Growth Arrest Lines in Long Bones of the Casas Grandes Population

Abstract

One aspect of paleopathology, the examination of growth arrest lines, is suggested as a tool in archeological interpretation. Disruption of the normal growth pattern of long bones may result in the formation of transverse lines of extra-dense bone, visible in ordinary X-rays of the bone shaft. These radio opaque lines, presumed to result from temporary growth arrest caused by illness, are described for a sample of tibias and femurs from Casas Grandes, an archeological site in northern Chihuahua, Mexico. The sex and age of each individual at the time of growth arrest is noted, and the possibility of using this information to supplement or clarify archeological data is discussed.     

Cell Kinetics and the Control of Growth In Long Bones

The cell kinetics of the cartilage growth plate are outlined and discussed in terms of the probable levels of control on the system. Possible mechanisms of growth control at the cellular level are examined for (i) the rate of cell division in the proliferation zone, (ii) the command to differentiate that limits the size of the proliferation zone and (iii) the ageing process in the cartilage plate. the evidence of cell kinetics does not point unequivocally to any particular mechanism.     

分阶段闭合复位微创内固定与解剖型钢板内固定术治疗Pilon 骨折的疗效比较

目的:对比分阶段闭合复位微创内固定与解剖型钢板内固定术治疗Pilon骨折的临床疗效。方法:选择自2013年4月至2015年8月我院骨科收治的Pilon骨折患者122例,按照随机数表法,将患者分为对照组和研究组,每组61例。对照组患者行解剖型钢板内固定术治疗,而研究组患者行分阶段闭合复位微创内固定术治疗。统计分析两组患者的手术指标,并通过放射学及踝关节功能共同评价手术效果,术后进行半年的随访,对比两组患者并发症的发生情况。结果:研究组患者的手术时间、出血量、骨折愈合时间及住院时间均明显低于对照组,且差异均具有统计学意义(P0.05);研究组患者放射学及踝关节功能的优良率显著高于对照组(P0.01);研究组患者并发症发生率为4.92%(3/61)明显低于对照组的14.75%(9/61)(2=5.194,P=0.031)。结论:相比解剖型钢板内固定术,分阶段闭合复位微创内固定术治疗Pilon骨折临床效果更显著,并并发症的发生率低,可以作为治疗Pilon骨折的首选方法之一,值得在临床上推广使用。     

四种小哺乳动物四肢长骨重量配置分析

统计分析了甘肃鼢鼠Myospalax cansus、SD大鼠Rattus norvegicus、高原鼠兔Ochotona curzoniae及根田鼠Microtus oeconomu四种小哺乳动物四肢长骨(肱骨、桡尺骨、股骨和胫腓骨)重量分布和相互关联性.结果表明:1)与其他三种动物不同,甘肃鼢鼠前肢长骨重量大于后肢,且桡尺骨重量大于肱骨,体现了地下啮齿类对大量挖掘活动的适应性进化;2)SD大鼠和高原鼠兔虽然隶属不同的科,生活史特征迥异,其四肢长骨重量的分布却具有趋同性;3)四种动物不同骨骼重量之间都呈现出极显著相关性,然而其相关系数大小却表现为甘肃鼢鼠>SD大鼠>根田鼠>高原鼠兔,反映了不同挖掘强度的物种对四肢长骨之间协调性有不同要求;4)在重量百分比相互关系上,近端长骨(肱骨或股骨)和远端长骨(桡尺骨或胫腓骨)之间呈现出负相关关系,而近端或远端长骨之内仅有甘肃鼢鼠的肱骨和股骨呈现出显著正相关关系,显示近端骨骼和远端骨骼分属两类相互竞争的资源投资模块.     

胫骨远端锁定加压钢板与解剖型钢板内固定治疗Pilon骨折的疗效比较

目的:研究胫骨远端锁定加压钢板(LCP)内固定与解剖型钢板内固定术治疗Pilon骨折的临床疗效,为其治疗提供临床依据。方法:选择2010年1月~2014年12月本院收治的Pilon骨折患者共90例,按照随机数字表法随机分为LCP组(采用胫骨远端LCP内固定治疗)和对照组(采用解剖型钢板内固定治疗),比较两组患者手术时间、术中出血量、骨折愈合时间和术后疗效。结果:LCP组患者手术时间、术中出血量和术后愈合时间均小于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);LCP组患者术后疗效总优良率为89.6%高于对照组的76.2%,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:胫骨远端LCP内固定治疗Pilon骨折,具有创伤小、手术时间和术后愈合时间短、术中出血量少、术后疗效总优良率高的优点,是治疗Pilon骨折的有效方法     

Evolutionary Patterns of Bone Histology and Bone Compactness in Xenarthran Mammal Long Bones

Bone microstructure reflects physiological characteristics and has been shown to contain phylogenetic and ecological signals. Although mammalian long bone histology is receiving increasing attention, systematic examination of the main clades has not yet been performed. Here we describe the long bone microstructure of Xenarthra based on thin sections representing twenty-two species. Additionally, patterns in bone compactness of humeri and femora are investigated. The primary bone tissue of xenarthran long bones is composed of a mixture of woven, parallel-fibered and lamellar bone. The vascular canals have a longitudinal, reticular or radial orientation and are mostly arranged in an irregular manner. Concentric rows of vascular canals and laminar organization of the tissue are only found in anteater bones. The long bones of adult specimens are marked by dense Haversian bone, a feature that has been noted for most groups of mammals. In the long bones of armadillos, secondary osteons have an oblique orientation within the three-dimensional bone tissue, thus resulting in their irregular shape when the bones are sectioned transversely. Secondary remodeling is generally more extensive in large taxa than in small taxa, and this could be caused by increased loading. Lines of arrested growth are assumed to be present in all specimens, but they are restricted to the outermost layer in bones of armadillos and are often masked by secondary remodeling in large taxa. Parameters of bone compactness show a pattern in the femur that separates Cingulata and Pilosa (Folivora and Vermilingua), with cingulates having a lower compactness than pilosans. In addition, cingulates show an allometric relationship between humeral and femoral bone compactness.     

双切口双钢板内固定与单侧锁定钢板内固定治疗复杂胫骨平台骨折的疗效比较

目的:研究比较双切口双钢板内固定(DIDPIF)与单侧锁定钢板内固定(ULPIF)治疗复杂胫骨平台骨折(CTPF)的疗效。方法:从2010年2月至2015年11月选取在我院接受手术治疗的CTPF患者36例作为研究对象,按随访数字表法平均分为观察组和对照组,观察组接受DIDPIF术式治疗,对照组接受ULPIF术式治疗,比较两组术后固定疗效、手术指标以及术后并发症。结果:观察组术后固定的优良率是83.33%,与对照组的61.11%比较,差异不存在统计学意义(P0.05)。观察组骨折愈合的时间及下地负重的时间均显著短于对照组,差异存在统计学意义(P0.05)。观察组固定术后总并发症的发生率是27.78%,与对照组的38.89%比较,差异不存在统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:DIDPIF术式与ULPIF术式均可较好地治疗CTPF患者,但DIDPIF术式在骨折愈合的时间及下地负重的时间方面均优于ULPIF术式,且不会增加安全风险,值得推广应用。     

锁定接骨板治疗肱骨近端骨折

目的：探讨锁定钢板治疗肱骨近端骨折的临床疗效。方法：2005年3月-2010年3月应用锁定钢板（包括肱骨近端锁定钢板或肱骨近端锁定内固定系统）治疗肱骨近端骨折43例,按Neer分型2部分骨折20例,3部分骨折19例,4部分骨折4例。随访评定包括X线片、Neer肩关节功能评分标准。结果：43例患者获得平均14．2个月（9-21个月）临床随访,骨折全部愈合,愈合平均时间10．4周（8～12周）。根据Neer肩关节功能评分标准：优19例,良19例,可5例,优良率88．4％。结论：锁定钢板治疗肱骨近端骨折具有手术创伤小、操作方便、固定可靠的优点,允许早期功能锻炼,疗效满意。     

锁定接骨板治疗肱骨近端骨折

目的:探讨锁定钢板治疗肱骨近端骨折的临床疗效。方法:2005年3月～2010年3月应用锁定钢板(包括肱骨近端锁定钢板或肱骨近端锁定内固定系统)治疗肱骨近端骨折43例,按Neer分型2部分骨折20例,3部分骨折19例,4部分骨折4例。随访评定包括X线片、Neer肩关节功能评分标准。结果:43例患者获得平均14.2个月(9～21个月)临床随访,骨折全部愈合,愈合平均时间10.4周(8～12周)。根据Neer肩关节功能评分标准:优19例,良19例,可5例,优良率88.4%。结论:锁定钢板治疗肱骨近端骨折具有手术创伤小、操作方便、固定可靠的优点,允许早期功能锻炼,疗效满意。     

Isometric Scaling in Developing Long Bones Is Achieved by an Optimal Epiphyseal Growth Balance

One of the major challenges that developing organs face is scaling, that is, the adjustment of physical proportions during the massive increase in size. Although organ scaling is fundamental for development and function, little is known about the mechanisms that regulate it. Bone superstructures are projections that typically serve for tendon and ligament insertion or articulation and, therefore, their position along the bone is crucial for musculoskeletal functionality. As bones are rigid structures that elongate only from their ends, it is unclear how superstructure positions are regulated during growth to end up in the right locations. Here, we document the process of longitudinal scaling in developing mouse long bones and uncover the mechanism that regulates it. To that end, we performed a computational analysis of hundreds of three-dimensional micro-CT images, using a newly developed method for recovering the morphogenetic sequence of developing bones. Strikingly, analysis revealed that the relative position of all superstructures along the bone is highly preserved during more than a 5-fold increase in length, indicating isometric scaling. It has been suggested that during development, bone superstructures are continuously reconstructed and relocated along the shaft, a process known as drift. Surprisingly, our results showed that most superstructures did not drift at all. Instead, we identified a novel mechanism for bone scaling, whereby each bone exhibits a specific and unique balance between proximal and distal growth rates, which accurately maintains the relative position of its superstructures. Moreover, we show mathematically that this mechanism minimizes the cumulative drift of all superstructures, thereby optimizing the scaling process. Our study reveals a general mechanism for the scaling of developing bones. More broadly, these findings suggest an evolutionary mechanism that facilitates variability in bone morphology by controlling the activity of individual epiphyseal plates.