微生物作用对大蒜油生物活性成分的影响

本文研究了微生物作用对大蒜油中的生物活性成分的影响,超临界萃取大蒜油,通过定硫法测定大蒜素的含量和GC—MS分析发酵大蒜和新鲜大蒜中的生物活性成分与相对含量。通过分析可以看出,发酵大蒜中的大蒜素含量是新鲜大蒜中的73．7％,但是,主要生物活性成分物质得到保留,且其相对含量略有增加,总的硫化有机物含量大体不变。通过分析比较得出：大蒜的微生物转化作用减少了大蒜中难闻的气味,保持了大蒜的药用价值。     

硫硒配施对衰老期大蒜生长、品质及抗氧化能力的影响

本文研究了衰老过程中硫硒配施对大蒜生长、品质及抗氧化能力的影响。结果显示,硒的施用显著提高大蒜干鲜重、鳞茎鲜重和横径,降低了MDA含量,提高了处理200 d的Fv/Fm值与叶绿素含量,促进了大蒜的生长。硒处理均显著提高了谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性;降低了超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性;低硫浓度下低硒处理提高了过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性,高硫浓度下, CAT活性随硒浓度升高而升高;处理160 d的过氧化物酶(POD)活性变化与CAT相同,硒处理200 d时,低硫浓度下POD活性降低,高硫浓度下POD活性呈先上升后下降趋势。硒处理提高了大蒜鳞茎Vc和大蒜素含量。可溶性蛋白含量在低硫浓度下随硒浓度升高而降低,而在高硫浓度随之升高;可溶性糖含量变化与可溶性蛋白恰好相反。综合各指标以低硫低硒处理(2 mmol·L-1 S+3μmol·L-1 Se)为最优。     

不同硫取代度昆布多糖硫酸酯的合成及理化性质初步研究

目的:对昆布多糖进行不同硫取代度的硫酸酯化修饰,并对其产物的硫酸基含量、糖含量与分子量进行检测,为研究不同硫取代度昆布多糖硫酸酯的生物活性奠定物质基础。方法:采用氯磺酸-吡啶法对昆布多糖进行硫酸化修饰,通过改变硫酸化修饰条件,来制取不同硫酸基取代度的昆布多糖硫酸酯;利用盐酸水解-硫酸钡比浊法测定昆布多糖硫酸酯的硫酸基含量,并通过公式求得其硫取代度;用苯酚-硫酸法测定昆布多糖硫酸酯的多糖含量,并使用HPGPC法测定其分子量。结果:两种不同硫取代度昆布多糖硫酸酯的硫酸基含量分别为37.8%、45.92%,取代度分别为1.07、1.51,糖含量分别为44.52%、37.19%,分子量分别为13000、16000。结论:利用氯磺酸-吡啶法对昆布多糖进行硫酸酯化修饰,该方法可以获取不同取代度产物,酯化率高。     

硫硫键的分光光度法测定

本文主要介紹用分光光度計直接和間接測定硫硫鍵的二个方法。由Na_2SO_3和硫硫鍵反应而产生的巯基可以和对氯汞苯甲酸(PCMB)結合而引起紫外吸收增加。这是一个定量反应,从紫外吸收增加数值可以算出硫硫鍵的含量;为了避免其他紫外吸收物貭的干扰,也可以利用含有二苯硫代縮二氨基脲(双硫腙)的四氯化碳溶液抽提殘留的自由PCMB,从PCMB与双硫腙結合而引起有机相可見光(625mμ)吸收的減少而間接求得硫硫鍵的含量。Na_2SO_3能和PCMB可逆地生成具有紫外吸收特征的絡合物,在pH为9.6,温度为50度时,这一反应的平衡常数为6.7mM,但当Na_2SO_3浓度远較PCMB为过量时,这一反应并不影响用上述方法对硫硫鍵測定的准确性。也可以在反应完成后用加入較Na_2SO_3略为过量的H_2O_2消除这一絡合物对紫外光吸收的干扰。依靠紫外吸收的测定方法比較准确,測定誤差可在2%以內,而用双硫腙間接測定誤差約在5%左右。用上述二个方法对一些蛋白如胰島素、木瓜蛋白酶、核糖核酸酶、胰疑乳蛋白酶、胰蛋白酶、人血清白蛋白等蛋白貭的硫硫鍵及巯基进行測定的結果与文献上报告符合。此外,在改变測定条件时还清楚地观察到不同蛋白貭的硫硫鍵,甚至同一蛋白貭內不同硫硫鍵与Na_2SO_3反应的能力相差很远。例如胰蛋白酶和胰凝乳蛋白酶的硫硫鍵較易反应,胰島素較难,而核糖核酸酶和木瓜蛋白酶分子中的某些硫硫鍵則要求更为強烈的反应条件。     

大蒜素对阿尔茨海默病转基因小鼠脑内Tau蛋白表达的影响

本文应用免疫荧光技术和Western blot方法检测大蒜素对tau转基因小鼠脑内磷酸化tau蛋白表达的影响,并测定野生型小鼠、tau转基因小鼠及大蒜素治疗组三组小鼠脑内SOD活力和MDA含量,结果发现大蒜素处理之后的阿尔茨海默病(AD)模型小鼠SOD与AD组相比活性增加,MDA含量减少,tau转基因小鼠脑内所检测的Ser202、Ser404、Ser396、Thr181位点tau蛋白发生过度磷酸化改变,大蒜素治疗组这些过度磷酸化的tau蛋白明显减少。以上结果提示大蒜素可以通过其强大的抗氧化作用降低AD小鼠脑内氧化应激效应,从而使AD小鼠脑内tau蛋白磷酸化水平下降,因此大蒜素在AD的临床治疗方面具有重要的理论意义。     

凯式定氮法替代苦味酸法测定注射用A型肉毒毒素中明胶含量的可行性研究

目的 探究采用凯式定氮法替代苦味酸法测定注射用A型肉毒毒素(botulinum toxin type A for injection)明胶含量的可行性,以期对注射用A型肉毒毒素明胶含量测定方法的变更起到借鉴作用。方法 通过专属性、准确度、重复性、中间精密度和耐用性验证,确认采用凯式定氮法测定注射用A型肉毒毒素明胶含量的数据可靠性;对凯式定氮法与现有苦味酸法测定注射用A型肉毒毒素明胶含量的结果采用配对t检验和Bland-Altman分析进行统计学分析,确定2种测定方法的一致性。结果 注射用A型肉毒毒素中右旋糖酐20、蔗糖、A型肉毒毒素复合物对明胶含量测定无干扰,该方法专属性良好;准确度回收率位于95%～99%之间;重复性RSD为0.73%;中间精密度RSD为2.10%;且耐用性良好,可采用凯式定氮法进行注射用A型肉毒毒素明胶含量的测定。同时与现有苦味酸法相比,配对t检验无统计学差异;Bland-Altman分析,2种方法测量的差值均位于测量差均值的95%置信区间内,说明2种方法一致性良好。结论 可采用凯式定氮法替代苦味酸法进行注射用A型肉毒毒素明胶含量的测定。     

硫对大蒜生理生化指标及营养品质的影响

采用盆栽试验探讨了硫对大蒜生理生化指标及营养品质的影响．结果表明,土壤硫含量8．41mg·kg^-1时,大蒜叶片硝酸还原酶、POD活性、光合色素含量、光合速率、气孔导度和蒸腾速率较高;可溶性蛋白质含量及CAT活性却是以土壤硫含量为7．92mg·kg^-1时最高;SOD活性以较低土壤硫含量6．45mg·kg^-1时较高．同时,土壤硫含量为8．41mg·kg^-1时,鳞茎中大蒜素、可溶性糖和Vc及蒜薹中大蒜素、可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白质含量分别比对照增加33．67％、23．75％、68．82％、40．95％、3．45％和7．45％;较高土壤硫含量9．48mg·kg^-1有利于蒜薹中Vc和游离氨基酸及鳞茎中游离氨基酸和可溶性蛋白质含量的提高,分别比对照高出15．17％、20．93％、6．49％和8．07％．     

大蒜素对大鼠骨骼肌抗氧化能力和ATP酶活性的影响

目的:探讨大蒜素对大鼠骨骼肌抗氧化能力和ATP酶活性的影响。方法:30只SD大鼠随机分为安静组、训练组、大蒜素训练组(n=10),6周训练和补充大蒜素后,测定大鼠骨骼肌超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、丙二醛(MDA)、Ca2+-ATPase、Na+-K+-ATPase和血清Ca2+的含量。结果:大蒜素训练组与训练组相比,运动至力竭的时间明显延长;骨骼肌抗氧化能力明显升高,Na+-K+-ATPase,Ca2+-ATPase及血清Ca2+极为显著升高。结论:大蒜素能增强大鼠骨骼肌抗氧化能力,延缓疲劳出现。     

大蒜素通过抑制OPN表达和NF‑κB通路活化对大鼠肾结石形成的作用研究

大蒜素可改善草酸诱导的肾小管上皮细胞损伤,以肾结石大鼠为研究对象,探讨大蒜素对肾结石大鼠的作用及其可能的机制。采用1%乙二醇+2%氯化铵混合液灌胃造模（空白组除外）,分别灌胃大蒜素7.5 mg·kg^-1（低剂量大蒜素组）、15 mg·kg^-1（高剂量大蒜素组）、胃枸橼酸氢钾钠颗粒0.6 g·kg^-1（阳性对照组）,其余组灌胃0.9%氯化钠溶液（空白组）,检测各组大鼠与肾结石疾病相关的指标。与空白组相比,模型组大鼠肾指数、肌酐（creatinine,Cr）、血清尿素氮（blood urea nitrogen,BUN）水平和天冬氨酸转氨酶（aspartate aminotransferase,AST）、谷丙转氨酶（alanine aminotransferase,ALT）活性及24 h尿量、尿液中草酸、钙和磷含量显著升高（P<0.05）,草酸钙结晶评分显著升高（P<0.05）,镁含量显著降低（P<0.05）,骨桥蛋白（osteopontin,OPN）表达显著升高（P<0.05）,核因子κB（nuclear factor-κB,NF-κB）通路活化;与模型组相比,低剂量大蒜素组、高剂量大蒜素组和阳性对照组大鼠肾指数、Cr、BUN水平和AST、ALT活性、24 h尿量、尿液中草酸、钙和磷含量显著降低（P<0.05）,草酸钙结晶评分显著降低（P<0.05）,镁含量显著升高（P<0.05）,OPN表达显著降低（P<0.05）,NF?κB通路被抑制。结果表明,大蒜素通过改善大鼠肾功能指标、抑制骨桥蛋白表达和NF?κB通路活化进而抑制肾结石形成。     

大蒜素对铜绿假单胞菌生物膜群体密度感应系统调控毒力因子表达的影响

目的通过体外测定铜绿假单胞菌（Pseudomonas aeruginosa）群体密度感应（Quorum Sensing,QS）系统调控的毒力因子表达,比较大蒜素干预前后毒性因子表达的差异以及对铜绿假单胞菌PAO1成熟生物膜（biofilm,BF）的影响。方法应用ELISA法比较处理前后外毒素A的含量差异;利用弹性蛋白一刚果红染色的方法,测定处理前后弹性蛋白酶活性;用蒽酮一硫酸法测定鼠李糖脂;利用荧光酶标仪检测青脓素含量变化;利用激光共聚焦显微镜观察干预前后大蒜素对铜绿假单胞菌成熟BF的影响。结果大蒜素干预后与生理盐水对照组比较,外毒素A、弹性蛋白酶、鼠李糖脂和青脓素表达分别由（19．630±0．573）pg/μl、（0．467±0．003）、（2．009±0．063）g／L、（9325．833±367．675）下降到（6．529±0．289）pg／μl、（0．032±0．001）、（0．269±0．009）g／L、（7819．167±111．800）。激光共聚焦显微镜观察可见生理盐水对照组细菌菌落云集呈蘑菇状分布,干预组黏附的细菌稀疏散在平坦分布。结论大蒜素可抑制铜绿假单胞菌群体密度感应系统调控的毒力因子表达,减弱其毒力,干扰BF分化成熟。     

STUDIES ON THE METABOLISM OF AUTOTROPHIC BACTERIA : II. THE NATURE OF THE CHEMOSYNTHETIC REACTION

In a study of chemosynthesis (the fixation of CO₂ by autotrophic bacteria in the dark) in Thiobacillus thiooxidans, the data obtained support the following conclusions: 1. CO₂ can be fixed by "resting cells" of Thiobacillus thiooxidans; the fixation is not "growth bound." 2. The physiological condition of the cell is of considerable importance in determining CO₂ fixation. 3. CO₂ fixation can occur in the absence of oxidizable sulfur in "young" cells. The extent of this fixation appears to be dependent upon the pCO₂. 4. CO₂ fixation can also occur under anaerobic conditions and the presence of sulfur does not influence such fixation. 5. However, in the CO₂ fixation by cells in the absence of sulfur, only a limited amount of CO₂ can be fixed. This amount is approximately 40 µl. CO₂ per 100 micrograms bacterial nitrogen. After a culture has utilized this amount of CO₂ it no longer has the ability to fix CO₂ but releases it during its respiration. 6. Relatively short periods of sulfur oxidation can restore the ability of cells to fix CO₂ under conditions where sulfur oxidation is prevented. 7. It is possible to oxidize sulfur in the absence of CO₂ and to store the energy thus formed within the cell. It is then possible to use this energy at a later time for the fixation of CO₂ in the entire absence of sulfur oxidation. 8. Cultures of Thiobacillus thiooxidans respiring on sulfur utilize CO₂ in a reaction which proceeds to a zero concentration of CO₂ in the atmosphere. 9. CO₂ may act as an oxidizing agent for sulfur. 10. Hydrogen is not utilized by the organism. 11. It is possible to selectively inhibit sulfur oxidation and CO₂ fixation.     

STUDIES ON THE METABOLISM OF A SULFUR-OXIDIZING BACTERIUM III. POSTOXIDATIVE FIXATION OF CARBON DIOXIDE

1. The cells of Thiobacillus thiooxidans, which had been in contactwith sulfur or sulfide in air (or CO₂-free air), could fix addedCOa very rapidly after replacing air with nitrogen. This fixationis designated as the postoxidative fixation.
2. "Preoxidation"of the sulfur compounds is mandatory for theoccurrence of thepostoxidative fixation.
3. The cells which had preliminarilyoxidized sulfide could notshow the CO₂-fixation, when theywere placed under an anaerobiccondition in the absence of thesulfur compound.
4. These results indicate that sulfur compoundsmay have an importantrole as the electron donor for the reductionof CO₂, besidestheir role as the substrate of respiration tosecure energyfor the fixation of CO₂

(Received March 6, 1962; )     

STUDIES ON THE METABOLISM OF A SULFUR-OXIDIZING BACTERIUM II. THE SYSTEM OF CO2-FIXATION IN THIOBAC1LLUS THIOOXIDANS

1. In the early stage of CO₂-fixation by Thiobacillus thiooxidans,which was incubated aerobically in the presence of sulfur, mostpart of the fixed carbon was found in the phosphate ester fraction.
2. The fixation was inhibited by NaF, picolinic acid, PCMB, azide,dipyridyl, o-phenanthroline, monoiodoacetic acid, and arsenite,each in the concentration range where the sulfur oxidation wasnot affected strongly.
3. The crude extract of this organismcould fix CO₂ in the presenceof ATP, R-5-P and Mg⁺⁺. Most partof the fixed carbon was foundin PGA.
4. The crude extract showedthe CO₂-fixation coupled with the H₂S-oxidationin the presenceof ADP.
5. An appreciable reduction of PGA could not be detectedin thepresence of reducing systems, involving TPNH and DPNH.

(Received March 6, 1962; )     

百合科寄主植物对韭菜迟眼蕈蚊的生物效应

室内分别用百合科韭菜、大葱、大蒜和圆葱饲喂韭菜迟眼蕈蚊Bradysia odoriphaga Yang et Zhang幼虫,研究了4种寄主植物对其生长发育和繁殖的影响;用气-质谱联用分析技术,检测了人工合成大蒜素及大蒜、圆葱和韭菜的乙醇提取物的主要化学成分。结果表明,4种供试寄主植物对韭菜迟眼蕈蚊生长发育和繁殖的影响存在差异,幼虫取食韭菜最有利于其生长发育和繁殖;取食大蒜和圆葱对其生长发育和繁殖表现出明显的不利性,主要表现为幼虫死亡率增加,幼虫期延长,蛹重减轻,单雌产卵量降低;而取食大葱的影响介于取食韭菜与取食大蒜和圆葱之间。大蒜、圆葱的乙醇提取物和人工合成的大蒜素均对韭菜迟眼蕈蚊1龄幼虫有不同程度的杀虫活性,大蒜和圆葱的乙醇提取物（干粉,2 g/mL）稀释100和200倍,处理后48 h对1龄幼虫的校正死亡率分别达54.7%、28.0%和49.4%、22.7%;10%大蒜素稀释500和1 000倍,处理后48 h校正死亡率达100%和80.0%。成分分析表明硫醚类化合物可能是大蒜和圆葱中含有的杀虫活性物质之一。     

Inhibition of Oxygen Utilization and Destruction of Ubiquinone by Ultraviolet Irradiation of Thiobacillus thiooxidans

Ultraviolet (UV) irradiation inhibited sulfur oxidation by cells of Thiobacillus thiooxidans. Sulfur-oxidizing activity decreased as the exposure time to UV light increased. A loss of the ability of cells of fix CO(2) paralleled the loss of sulfur-oxidizing activity. UV light photoinactivated ubiquinone purified from T. thiooxidans. The same percentage of sulfur-oxidizing activity and ubiquinone was destroyed after 15 min of UV exposure. Both the photoinactivation of sulfur oxidation and ubiquinone followed first-order reaction kinetics. The specific rate constants for both photoinactivations were nearly equal. Cells completely inactivated by UV light contained no ubiquinone. Ubiquinone was found to be a component of the cell wall-membrane complex.     

硫和6-苄氨基腺嘌呤对水稻幼苗硝酸还原酶活性的影响

缺硫培养6天的水稻幼苗,其叶片和根中的硝酸还原酶(NR)活性明显下降。用1pPm 的6-苄氨基腺嘌呤(6-BA)处理培养了10天的水稻幼苗根系,24小时后缺硫培养的水稻幼苗叶片和根系的 NR 活性升高,加硫培养的水稻幼苗叶片和根中的 NR 活性下降。用~(35)S示踪发现,6-BA 可降低加硫幼苗对~(35)S 的吸收和转化,但促进缺硫幼苗对~(35)S 的转化。     

Isolation of an aerobic sulfur oxidizer from the SUP05/Arctic96BD-19 clade

Bacteria from the uncultured SUP05/Arctic96BD-19 clade of gamma proteobacterial sulfur oxidizers (GSOs) have the genetic potential to oxidize reduced sulfur and fix carbon in the tissues of clams and mussels, in oxygen minimum zones and throughout the deep ocean (>200 m). Here, we report isolation of the first cultured representative from this GSO clade. Closely related cultures were obtained from surface waters in Puget Sound and from the deep chlorophyll maximum in the North Pacific gyre. Pure cultures grow aerobically on natural seawater media, oxidize sulfur, and reach higher final cell densities when glucose and thiosulfate are added to the media. This suggests that aerobic sulfur oxidation enhances organic carbon utilization in the oceans. The first isolate from the SUP05/Arctic96BD-19 clade was given the provisional taxonomic assignment ‘Candidatus: Thioglobus singularis'', alluding to the clade''s known role in sulfur oxidation and the isolate''s planktonic lifestyle.     

STUDIES ON THE METABOLISM OF THE AUTOTROPHIC BACTERIA : III. THE NATURE OF THE ENERGY STORAGE MATERIAL ACTIVE IN THE CHEMOSYNTHETIC PROCESS

In the autotrophic bacterium, Thiobacillus thiooxidans, the oxidation of sulfur is coupled to transfers of phosphate from the medium to the cells. CO₂ fixation is coupled to transfers of inorganic phosphate from the cells to the medium and is dependent, in the absence of concomitant sulfur oxidation, upon the amount of phosphate previously taken up during sulfur oxidation. The energy reservoir, which is formed by sulfur oxidation in the absence of CO₂ and which can be released for the fixation of CO₂ under conditions which do not permit sulfur oxidation, is a phosphorylated compound and the data suggest that the energy is stored in the cell as phosphate bond energy. It is possible to oxidize sulfur at a constant rate for hours in the absence of CO₂. The phosphate energy formed during this process is probably released by cell phosphotases. It is possible to inhibit these phosphotases by means of inorganic phosphate and thus to inhibit sulfur oxidation in the absence of CO₂. In the presence of CO₂, where alternative uses for the phosphate energy are available, the inhibition is relieved. Sulfur oxidation (energy input) is coupled, not to CO₂ fixation, but to phosphate esterification. CO₂ fixation (energy utilization) is coupled with phosphate release.     

STUDIES ON THE METABOLISM OF A SULFUR-OXIDIZING BACTERIUM: I. OXIDATION OF SULFUR

1. Thiobacillus thiooxidans, isolated in our laboratory, was foundto oxidize sulfur, but not thiosulfate. Tetrathionate is alsooxidized slightly. Its ability to oxidize sulfur is inactivatedeven by such a mild treatment as keeping the cells in a frozenstate.
2. Inhibitory action of alcohols on the sulfur oxidationincreasesas the length of carbon chain of alcohols increases.Carboxylicacids do not inhibit the sulfur oxidation at pH abovetheirpK, while they strongly inhibit the reaction at pH belowthepK.
3. The sulfur oxidation is inhibited by cyanide, azide,diethyldithiocarbamateand carbon monoxide, and the inhibitionby carbon monoxide isnot reversed by light. These results suggestthe presence ofmetal enzymes in the sulfur oxidation system.The terminal enzymeof this reaction appears to be differentfrom the usual cytochromeoxidase.

(Received May 13, 1960; )     

THE INEVITABILITY OF UNCONDITIONALLY DELETERIOUS SUBSTITUTIONS DURING ADAPTATION

Studies on the genetics of adaptation from new mutations typically neglect the possibility that a deleterious mutation might fix. Nonetheless, here we show that, in many regimes, the first mutation to fix is most often deleterious, even when fitness is expected to increase in the long term. In particular, we prove that this phenomenon occurs under weak mutation for any house‐of‐cards model with an equilibrium distribution. We find that the same qualitative results hold under Fisher's geometric model. We also provide a simple intuition for the surprising prevalence of unconditionally deleterious substitutions during early adaptation. Importantly, the phenomenon we describe occurs on fitness landscapes without any local maxima and is therefore distinct from “valley crossing.” Our results imply that the common practice of ignoring deleterious substitutions leads to qualitatively incorrect predictions in many regimes. Our results also have implications for the substitution process at equilibrium and for the response to a sudden decrease in population size.