea × Quercus gambelii species complex. Specifically, we compare patterns of species richness and abundance of these taxa in 10 hybrid zones and 11 contact zones (i.e., zones where both parental species occur but hybrids do not). In contrast to predictions of the PHZCB hypothesis, contact zones supported significantly more species of birds and reptiles than did hybrid zones. Species abundances exhibited idiosyncratic responses to zone type, but were higher generally in the contact zones.     

A study of the autotropic straightening reaction of a shoot previously curved during geotropism

Abstract The growth of marked zones on horizontal sunflower and maize shoots was measured over long periods. Subsequent to a period of geocurvature, a period of autotropic straightening occurred in most zones of these shoots. The patterns of differential growth causing this straightening were determined. The straightening appeared in the more apical zones initially and subsequently in the basal zones. The magnitude of the differential growth causing the straightening in any zone was similar to that which caused geocurvature in the same zone. It was found that autotropic straightening became evident in some zones before those zones had reached a vertical orientation thus it is suggested that gravity is not directly involved in the initiation of autotropism.     

The morphological and functional characteristics of human aortic endothelium. II. Cellular polymorphism and the incorporation of 3H-thymidine in a culture]

The content of multinuclear endothelial cells and the ability of cells to incorporate 3H-thymidine were studied in primary cultures isolated from zones of low (LP) and high (HP) probability of atherosclerosis of adult human aortas. It was found that the percentage of multinuclear EC was at mean 2-fold higher in cultures from HP zones compared to LP zones of the same vessels. In primary cultures and in the first passage cultures only small mononuclear EC were able to incorporate 3H-thymidine. A significant decrease in the thymidine index (TI) was found only in cultures from HP zones of atherosclerotic aortas. In cultures of EC from the LP zones of these aortas the TI was as high as in cultures from the LP and HP zones from grossly normal vessels.     

Variation in polygalacturonase production among Aspergillus flavus isolates.

Pectinase production by Aspergillus flavus was determined by measuring clear zones formed around colonies stained with ruthenium red. Several isolates produced red zones instead of clear zones. Red zones were reproduced with pectinesterase and correlated with absence of specific polygalacturonases. Of 87 isolates tested, 15 produced red zones.     

Stereological analysis of alpha and beta zones of syncytiotrophoblast in human term placenta.

The investigations were carried out to attempt to define and analyze various quantitative structural parameters of syncytiotrophoblast in human term placenta, especially of its functionally active parts, that is alpha and beta zones. The results demonstrated the following: The arrangement of alpha and beta zones in the placenta as a whole is even and regionally independent. Beta zones prevail quantitatively. Alpha zones make up only 8% of the total volume, 18% of the total surface and 39% of the thickness of beta zones. Sexual dimorphism is shown by a significantly higher volume density (VVa)(P less than 0.002), total volume (Va)(P less than 0.05) and surface density (SVa) (P less than 0.025) of alpha zones in placentas of female newborns. The fetoplacental index is higher in male newborns. During the tenth lunar month the structure of syncytiotrophoblast is changed. Between the 38th and 39th week the volume and surface densities of alpha zones are significantly higher (P less than 0.01), and in the 40th week the volume density and total volume of beta zones prevail significantly (P less than 0.01).     

Bimodal hybrid zones and speciation

Contact zones exemplify a series of stages in speciation. In unimodal hybrid zones intermediates predominate; in bimodal zones hybrids are rare and parental forms predominate; and finally, species might overlap, but never hybridize. Recent studies show bimodality to be associated strongly with assortative mating or fertilization, and only weakly with overall levels of genetic divergence or intrinsic genomic incompatibility. Ecological divergence across most bimodal hybrid zones suggests that ecology contributes more to speciation than genomic incompatibility. This continuum of stable contact zones provides empirical evidence for a route to speciation, which does not require allopatry.     

Variation in polygalacturonase production among Aspergillus flavus isolates

Pectinase production by Aspergillus flavus was determined by measuring clear zones formed around colonies stained with ruthenium red. Several isolates produced red zones instead of clear zones. Red zones were reproduced with pectinesterase and correlated with absence of specific polygalacturonases. Of 87 isolates tested, 15 produced red zones.     

Highlighting ontogenetic shifts in habitat use by nocturnal coral reef fish

The lagoon of Moorea Island was characterised by 12 distinct reef zones. Visual censuses allowed us to document the spatial distributions of recently settled juveniles vs adults of 17 nocturnal fish species among the 12 reef zones. Five distinct patterns in habitat use were found: an increase in the number of reef zones used during the adult stage (four species); a decrease in the number of reef zones adults used compared to recently settled juveniles (two species); the use of different reef zones (one species); the use of same reef zones but with relative densities different (one species); and no change in habitat use (nine species). Overall, this study is the first to explore the use of space by a broad range of nocturnal fish taxa to document the patterns and determinism of habitat shifts between juvenile and adult life stages.     

The Islands in the South China Sea: How Does Their Presence Limit the Extent of the High Seas and the Area and the Maritime Zones of the Mainland Coasts?

A number of small islands (the Paracel Islands, Pratas Island, the Spratly Islands, and Scarborough Reef) may have a considerable influence on the extent of maritime zones in the South China Sea. The maritime zones of these islands can limit the extent of the high seas and the Area in the South China Sea and the extent of the maritime zones of the mainland coasts. To assess the impact of the islands, it is necessary to establish whether they can generate the full suite of maritime zones. Under international law, some islands do not have an entitlement to an exclusive economic zone and continental shelf. Where islands can generate these maritime zones, a second issue arises, namely, how to delimit these zones with those of the mainland coasts bordering the South China Sea.     

Studies of the guinea-pig epididymis

Summary The innervation of the ductuli efferentes and seven zones of the guinea-pig epididymis was investigated using immunohistochemical, histochemical and electron-micro-scopical techniques. Nerve fibers were localized by use of antibodies against substance P (SP-IR), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP-IR) and dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH-IR). In the ductuli efferentes and all zones of the epididymal duct, SP-IR is consistently observed in the interstitial tissue and perivascular areas. Histochemistry reveals a significant amount of acetylcholinesterase-containing fibers in the interstitial, perivascular and periductal smooth muscles of the ductuli efferentes and zones V, VI and VII. In contrast to the homogeneous distribution of SP-IR within all zones of the epididymis, VIP-IR is seen only in zones VI and VII. Within these zones, VIP-IR is detected in large amounts in the subepithelial and muscular layers as is a sparse number of SP-IR varicosities. DBH-IR is also seen throughout all zones in the interstitial and perivascular regions with a tendency to increase in zones VI and VII. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) reveals evidence of a cholinergic (agranular vesicles, AGV), adrenergic (small granular vesicles, SGV) and peptidergic (large granular vesicles, LGV) innervation throughout the interstitial connective tissue of the ductuli efferentes and all epididymal zones. Furthermore AGV are localized in the subepithelial layer, and also co-stored with LGV in the muscular layer of zones VI and VII. No nerve profiles were encountered within the epithelium.Correlation of immunohistochemical findings to TEM counterparts as well as their possible functional role are discussed.Supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft     

Response of ant communities and ant–seed interactions to bush regeneration

Summary Bush regeneration programmes aim to restore native plant communities by interventions designed to assist natural recovery, supplemented by planting or direct seeding where necessary. The present study compared ground-dwelling ant communities and rates of seed removal by ants in weed-infested, regenerating and undamaged urban bushland in northern Sydney. Three replicate dry sclerophyll sites on sandstone were studied, each containing zones of weed-infested, regenerating and undamaged bushland. Canopy cover, midstorey cover, ground cover and litter depth were measured at each site. Each zone type showed distinctive vegetation and cover characteristics, particularly at the ground level. Ground foraging ants were sampled with pitfall traps, sorted to morphospecies and placed in functional groups. There were no significant differences in ant abundance, number of genera or number of morphospecies between site types. Ant diversity and equitability was highest in the undamaged zones, followed by regenerating zones, then weedy zones. There was a significant difference between zone types in the proportion of ant species in different functional groups. Weedy zones were dominated by Opportunist species whereas regenerating zones had a high proportion of Dominant Dolichoderinae. At undamaged zones, the distribution of ants across functional groups was more even. Differences in the ant communities between the three zone types were reflected by differences in interactions between ants and seeds. Seed removal rates of both native and exotic seeds were significantly lower at weedy zones than at undamaged zones, with the regenerating zones having intermediate rates. Sites subject to regeneration 4–10 years previously were intermediate between undamaged and weedy zones for ground cover, litter depth, ant species diversity and equitability, proportion of Opportunist ant species, and seed removal rates. Thus, the regeneration techniques used have been at least partially successful in restoring some aspects of the invertebrate fauna and ecological interactions typical of undamaged dry sclerophyll bushland.     

When invaders meet locally adapted types: rapid moulding of hybrid zones between sculpins (Cottus, Pisces) in the Rhine system

Hybrid zones are commonly studied to dissect the processes that drive divergence among lineages, which have incomplete barriers of reproduction. Most hybrid zones have existed for an extended time making inferences on the initial mode of formation difficult. It is a priori unclear how fast a nascent hybrid zone would form as a response to endogenous and exogenous factors. We have studied several hybrid zones between two lineages of sculpins (Cottus spp.), which emerged due to a recent range expansion of one of the lineages along the river Rhine in the early 1990s. Applying a dense sampling across two contact areas and using a highly informative set of 45 microsatellite markers we found pronounced genetic structure. Steep genetic clines suggest that strong selective forces have shaped the respective hybrid zones from the beginning. We find that the zones are coupled to ecological transitions from small streams to larger rivers. The width of these zones is much smaller than estimates of annual individual dispersal distances, as estimated outside of the hybrid zones. The pattern is apparently not strongly affected by pre- or postzygotic reproductive isolation because numerous backcross hybrids occur within the zones. This suggests that strong natural selection acts against immigrant genotypes. The study exemplifies how local adaptation can play a key role in preventing admixture in dependence of the ecological context.     

生态红线划分的理论和技术

在重要生态功能区、生态环境敏感区/脆弱区等区域划定生态红线,控制人类活动强度,对于维护区域生态完整性和生态服务功能的可持续性,解决生态环境退化和资源枯竭问题,减轻异常自然灾害不利影响具有重要意义.虽然不少省市已开展生态红线划分和管理试点工作,但生态红线划分的理论和技术尚不完善。生态红线区划和管理急需理论指导和技术支持。对生态红线的内涵进行了分析,指出了空间红线、面积红线和管理红线之间的有机联系,强调了生态安全空间格局和区域生态服务需求在生态红线划分中的重要性;在生态红线划分技术研究综述基础上剖析了生态红线的研究中存在的问题,如划分方法简单粗放、对景观和区域尺度上的空间过程和空间联系考虑不足以及由于部门和学科分割带来的(海)水陆缺乏统筹等;论述了生态适宜性评价、景观/区域安全格局理论、海陆统筹理论、干扰生态学理论、生态系统管理和适应性理论以及驱动力-压力-状态-影响-响应(DPSIR)模型框架等技术方法和理论以及它们在在生态红线划分中的潜在应用;最后提出了基于生态安全格局和区域生态服务需求的生态红线划分的技术路线,并对今后生态红线划分研究进行了展望。提出的生态红线划分技术和理论方法可为今后生态红线的研究提供有益参考。