Glycosylation changes in different developmental stages of Trichinella

The in situ identification of carbohydrate structures in Trichinella spiralis intestinal larvae, adults and L1 muscular larvae was carried out by lectin histochemistry, with emphasis on the O-linked glycans. The absence of reactivity with two lectins-TML and MAL indicated that Trichinella spiralis does not synthesize sialic acid. Reactivity with HPA, VVL-B4, PNA and UEA-I staining suggested that T. spiralis synthesizes and expresses on its cuticle O-linked glycans analogous to Tn-antigen (GalNAc-α-Ser/Thr), T-antigen (Gal-β1,3-GalNAc-α-Ser/Thr) and also structures analogous to A-blood group antigens (GalNAc-α1,3-Gal-β1,3(4)-(Fuc-α1,2-)-R). Expression of the saccharidic moieties is stage-specific. Blood group-A and T-antigen structures were identified on the cuticle of the intestinal and muscular larvae. The Tn-antigen structure was missing in the intestinal larvae. Appropriate ligands for WGA were not identified in the adult individuals. The obtained results may contribute to a better understanding of the glycobiology of this parasitic nematode in relation to occupation of its intracellular niche. The presence of saccharidic structures analogous to some of those expressed on the intestinal epithelial cells may serve as a protective shield on the surface of the parasite.     

Serological differences in two Blastomyces dermatitidis isolates from different geographical regions of North America

Yeast phase lysate antigens were prepared from two isolates (T-58 and ERC-2) from different geographic locations, Tennessee and Wisconsin. These lysate were evaluated with respect to their ability to detect antibody in dogs infected with blastomycosis and rabbits immunized with the lysates by an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Both the dog sera and rabbit sera assays demonstrated that there were serological differences in these two isolates, which implied that there was antigenic variance in geographical populations of B. dermatitidis. These results correlated with a previous molecular study that indicated that there are genetic differences in different geographical populations of the organism. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

高盆樱桃与钟花樱桃的地理分布模拟及生态特征比较分析

该研究以高盆樱桃(Cerasus cerasoides)及其近缘种钟花樱桃(C. campanulata)为对象,通过收集其实际分布的地理坐标,运用BIOCLIM模型模拟现代适生区范围并预测其未来气候下(CCM3,2100)潜在分布区的变化; 结合主成分分析和相关性分析确定其主导气候因子,并比较两者在气候限制因子方面的差异; 利用受试者工作特征曲线(Receiver operation characteristic, ROC)评估模型预测效果。结果表明:(1)高盆樱桃和钟花樱桃主要分布于我国长江以南大部分省区,两者现代分布中心分布位于云贵高原,武夷山脉和南岭山脉。(2)未来气候变化情境下(CCM3),高盆樱桃和钟花樱桃的适生范围将缩小。二者在中国西南部(高盆樱桃)和东南部(钟花樱桃)的适生范围可能大幅减小,而钟花樱桃在湖南西部的适生区可能增加。(3)主成分(PCA)及相关性分析表明,年降水量(bio12)、最湿季降水量(bio16)、最暖季降水量(bio18)、温度季节变化方差(bio4)是影响高盆樱桃及钟花樱桃当下适生区的主要气候因子,“热量变异幅度”是造成二者分布存在差异的最主要环境因子。(4)钟花樱桃(0.816)和高盆樱桃(0.799)的AUC值均高于随机测试(0.500),说明BIOCLIM模型可以准确预测高盆樱桃及钟花樱桃的分布。这为高盆樱桃和钟花樱桃资源保护、物种鉴定和谱系地理学的研究提供重要指导。     

A comparison of three geographical isolates of Trichinella spiralis from the mid-Atlantic United States

Three isolates of Trichinella spiralis (black bear: 41o50'N, 79o00'W, 1982; grey fox: 41o00'N, 76o00'W, 1982; domestic pig: 39o80'N, 75o30'W, 1983) from the mid-Atlantic United States were characterized in Crl: COBS CFW (SW) mice during 10 successive 40-day generations. Over 10 generations, the isolates differed as follows: worm position of the ursine isolate was significantly more posteriad compared to the porcine isolate; sex ratio of the vulpine isolate was significantly lower compared to the ursine and porcine isolates; females of the porcine isolate produced significantly more newborn larvae in vitro than the sylvatic isolates; both the larvae per gram (LPG) and reproductive capacity index (RCI) were significantly higher for the porcine isolate; and male worms of the vulpine isolate were significantly smaller than those of the porcine or ursine isolates. No differences were observed among isolates for percentage of inoculum recovered, length of female worms, or uterine length. The fecundity of the isolates in hamsters, gerbils, multimammate rats, Sprague-Dawley rats, and Peromyscus sp. was examined also. Based upon RCI and LPG, the porcine isolate was the most fecund in all hosts except gerbils. This higher fecundity was often manifest as increased morbidity and mortality in hosts infected with this isolate. The relationship between the virulent nature of the porcine isolate and the enhanced transmission of T. spiralis are discussed.     

结核分枝杆菌抗原蛋白的研究及其应用新进展

结核病(tuberculosis, TB)是由结核分枝杆菌(Mycobacterium tuberculosis, MTB)感染引起的慢性传染病,是仅次于正在暴发的新型冠状病毒肺炎(COVID-19)的第二大单一感染致死病因。COVID-19的大流行对TB的诊断及治疗造成了破坏性的影响,全球实现终结TB目标的进展偏离了轨道。因此,早诊断、早治疗依然是防控TB蔓延的关键。TB精准诊断一直受MTB抗原特异性、检测技术特异性和灵敏度的影响,因此亟需挖掘高特异性新抗原、开发新检测技术。随着蛋白质基因组学(proteogenomics)和质谱技术的快速发展,从临床体液、组织样本中高效、精准靶向检测MTB特异性已知、甚至新抗原的表达,以及监测治疗过程中的抗原表达量的动态变化,是TB诊断及治疗的发展趋势。在MTB标准菌株H37Rv的4 008个注释基因中(NC＿000 962.3, NCBI),国内外报道的已注释抗原虽有140多个,但仅有极少的抗原应用于TB的筛查及辅助诊断,离世界卫生组织(World Health Organization, WHO)的诊断标准尚远。本文通过对MTB已报道抗原以及基...     

A comparison of three Rhizobium linkage maps

Summary Linkage maps of R. meliloti 2011 (Rm2011), R. meliloti 41 (Rm41) and R. leguminosarum 300 (R1300), all constructed by means of P1 plasmid-mediated recombination, were compared. Recombination between the two R. meliloti strains occurred at high frequency but was barely detectable in matings between R1300 and Rm41. When co-inheritance data for the three strains were transformed into additive map distances the arrangement of markers showed striking similarities. Each of eight R68.45-primes, carrying different sections of the Rm2011 chromosome, suppressed only those markers of both R1300 and Rm41 which had the same phenotype and map location. Each of these R-primes promoted polarized chromosome transfer in an anticlockwise direction in Rm41, starting from the region corresponding to that carried on the plasmid.     

Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of Cryptosporidium species and isolates

Recent outbreaks of cryptosporidiosis from contaminated water supplies have led to a need for the detection of Cryptosporidium oocysts from various hosts and contaminating sources. The presence of nonpathogenic species or strains of Cryptosporidium is important for diagnostic purposes as there is a potential for false-positive detection of pathogenic parasites. The present review focuses on phenotypic differences and recent advances in genotypic analyses of the genus Cryptosporidium with an emphasis on detecting various isolates and identifying differences in Cryptosporidium parvum and other species in this genus. The information currently available demonstrates important patterns in DNA sequences of Cryptosporidium, and our understanding of macro- and microevolutionary patterns has increased in recent years. However, current knowledge of Cryptosporidium genetic diversity is far from complete, and the large amount of both phenotypic and genotypic data has led to problems in our understanding of the systematics of this genus. Journal of Industrial Microbiology & Biotechnology (2001) 26, 95–106. Received 18 March 2000/ Accepted in revised form 13 August 2000     

中国油杉属植物的生态地理分布与系统演化

油杉属是东亚特有属,全世界油杉属共有12种2变种,中国有10种2变种,中国是油杉属的特有中心和分布中心。在地史时期,油杉属植物曾广泛分布于北半球的欧洲、北美和东亚。油杉属的现代分布有残余的特征,种类大多产于中国西南部和中部,种类数量由西向东逐渐递减。根据生态习性与分布区气候特征,中国主要油杉属植物的生态地理分布可分为:内陆型(东部温凉型、东部温暖型、西南季风型)、沿海型和岛屿型。湘黔桂地区是油杉属的现代分布中心和分化、发展中心。从染色体资料来看,其演化趋势为:江南油杉→矩鳞油杉→黄枝油杉→台湾油杉。结合地理分布,油杉属植物可能起源于中国西南,而后向东发展。从分布区南北向看,核型不对称性为:台湾油杉>青岩油杉>铁坚油杉,南部类型比北部类型要进化。     

半蒴苣苔复合群的多样性、地理分布和物种界限

半蒴苣苔(Hemiboea subcapitata),为苦苣苔科半蒴苣苔属多年生草本植物。该种形态变异幅度大,曾包括多个变种; 分布范围广,在多种类型的生境基质上皆有分布。该研究的材料包括典型半蒴苣苔和与之近缘且曾被归为其变种的翅茎半蒴苣苔(H. pterocaulis),以及新发现的与两者形态上分别最相近的另两种变异类型,对其关键形态、微形态的多样性进行了描述和比较; 结合查阅标本、文献资料以及长期的野外追踪调查,统计分析了半蒴苣苔不同类型间的地理和生境分布; 通过DNA证据,初步重建各物种及变异类型间的系统发育和单倍型进化关系。结果表明:(1)通过茎、叶、花和开花物候等多性状组合能够区分半蒴苣苔复合群各类型。(2)半蒴苣苔复合群四类型间在叶表皮细胞形状和气孔分布等方面无区别,而在表皮毛的有无、复表皮层数、维管束数量和排布存上存在差别,或有助于分类。(3)典型半蒴苣苔广泛分布于我国中部至南部,向南延伸至越南北部,在石灰岩、丹霞等生境基质上皆有分布; 翅茎半蒴苣苔仅分布于广西桂林市小部分区域的喀斯特山石灰岩基质上; 另两种变异类型分布更为狭域,仅分布于桂林市永福县一个或相邻的数个喀斯特山石灰岩基质上。(4)DNA单倍型网络图分析表明,半蒴苣苔复合群四类型各自独享单倍型; 重建的分子系统发育关系表明,金钟山居群与翅茎半蒴苣苔聚为一支,两者亲缘关系最近但相互之间不成单系,金钟山居群是否为独立物种还需更多证据加以检验; 半蒴苣苔与永福半蒴苣苔两者间互为单系,支持两者为独立物种     

A new species and geographical variation in the Telmatochromis temporalis complex (Teleostei, Cichlidae) from Lake Tanganyika

Telmatochromis brachygnathus sp.n. is described from the southern and central parts of Lake Tanganyika. It can be distinguished from the similar T. temporalis mainly by its smaller mouth. Morphological distinct populations were found in both species.     

小柱芥属植物分类及地理分布研究

小柱芥属(Microstigma Trautv.)为十字花科(Brassicaceae)一寡种属,目前由于缺乏系统研究,存在属内物种划分不明确,地理分布不确定等问题.该文通过在甘肃、内蒙古的标本采集,以及GBIF的标本记载和相关文献的查阅,对小柱芥属植物的形态特征和地理分布进行了详细描述,确定了小柱芥属内的物种数目并编...     

In vitro investigation of HBV clinical isolates from Chinese patients reveals that genotype C isolates possess higher infectivity than genotype B isolates

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotype B and C are two major genotypes that are prevalent in Asia and differ in natural history and disease progression. The impact of HBV genotypes on viral replication and protein expression has been explored by the transfection of hepatoma cells with replication-competent HBV DNA, which mimics the later stages of the viral life cycle. However, the influence of HBV genotypes on the early events of viral infection remains undetermined, mainly due to the difficulties in obtaining sufficient infectious viral particles for infection assays. Here, we report that a high-titer HBV inoculum can be generated from the transient transfection-based cell model after optimizing transfection conditions and modifying the HBV-expressing construct. By performing in vitro infection assays using transiently transfected derived viruses, we found that clinical genotype C isolates possessed higher infectivity than genotype B isolates. Moreover, we identified a naturally occurring mutation sL21S in small hepatitis B surface protein, which markedly decreased the infectivity of HBV genotype C isolates, but not that of genotype B isolates. In summary, using infectious viral particles provided by the optimized transient transfection-based cell model, we have been able to investigate a wide range of HBV variants on viral infectivity, which may contribute to our understanding of the reasons for different clinical outcomes in HBV infections and the development of therapeutic drugs targeting the early stages of HBV life cycle.     

Biochemical and biological characterization of four isolates of Spodoptera exigua nuclear polyhedrosis virus

Biological and biochemical properties of four nuclear polyhedrosis virus isolates from beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua, were investigated. The isolates originated from the United States (SeNPV‐US), Thailand (SeNPV‐TH) and from two locations in Spain (SeNPV‐SP1 and SeNPV‐SP2). Restriction endonuclease analysis of the viral genomes revealed limited restriction fragment length polymorphism and indicated that these viruses contained distinct, but closely related, genotypes (variants). One BglII fragment from each isolate can serve as a restriction fragment length polymorphism marker for the identification of each isolate. The estimated genome size of the SeNPVs is approximately 134 kilobase pairs. The mobility profiles of the occluded virion polypeptides and polyhedrins of the four SeNPV isolates were very similar. Staphylococcus aureus V8 digestion of polyhedrin suggested that the polyhedrin from SeNPV‐US is distinct from the polyhedrins of the other isolates. Bioassays of the isolates in second‐instar S. exigua larvae showed that the SeNPV‐TH was the most potent SeNPV for beet armyworm with an LD₅₀ value of only 1.5 polyhedra per second‐instar larva.     

不同地理区域栓皮栎种群结构及其空间格局

利用径级法和方差/均值法对我国不同地理区域上栓皮栎种群年龄结构及其空间分布格局进行分析.结果表明: 在水平梯度上,中部、北部、南部和西部栓皮栎种群均呈倒J型分布,而东部种群呈衰退型分布.成年树在中部和南部均呈集群分布,而北部区域呈现随机分布;幼树在在北、中和西部区域均为集群分布,而在南部和东部均呈随机分布.在纬向梯度上,幼树聚集强度的纬向趋势为中>北>南,而成年树聚集强度为中>南>北,经向梯度上幼树和成年树的聚集强度均为中>西>东.在垂直梯度上,中、低海拔种群呈倒J型分布,高海拔呈现衰退型.幼树在不同海拔均呈集群分布;成年树在低海拔为随机分布,而在高海拔和中海拔均为集群分布.幼树和成年树的聚集强度均为中海拔>高海拔和低海拔.在不同地理区域上,幼树的聚集强度均高于成年树.因此,栓皮栋种群结构及其分布格局主要是由环境梯度变化及其自身生物学特性决定,证实了“中心-边缘”种群假说.     

气候变暖背景下春兰和蕙兰的适生区分布预测

为了阐明气候变暖背景下春兰(Cymbidium goeringii)和蕙兰(C. faberi)在我国的适生区分布变化情况,根据157条分布记录和19个生物气候变量,应用最大熵物种分布模型,对2070年4种温室气体排放情景下春兰和蕙兰在我国的适生区分布进行预测,并筛选影响其地理分布的主要气候因子。结果表明:(1)2070年春兰和蕙兰分布点的年均温(bio1)、最冷月最低温度(bio6)和最冷季平均温度(bio11)等均升高,气候有变暖趋势;(2)受试者工作特征曲线下面积(AUC)值在0.9—1.0之间,模型预测结果可信度较高;(3)影响春兰、蕙兰当前和2070年地理分布的限制性气候因子主要有最冷月最低温度(bio6)、最冷季平均温度(bio11)、年均降水量(bio12)和最干月份降水量(bio14);(4)气候变暖将会对春兰和蕙兰的适宜生境范围和面积产生影响。预测2070年春兰的适宜生境面积将会有所减小,而蕙兰的适宜生境面积将会增加,且整体有向北迁移的趋势。研究结果为野生春兰和蕙兰的生态风险评价和引种提供了重要依据。     

分离自蜜蜂(Apis mellifera)的三株螺原体的基本特性

【目的】调查我国蜜蜂螺原体的种类,研究它们的基本生物学特性,初步确定其分类地位,为研究螺原体在自然界中的传播途径提供依据。【方法】螺原体的分离、培养方法,应用暗视野显微镜和透射电子显微镜观察螺原体形态,运用分子生物学方法(选16S rDNA、ITS、rpoB基因进行系统发育分析)和血清学方法(生长抑制试验、代谢抑制试验、菌体变形试验)研究螺原体分离菌株可能的分类地位。【结果】从健康的意蜂(Apis mellifera)体内分离到3株螺原体MF0903、MF0904、MF0905。3株螺原体都呈典型的螺旋状,但菌株MF0905的菌体短小,螺旋数较少;MF0903和MF0904菌落呈规则的圆形,MF0905菌落近圆形、较大;它们都能利用葡萄糖、D-果糖作为碳源,不能利用尿素;菌株MF0903、MF0904能强烈代谢精氨酸、不能利用蔗糖作为碳源,而MF0905不能代谢精氨酸、能利用蔗糖作为碳源;根据16S rDNA、ITS、rpoB基因序列构建系统发育树显示,分离菌株MF0903、MF0904与Spiroplasma melliferum聚类较近,而MF0905与Spiroplasma clarkii聚类较近。生长抑制试验、代谢抑制试验、菌体变形试验结果均表明标准菌株Spiroplasma melliferum CH-1的抗血清对菌株MF0905没有抑制作用,而能抑制菌株MF0903和MF0904生长。【结论】分离菌株MF0903、MF0904属于Spiroplasma melliferum,而MF0905可能是Spiroplasma clarkii,这表明我国蜜蜂中存在的螺原体不仅仅是Spiroplasma melliferum。     

末次冰盛期以来香果树潜在地理分布格局变迁

香果树是中国特有的单种属孑遗树种,探讨末次冰盛期以来香果树在中国的潜在地理分布格局及其变化,对研究茜草科乃至中国亚热带植物区系的系统发育、古生态和古气候变迁等具有重要作用。研究基于最大熵MaxEnt模型与ArcGIS空间分析技术,利用香果树分布点位信息与气候数据,构建其在末次冰盛期(LGM)、全新世中期(MID)、当前(1960—1990年)以及未来(2061—2080年)的潜在地理分布格局,探明其分布格局的变化趋势,揭示引起其潜在地理分布格局改变的关键因子。结果表明,香果树当前适生区总面积约197.575×10⁴ km²,主要位于中国亚热带地区,其中高适生区集中分布于四川盆周山地、武陵山与武夷山地区,最干季度平均温、最湿月降水量、最冷季度降水量是限制其分布的主要气候因子。末次冰盛期时香果树广泛分布于中国亚热带地区,随后适生区开始缩减且向内陆退缩,全新世中期后适生区面积继续缩减并向高纬度地区迁移。随着全球气候变暖,在不同排放情景下香果树适宜生境面积均进一步缩减并向西与高纬度地区迁移。总体而言,从末次冰盛期至未来,香果树适生区呈现持续缩减并向西...