Trichomycetes from China and the description of three new Smittium species

Trichomycetes were recovered from the guts of aquatic insect larvae collected from a stream in the Qinling Mountains in western China. These collections included Smittium hecatei, known only from Spain, as well as Smittium simulii and Stachylina penetralis, which appear to be more widely distributed. Caudomyces japonicus, previously recorded only from Japan, also is reported from crane fly larvae (Antocha sp.) from China. We describe three new species, Smittium chinliense from a tipulid host, as well as Smittium naiadis and Smittium nodifixum, both from chironomid larvae. A probable new species of Gauthieromyces was collected in mayfly nymphs and is illustrated but not described here.     

The genus Smittium (Trichomycetes, Harpellales) in the Iberian Peninsula

A study of larval Diptera (Chironomidae, Culicidae and Simuliidae) from Spain has been carried out to fulfill a catalogue of species of the genus Smittium (Harpellales: Legeriomycetaceae) present within these hosts. Among the reported taxa, eight are new species: Smittium brevisporum, S. bulbosporo-phorus, S. gracilis, S. hecatei, S. heterosporum, S. inex-pectans, S. prostratum and S. pseudodimorphum. We also report six previously described species, which are new for the Iberian Peninsula: S. alpinum, S. dipterorum, S. megazygosporum, S. pusillum, S. typhellum and S. fecundum. Three other species (S. simulii, S. culicis and S. culisetae) previously were reported from Spain. In two of them (S. fecundum and S. culicis), we describe for the first time the presence of zygospores. Some of the included species have been artificially cultured as well as ultrastructurally studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), with the purpose of observing the surface of both trichospores and the trichospore collar and the morphology of the trichospore appendage.     

Laboratory investigations of trichomycete prevalence, abundance and fecundity in a Smittium-simuliid model

Smittium, the most speciose genus of the "gut fungi" (Zygomycota: Trichomycetes), is found attached to the hindgut cuticle of larval aquatic Diptera. Smittium spp. colonize several host families (e.g., Smittium culisetae in Chironomidae, Culicidae and Simuliidae), but some species appear to be specific to a single host family (e.g., Smittium morbosum Sweeney in Culicidae). The specificity of Smittium spp. within a host family has been difficult to resolve. This research presents evidence that certain Smittium spp. differentially colonize particular species of black fly (Diptera: Simuliidae) hosts as measured by differences in prevalence, abundance and fecundity. Reasons for this differential occurrence and fecundity in hosts are unclear but might include fungal responses to variations in host morphology, physiology, distribution or behavior. Variable fitness of Smittium spp., within a suite of available hosts, could be a factor in the diversity of this fungal group.     

Trichomycetes (Zygomycota) in the digestive tract of arthropods in Amazonas, Brazil

Eight species of Harpellales and three species of Eccrinales (Zygomycota: Trichomycetes) were found associated with the digestive tract of arthropods from terrestrial and aquatic environments in the central Amazon region of Brazil. New species of Harpellales include: Harpella amazonica, Smittium brasiliense, Genistellospora tropicalis in Simuliidae larvae and Stachylina paucispora in Chironomidae larvae. Axenic cultures of S. brasiliense were obtained. Probable new species of Enterobryus (Eccrinales), Harpella, and Stachylina (Harpellales) are described but not named. Also reported are the previously known species of Eccrinales, Passalomyces compressus and Leidyomyces attenuatus in adult Coleoptera (Passalidae), and Smittium culisetae and Smittium aciculare (Harpellales) in Culicidae and Simuliidae larvae, respectively. Comments on the distribution of some of these fungi and their hosts in the Neotropics are provided.     

Identity of Monomorium occidaneum Crawley, a species inquirenda, and status of Monomorium micron Crawley (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

Abstract  Because the original type material has been made available, Monomorium occidaneum Crawley, a species inquirenda in Heterick's revision of the Australian Monomorium , can now be regarded as a junior synonym of Monomorium leae Forel. In addition, the status of a primary type specimen of Monomorium micron Crawley cited in the same publication is altered from 'holotype' to 'syntype'. This specimen has now been designated a lectotype to ensure stability of the name.     

Trichomycetes living in the guts of aquatic insects of Misiones and Tierra del Fuego, Argentina

Fourteen species of Trichomycetes living in the guts of aquatic insects are reported from two provinces of Argentina, Misiones and Tierra del Fuego. Twelve of the species belong to the Harpellales and two are Amoebidiales. Five harpellid species are reported from Misiones in the extreme northeast of the country (Genistellospora homothallica, Harpella tica, Smittium culisetae, Smittium sp., Stachylina sp.) and seven are from Tierra del Fuego, the southern tip of South America (H. meridianalis, Glotzia sp., S. culicis, S. cellaspora, S. imitatum, Stachylina minima, Penella simulii). Insect hosts all were immature stages of Culicidae, Simuliidae, Chironomidae, Ceratopogonidae (Insecta: Diptera), and Ephemeroptera and Plecoptera. The lower diversity of Trichomycetes found at Misiones, which has a subtropical climate and rainforest vegetation, was due possibly to the warmer temperatures of the water (15-24 C), compared to the colder streams of Tierra del Fuego (9-15 C), with forests and steppes as typical vegetation.     

Indo-West Pacific species of the genus Stylopoma Levinsen, 1909 (Bryozoa: Cheilostomatida)

Twenty-one species of Stylopoma Levinsen, 1909 are described and illustrated with scanning electron micrographs. S. spongites (Pallas, 1766), the type species, is redescribed from the neotype specimen and included here for completeness. A neotype specimen for S. duboisii (Audouin, 1826) and a lectotype specimen for S. viride (Thornely, 1905) are designated and 14 new species of Stylopoma are described from Indo-West Pacific material in the Recent bryozoan collections of the Natural History Museum, London.     

关于筇竹属和筇竹名称及命名模式的讨论

筇竹属(Qiongzhuea Hsueh et Yi)建立于1980年,模式种基于(Q. tumidinoda Hsueh et Yi)。由于竹子是多年生植物,不是年年都开花结实,且一生只开一次花。我们当时考虑到竹子开花生物学的这种特点,以及为更方便准确鉴定该属及属以下种群,分别选用了王芳瑜、熊执权和杨开泰11563号有花、果枝标本和易同培73001号营养体标本作为(Q. tumidinoda Hsueh et Yi)的共同模式。根据《国际植物命名法规》的相关条款规定,在命名一个新种或种以下新分类群时只能是一份标本。但当时法规（Leningrad Code, Art. 7. 5. 1975; St. Louis Code, 2000 and Vienna Code, Art. 37.3. 2006）明确规定有这种情况出现时,可以从它们之中选取后选模式（Art.7.5.）。有鉴于此,我们从发表时的两号标本之中选取王芳瑜、熊执权和杨开泰11563号有花、果枝标本作为筇竹的后选模式,使筇竹和筇竹属得到合格发表。     

Taxonomic review of the genus Trisopterus(Teleostei: Gadidae) with recognition of the capelan Trisopterus capelanus as a valid species

Trisopterus is demonstrated to be monophyletic, including four distinct species: T. capelanus, T. esmarkii, T. luscus and T. minutus. The capelan T. capelanus is resurrected from the synonymy of poor cod T. minutus, and is shown to be morphologically more similar to T. luscus, to which species it is also more closely related, indicated by a phylogenetic analysis presented here. A lectotype is designated for T. luscus. Trisopterus fasciatus, the type species of Trisopterus, is a junior synonym of T. luscus, and the lectotype of T. luscus is designated as the neotype of T. fasciatus. The lectotype of T. luscus is also designated as the neotype of Gadus barbatus. Gadus barbatus has priority over T. luscus but the name is suppressed by prevailing usage of T. luscus. A neotype is designated also for T. minutus. A phylogenetic analysis using mitochondrial cytochrome b, and a fragment of the nuclear rhodopsin gene, shows that T. capelanus and T. luscus are sister species, and in turn sister to a clade formed by T. minutus and T. esmarkii.     

Typification of Linnaean taxa of annual Poaceae: Poeae related to Vulpia and Desmazeria

STACE, C. A. & JARVIS, C. E., 1985. TypiHcation of Linnaean taxa of annual Poaceae: Poeae related to Vulpia and Desmazeria. The status and typification of 15 Linnaean species of annual grasses related to Vulpia and Desmazeria are discussed. Of these 15, eight are represented by holotypes or lectotypes in LINN, two by lectotypes in Herb. A. van Royen (L), and one by a neotype in LINN. One (Festuca marina) is based on a pre-Linnaean polynomial and is represented by a lectotype in Herb. Sloane (BM); one (Cynosurus durus) has no known type specimens and we have chosen a Barrelier (1714) illustration as lectotype; one (Nardus aristatus) is an illegitimate name change for Nardus incurvus Gouan, for which we have selected a Scheuchzer (1719) illustration as lectotype; and finally Festuca incrassala appeared on a cancelled page of Species Plantarum and has no nomenclatural standing.     

Biosystematic studies of Sorbus meinichii (Rosaceae) at Moster, S. Norway

Morphometric and cytological data were used to test the variation within the apomictic hybrid Sorbus meinichii from its type locality, in the Moster area, Bømlo in Sunnhordland, Norway. A lectotype is selected for the name. A total of 36 morphological characters were measured on leaves, stomata, flowers, pollen, fruits and seeds, from randomly selected S. meinichii individuals. In the field the material was classified into two groups, one including individuals of generally larger dimensions of leaves and fruits than the other. The preliminary classification was subsequently tested by a multivariate analysis of several characters, substantiating the existence of two morphs in the population at the type locality of S. meinichii , one corresponding to the selected lectotype. Assessment of the nature and taxonomic rank of these two morphs must await further studies. Cytological studies showed both forms of S. meinichii to be triploid, with 2n=51 chromosomes. The taxonomic separation of S. teodorii from S. meinichii on the basis of ploidy level is therefore not corroborated. Sorbus meinichii s. lat. was shown to be intermediate between its supposed parents, S. aucuparia and S. hybrida , in several leaf characters. All of the variation within the S. aucuparia × S. hybrida-complex in Fennoscandia is better included in one aggregate species Sorbus meinichii according to the present state of knowledge.     

Zygospores of selected Trichomycetes in larval Diptera of the families Chironomidae and Simuliidae

The midgut-inhabiting fungi (Harpellaceae) Harpella melusinae and Stachylina pedifer were induced to form zygospores, using an application of a pH 10 potassium hydroxide solution with culture media. The previously unknown zygospores of S. pedifer are borne perpendicular to the zygosporophore, as in Harpella melusinae. The zygospores of the hindgut-inhabiting species Smittium coloradense, borne obliquely to the zygosporophore (in vivo), are described for the first time.     

金爪粉背蕨和硫磺粉背蕨的名实问题

对金爪粉背蕨Aleuritioteris veitchii（Christ）Ching、硫磺粉背蕨A.duclouxii var.sulphurea Ching和A.cremea处理为它的异名。该种的特征是根状茎上的鳞片为同色,狭披针形,叶片分裂较细且被硫磺色粉状物。硫磺粉背蕨A.duclouxii var.suplhurea根状茎上的鳞片明显二争,与上者不同,本文重新恢复了该变种名称。     

A taxonomic reassessment of Spongites (Corallinaceae,Rhodophyta) based on studies of Kützing's original collections

Results from critical studies of the original collections upon which Spongites Kützing, 1841 is based have led to the designation of S. fruticulosa as lectotype species and to the resurrection and recognition of Spongites as a distinct genus of Corallinaceae (Rhodophyta). Spongites is characterized by the absence of geniculae, uniporate tetrasporangial conceptacles, a multistratose non-palisade and non-coaxial medulla (“hypothallium”) and cortex (“perithallium”), fusions between cells of adjacent filaments, and trichocytes which are solitary or arranged in a vertical series. Since at least 1883, the Kützing epithet “fruticulosa” has been misapplied widely to a taxon with multiporate tetrasporangial conceptacles, whereas the type collection of S. fruticulosa possesses uniporate tetrasporangial conceptacles. Of the six original species, three (S. fruticulosa, S. racemosa, S. stalactitica) are retained in Spongites; S. dentata is referred to Lithophyllum and S. nodosa to Lithothamnion as distinct species; and S. confluens is regarded to be conspecific with Lithophyllum incrustans Philippi. Detailed morphogological-anatomical accounts of specimens in the type collections are presented along with relevant historical data on the genus and on the various species studied. The relationships of Spongites to Neogoniolithon and to other genera of Corallinaceae also are discussed.     

Contribution to the taxonomy of Gryllus Linnaeus, 1758 in South America: Part I: Redescription of Gryllus argentinus Saussure, 1874 (Orthoptera,Grylloidea, Gryllidae)

The genus Gryllus includes 82 described species that occur in America from Canada to Argentina as well as in several areas of Africa, Europe and Asia. There are 12 species in South America, which were described in the nineteenth century based on a small number of samples and inconsistent characters such as body coloration and external morphology. The aim of this article is to redescribe Gryllus argentinus Saussure, 1874 collected in the urban areas of Pelotas, Capão do Leão and Rio Grande, in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, southern Brazil, highlighting phallic sclerites, calling song and body morphometry. We designate the lectotype male, provide a combination of diagnostic characteristics and discuss the taxonomic situation of South American Gryllus species.     

Singing from the Grave: DNA from a 180 Year Old Type Specimen Confirms the Identity of Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens)

Historically serving as repositories for morphologically-based taxonomic research, natural history collections are now increasingly being targeted in studies utilizing DNA data. The development of advanced molecular techniques has facilitated extraction of useable DNA from old specimens, including type material. Sequencing diagnostic molecular markers from type material enables accurate species designation, especially where modern taxonomic hypotheses confirm morphologically cryptic species complexes. One such example is Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens), which belongs to a complex of about 20 cryptic species, most of which can only be reliably distinguished by their pre-mating courtship songs or by DNA analysis. The subtle morphological variation in the group has led to disagreement over the previous designation of the lectotype for C. carnea, an issue that has been further compounded because Chrysoperla carnea is a highly valued biological control agent in arable crops. Archival DNA extraction and sequencing from the 180 year old lectotype specimen, combined with Bayesian and Likelihood based phylogenetic analyses of modern specimens from the entire complex, were used to establish unambiguously the true identity of Chrysoperla carnea.