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1.
Kononenko GP Burkin AA Zotova EV Soboleva NA 《Prikladnaia biokhimiia i mikrobiologiia》2000,36(2):209-213
Ochratoxin A was quantitatively monitored in grain extracts by indirect solid-phase enzyme immunoassay with the use of an immobilized conjugate of the toxin with gelatin and polyclonal rabbit antibodies raised against the ochratoxin A-BSA conjugate. This monitoring found that 1.7 to 18.5% of the samples were contaminated with the toxin at a concentration of 25.9-291.7 micrograms/kg. An analysis of forage grain found ochratoxin A at concentrations of 440-3250 micrograms/kg. 相似文献
2.
The commercially available dog food samples (29 dry foods and 11 wet foods) were analysed for deoxynivalenol (DON) and ochratoxin
A (OTA) using ELISA. All (100%) dry foods were contaminated with DON with various amount of the toxin (22-1837 μg/kg). In
wet food 3 samples were found to be positive for DON in the range of 95-170 μg/kg. There were a few samples contaminated with
OTA: 3 samples in dry foods (7-40 μg/kg) and 2 samples in wet foods (45 and 115 μg/kg). 相似文献
3.
A total of 92 samples — 23 winter wheat, 12 summer barley, 5 oats and 52 mixed feed — were collected from a state factory
in Kaunas, Lithuania and were analysed for the presence of trichothecenes, zearalenone (ZEN) and ochratoxin A (OA) using gas
chromatography with electron capture detection and immunoaffinity column/high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence
and UV detections. Deoxynivalenol (DON), nivalenol (NIV), T-2 toxin and HT-2 toxin were detected at concentrations above 10
μg/kg in 68%, 48%, 38% and 8% of cereal samples, respectively, and in 98%, 88%, 12% and 8% of samples of mixed feed for swine
and poultry. More than 10 μg/kg of zearalenone and ochratoxin A were found in 58% and 92% of the mixed feed samples, respectively.
The highest concentrations of all analysed trichothecenes in Lithuanian mixed feed and cereal grains, with an exception of
T-2 toxin in one oat lot and one sample of mixed feed and OA in two mixed feed samples, were lower than those reported as
Lithuanian advisory or tolerance limits. 相似文献
4.
In this presentation, the mycotoxin levels—as analysed by the analytical centre for mycotoxin surveillance of the state food
laboratory (LAVES Braunschweig)—for approximately 500 food samples are reported. The samples were collected in the year 2009
at retail in the German federal state of Lower Saxony. Aflatoxin and ochratoxin A were analysed in dried fruits, spices, cereals
and tree nuts. Ochratoxin A was detected in all samples of dried vine fruits, at levels up to 8.1 μg/kg. Aflatoxins and ochratoxin
A were also found in nutmeg and curry powder: the maximum regulatory levels for aflatoxins were exceeded in 25% of the nutmeg
samples. Nearly all samples of basmati rice contained aflatoxins, although at levels below the maximum regulatory level in
all but one sample. Aflatoxins were also detected in about 50% of hazelnut samples, in 20% of the samples the maximum levels
was exceeded (maximum 23.2 μg/kg). In contrast, aflatoxin contents in pistachios were surprisingly low. Fusarium toxins were
analysed in cereals and cereal products such as flour, bread, and pasta. Deoxynivalenol (DON) was the predominant toxin found
in these samples: DON was found in about 40% of the samples, although the maximum levels were not exceeded (max. 418 μg/kg).
Fumonisins (FBs) and zearalenone (ZEA) were specifically analysed in maize products (snacks, flour and oil). Most of these
samples (80%) were positive, but at levels not exceeding the maximum levels. Maximum levels were 98 μg/kg (ZEA) and 577 μg/kg
(sum of FB1 and FB2). Ergot alkaloids (six major alkaloids) were analysed in rye flour, and approximately 50% were positive. The highest concentration
of ergot alkaloids was 1,063 μg/kg; the predominant alkaloids were ergotamine and ergocristine. In conclusion, the results
indicate that continuous and efficient control measures for mycotoxins in a wide range of critical foods are necessary to
ensure compliance with maximum levels. Although the mycotoxin levels in the vast majority of samples were below maximum levels,
year-to-year variation and changes in the production of relevant commodities may result in a different picture in the future. 相似文献
5.
Corn samples were collected in 1999 from three departments of Entre Réos province, Argentina, and were surveyed for mould
contamination and natural occurrence ofFusarium mycotoxins, ochratoxin A and aflatoxins.Fusarium verticillioides was the most prevalent fungal species recorded at all departments. Zearalenone, deoxynivalenol and ochratoxin A were not
found in any samples. Only one of the 52 corn samples analysed was contaminated with aflatoxin B1 (17 μg/kg). Fumonisin B1 was found in 58 % of samples (range of positive samples: 47– 3,347 μg/kg), fumonisin B2 in 33.0 % (range of positive samples: 23–537 μg/kg) and fumonisin B3 in 25.0 % (range of positive samples: 24–287 μg/kg) of them. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of mycotoxins
in corn from Entre Ríos province, Argentina. Levels of fumonisins were lower than detected in other Argentinian provinces. 相似文献
6.
Influence of storage time and moisture content on the development of ochratoxin A and citrinin in legumes kernel of ecological
and conventional provenance Mould growth can cause the occurrence of mycotoxins in grain and legumes. Less information is
known for legumes of ecological provenance. For this reason a storage trial was carried out with peas and horse beans, to
examine the production of ochratoxin A (OTA) and citrinin (CT) in legumes kernel from ecological provenance. For that purpose
kernels from legumes were remoistened to different moisture contents (MC, 14%/19%) and stored 24 weeks in a research granary
(tower silo). This experiment should simulate the storage situation in farm scale from winter to summer. Every four weeks,
the CO2-content was determined and samples taken for the analysis of moisture, OTA and CT. At week 24 and a MC of <18% 1.9 μg OTA/kg
of beans and 0.7 μg OTA/kg of peas (conventionally produced) were found.
Presented at the 28th Mykotoxin-Workshop, Bydgoszcz, Poland, May 29–31, 2006 相似文献
7.
Inês Almeida Hermínia Marina Martins Sara Santos José M. Costa Fernando Bernardo 《Mycotoxin Research》2011,27(3):177-181
A total of 404 samples of commercial swine feed from Portugal feed mills were analysed by HPLC methods for the presence of
mycotoxins: 277 samples of feed for fattening pigs were analysed for ochratoxin A (OTA), zearalenone (ZEA), and deoxynivalenol
(DON), and 127 samples of feed for sows were analysed for ZEA and fumonisins (FB1 + FB2). Concerning feed for fattening pigs, 21 (7.6%) samples were positive for OTA, (2–6.8 μg/kg), 69 (24.9%) were positive for
ZEA (5–73 μg/kg), and 47 (16.9%) were positive for DON (100–864 μg/kg). In feed for sows, the results showed 29.9% of positive
samples for ZEA (5–57.7 μg/kg) and 8.7% positive samples for FB1 and FB2 (50–391.4 μg/kg). Co-occurrence of DON/ZEA was found most frequently, but simultaneous contamination with OTA/ZEA and OTA/DON
was also found. 相似文献
8.
For some foodstuffs, determination of the mycotoxin ochratoxin A (OTA) requires time consuming clean up by means of solid
phase extraction (SPE). Therefore a system for automated SPE was tested for cleaning up roasted coffee as a possible way of
shortening preparation time. Validation of the method in accordance to the so called “Concept '98” led to a LOD of 0.2 μg/kg
and a recovery rate of 92%. By using the described procedure with samples of roasted coffee the OTA contents varied between
the LOD and 3.4 μg/kg. This method was also used to determine ochratoxin A in liquorice roots, ginger and valerian.
Presented at the 26th Mykotoxin Workshop in Herrsching, Germany, May 17–19, 2004 相似文献
9.
Forty-seven samples of corn were collected from various street bazaars and market outlets in different regions of Turkey and
total aflatoxin (AF) and ochratoxin A (OTA) levels were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) following
sample preparation. Levels of AF and OTA in corn samples ranged between 1.75–120.3 μg/kg and 1.08–8.57 μg/kg, respectively.
Although 53% of the samples analysed had no detectable levels of AF, 4% of similar samples were found to contain AFs above
the acceptable limit of 10 μg/kg in Turkey. For OTA, 4% of the corn samples had levels above the acceptable limit (3 μg/kg)
in Turkey, with over 43% samples not found to contain this mycotoxin. Although the levels of mycotoxins analysed in this study
were not found to be high and the percentage of samples contaminated above permitted limits were low, the importance of overall
daily dietary intake should not be underestimated and control of these fungal metabolites in corn must be explored to minimise
the hazards they may cause in humans. 相似文献
10.
Twenty-one rice samples from field (ten), store (six) and market (five) from the traditional rice-growing areas of Niger State,
Nigeria were analysed for aflatoxins (AFs), ochratoxin A (OTA), zearalenone (ZEA), deoxynivalenol (DON), fumonisin B1 (FB1) and B2 (FB2), and patulin (PAT) by thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) respectively. T-2
toxin was determined using TLC only. AFs were detected in all samples, at total AF concentrations of 28–372 μg/kg. OTA was
found in 66.7% of the samples, also at high concentrations (134–341 μg/kg) that have to be considered as critical levels in
aspects of nephrotoxicity. ZEA (53.4%), DON (23.8), FB1 (14.3%) and FB2 (4.8%) were also found in rice, although at relatively low levels. T-2 toxin was qualitatively detected by TLC in only one
sample. Co-contamination with AFs, OTA, and ZEA was very common, and up to five mycotoxins were detected in a single sample.
The high AF and OTA levels as found in rice in this study are regarded as unsafe, and multi-occurrences of mycotoxins in the
rice samples with possible additive or synergistic toxic effects in consumers raise concern with respect to public health. 相似文献
11.
The effects of four mycotoxins, T-2 toxin, deoxynivalenol (DON), ochratoxin A (OTA) and fumonisin B1 (FB1) on the response
of bovine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBM) in vitro to the mitogens concanavalin A (Con A), phytohaemagglutinin A
(PHA) and pokeweed mitogen (PWM) were assayed after 4 days' incubation using 3H-thymidine uptake and the MTT bioassay. The
concentrations of mycotoxin required to reduce the proliferative response of PBM by 50% for Con A, PHA and PWM as measured
by 3H-thymidine incorporation was for T-2 toxin 0.30, 0.40 and 0.18 ng ml-1; for DON 0.07, 0.09 and 0.04 μg ml-1; for OTA
0.10, 0.20 and 0.15 μg ml- 1, and for FB1 35, 18 and 11 μg ml-1M by 50% for Con A, PHA and PWM as measured by the MTT bioassay
were for T-2 toxin 2.0, 2.0 and 1.0 mg ml-1; for DON 0.70, 0.50 and 0.50 μg ml-1; OTA 1.5, 1,5 and 1.5 μg ml- 1; and FB1 >50,
>50 and 20 μg ml-1 respectively. Further cytotoxicity assays including the LDH bioassay and Trypan blue exclusion were performed
only on Con A-stimulated PBM cells after 72 h incubation. With the LDH-bioassay the 50% inhibition levels were T-2 toxin 0.3
ng ml-1, DON 0.4 μg ml- 1, OTA 1.4 μg ml-1 and FB1 3.5 μg ml-1; for Trypan blue uptake the 50% inhibition levels were T-2
toxin 5 ng ml-1, DON 2.3 μg ml-1 and OTA 4 μg ml-1 respectively.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
12.
A total of 120 different samples belonging to 24 kinds of spices collected from different places atAssiut Governorate (Egypt) were examined for the natural occurrence of mycotoxins. TLC analysis of spice extracts revealed the presence of aflatoxins
(8–35 μg/kg) in 16 samples of anise, black pepper, caraway, black cumin, fennel, peppermint, coriander and marjoram, sterigmatocystin
(10–23 μg/kg) in ten samples of red pepper, caraway, cumin and marjoram and citrinin (8–12 ⧎g/kg) in two samples of black
cumin, while ochratoxin A and zearalenone could not be detected. 相似文献
13.
A method was validated for the determination of ochratoxin A (OTA) in soluble and green coffee. Performance parameters evaluated
included selectivity, accuracy, intermediate precision, linearity, limit of detection, limit of quantitation, and ruggedness.
The method was found to be selective for OTA in both matrices tested. Recovery rates from soluble coffee samples ranged from
73.5 to 91.2%, and from green coffee samples from 68.7 to 84.5%. The intermediate precision (RSDr) was between 9.1 and 9.4%
for soluble coffee and between 14.3 and 15.5% for green coffee analysis. The linearity of the standard calibration curve (r2) was <0.999 for OTA levels of 1.0–20.0 μg/kg in coffee samples. The limit of detection was determined to be 0.01 ng of OTA
on column, while the limit of quantitation was found to be 0.03 ng on column. The limit of quantitation is equivalent to 0.6
μg/kg in soluble coffee samples and 0.3 μg/kg in green coffee samples. The results of the ruggedness trial showed two factors
are critical for soluble coffee analysis: the extraction method, and the flow rate of the mobile phase. For green coffee analysis
two critical factors detected were the extraction method and the storage temperature of the immunoaffinity column.
Five samples of soluble coffee and 42 of green coffee were analysed using the validated method. All soluble coffee samples
contained OTA at levels that ranged from 8.4 to 13.9 μg/kg. Six of the 42 green coffee samples analysed (14.3%) contained
OTA at levels ranging from 0.9 to 19.4 μg/kg. The validated method can be used to monitor OTA levels in Colombian coffee for
export or for local consumption. 相似文献
14.
15.
Twenty-six samples of commercial ice-wine made from late-harvested grapes were assayed for the mycotoxins ochratoxin A and
tenuazonic acid. Canadian wines originated in British Columbia (18) and Ontario (8). For comparison two German wines from
Hesse were also studied. Four additional samples of research ice-wine originating in were also studied. In all wine samples,
assays using immuno-affinity chromatography and fluorescence liquid chromatography indicated ochratoxin A below 0.15 μg/L,
the limit of determination of the method. Tenuazonic acid was determined by solidphase micro-extraction and liquid chromatography
and was below the limit of determination (70 μg/L) in all samples. The European Union food tolerance limit for ochratoxin
A in wine is 2 μg/L. A tolerance for tenuazonic acid has not yet been established. 相似文献
16.
In 2004–2005, samples of several selected Polish foods such as cereal products, nuts, dried fruits, coffee and culinary spices
collected from Warsaw market and taken from food producers were analyzed on presence of aflatoxin B1, B2, G1, G2 (AF), ochratoxin A (OTA), zearalenone (ZEA) and deoxynivalenol (DON). After extraction and clean-up of extracts on immunoaffinity
columns (IAC), mycotoxin analyses were carried out by HPLC using fluorescence and UV detectors. The concentrations of aflatoxins
and ochratoxin A depending on the kind of sample ranged from 0.02 to 7.8 (one sample, of peanuts) and 0.02–11.9 μg/kg (one
coffee sample), respectively. The levels of ZEA and DON were found to be below 50 °g/kg. 相似文献
17.
Karine Joubrane André EL Khoury Roger Lteif Toufic Rizk Mireille Kallassy Christo Hilan Richard Maroun 《Mycotoxin Research》2011,27(4):249-257
An extensive survey of filamentous fungi isolated from wheat grown and consumed in Lebanon and their capacity to produce aflatoxin
B1 (AFB1) and ochratoxin A (OTA) was conducted to assess fungi potential for producing these toxins in wheat. From the 468 samples
of wheat kernel, collected at preharvest stage from different locations during 2008 and 2009 cultivation seasons, 3,260 fungi
strains were isolated with 49.4% belonging to Penicillium spp. and 31.2% belonging to Aspergillus spp. Penicillium spp. was detected on wheat samples with a high amount of P. verrucosum (37.0%). Among the different Aspergillus spp. isolated, A. niger aggregate was predominant and constituted 37.3%. whereas the isolation rate of A. flavus and A. ochraceus was 32.2 and 25.6%, respectively. The ability to produce OTA and AFB1 by isolates belonging to Aspergillus spp. and Penicillium spp. was analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detector (HPLC-FLD). It was found that 57.0%
of Penicillium spp. and 80% of A. ochraceus isolates tested produced OTA, respectively, at maximum concentrations of 53 and 65 μg/g CYA. As for the aflatoxinogenic ability,
45.3% of A. flavus produced AFB1, with maximum concentration of 40 μg/g CYA. A total of 156 wheat samples were analyzed for the levels of OTA and AFB1 by HPLC-FLD. The results showed that 23.7% were contaminated with OTA, at a concentration higher than 3 μg/kg and 35.2% of
these samples were contaminated with AFB1 at concentration higher than 2 μg/kg. The risks originating from toxin levels in wheat produced in Lebanon should be monitored
to prevent their harmful effects on public health. 相似文献
18.
Kristina Liesener Valeriu Curtui Richard Dietrich Erwin Märtlbauer Ewald Usleber 《Mycotoxin Research》2010,26(1):23-30
A total of 62 samples of commercial horse feed preparations (complementary feeds) containing cereal mixtures (“muesli” or
mash, n = 39; pelleted feeds, n = 12), and plain horse feed grains (maize, n = 5; oats, n = 4; barley, n = 2) were purchased from 21 different producers/distributors from the German market. All samples were analysed by competitive
enzyme immunoassays (EIA) for six different mycotoxins (mycotoxin groups). Analytes (detection limit, mean recovery) were:
deoxynivalenol (DON, 10 μg/kg, 84%), zearalenone (ZEA, 5 μg/kg, 93%), fumonisin B1 (FB1, 2 μg/kg, 113%), T-2 toxin (T-2, 0.1 μg/kg, 71%), sum of T-2 + HT-2 toxin (T-2/HT2, 0.2 μg/kg, 97%), ochratoxin A (OTA, 0.2 μg/kg,
67%), and total ergot alkaloids (Generic Ergot Alkaloids “GEA”, 30 μg/kg, 132%). All samples contained DON (16–4,900 μg/kg,
median 220 μg/kg), T-2/HT-2 (0.8–230 μg/kg, median 24 μg/kg), and T-2 (0.3–91 μg/kg, median 7 μg/kg). ZEA was detected in
98% of the samples (7–310 μg/kg, median 61 μg/kg). Most samples (94%) were positive for FB1 (2–2,200 μg/kg, median 27 μg/kg). Ergot alkaloids were detected in 61% of samples (28–1,200 μg/kg, median 97 μg/kg), OTA
was found in 42% of samples (0.2–4 μg/kg, median 0.35 μg/kg). The results demonstrate that a co-contamination with several
mycotoxins is very common in commercial horse feed from the German market. The toxin concentrations were in most cases well
below the levels which are usually considered as critical or even toxic. The highest mycotoxin concentrations were mostly
found in single-grain cereal feed: the maximum values for DON and FB1 were found in maize, the highest T-2/HT-2 toxin concentrations were found in oats, and the highest concentration of ergot
alkaloids was found in barley. In composed feeds, no correlation between cereal composition and mycotoxin levels could be
found. 相似文献
19.
A total of 449 grain samples, 102 barley, 169 wheat and 178 oat samples were collected from different regions of Norway from 1996–1998 crops, mainly from grain loads and silos. The samples were analysed for type A and B trichothecenes, the largest groups of mycotoxins produced by the Fusarium species, by gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detection (GC-MS). Factors affecting the presence of the different trichothecenes are discussed. Deoxynivalenol (DON) and HT-2 toxin were the trichothecenes most frequently detected, followed by T-2 toxin, nivalenol, and scirpentriol, scirpentriol being detected only in seven samples (>20 g/kg).Oats were the grain species most heavily contaminated with an incidence(% >20 g/kg) and mean concentration of positive samples of 70%(115 g/kg) for HT-2 toxin, 30% (60 g/kg) for T-2 toxin, 57%(104 g/kg) for DON, and 10% (56 g/kg) for nivalenol. The corresponding values for barley were 22% (73 g/kg), 5% (85 g/kg),17% (155 g/kg) and 6% (30 g/kg), and for wheat 1.2% (20 g/kg),0.6% (20 g/kg), 14% (53 g/kg) and 0% for HT-2, T-2, DON and nivalenol, respectively. Norwegian oats were found to contain HT-2 and T-2 toxin in concentrations that might be at threat to human health for high consumers of oats. The amount of DON was significantly lower than in the crop from previous years.This revised version was published online in October 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
20.
C. Dall’Asta G. Galaverna J. De Dea Lindner R. Virgili E. Neviani A. Dossena 《Mycotoxin Research》2007,23(3):132-137
In the present study, a fast and sensitive method for the quantification of ochratoxin A in two lipidicproteic food matrices
has been developed. In particular, the sample preparation procedure has been optimized for dry-cured meat products and blue
cheeses and tested for several validation parameters (LOD, LOQ, recovery, repeatability and within-laboratory precision).
The procedure has been then applied to several dry-cured meat products and blue cheeses from the market.
Ochratoxin A has been occasionally found in dry-cured and smoked ham from the market and the contamination occurred both in
the outer and in the inner part of the products. Concerning the blue cheese, the occurrence of ochratoxin A is reported for
the first time: OTA was occasionally found at low levels (0.1–3 μg/kg) in commercial samples of Roquefort from France and
Gorgonzola from Italy, opening a new issue for risk assessment and quality control.
Presented at the 29th Mykotoxin-Workshop, Fellbach, Germany, May 14–16, 2007
Financial support: This work was partially granted by Emilia-Romagna region (projects: SIQUAL and “Safety and quality of typical
pork meat production chain”) 相似文献