辽宁省葫芦岛地区寒武纪遗迹化石及其古生态意义北大核心CSCD

在辽宁省葫芦岛地区的寒武系中发现了由Treptichnus pedum,Planolites montanus和Palaeophycus heberti构成的遗迹化石组合。Treptichnus pedum分布于馒头组上部石英细砂岩中,其特征符合曳鳃动物的摄食遗迹,说明曳鳃动物是当时这一地区底栖宏体动物群落的主要组成部分。结合该群落在整个华北地台广泛出现于馒头组上部的情况,其兴起可能是一次区域性底栖环境良化事件的结果。Planolites montanus和Palaeophycus heberti出现在张夏组上部中、薄层灰岩中,位于剖面上最早出现的一层风暴沉积和一中厚层叠层石之间,表明其形成时海盆水循环较好,水动力较强,底层水和底质氧气较为充足,适宜底栖生物的生存。     

化石氨基酸在第四纪古生态和古气候研究中的应用—以吉林长白山孤山屯和江苏太湖全新世沉积物中氨基酸为例

近几十年来,随着稳定性碳同位素和^14C测年等新技术,新方法的应用,使第四纪研究迅速地由定性向定量发展,然而,氨基酸应用于第四纪古生态和古气候的研究在国内仍少有人知,在国际期刊上也不多见。近年来,作者开展了长白山孤山屯和太湖全新世沉积物的氨基酸和有机碳同位素分布与古生态,古气候意义的分析研究,结果表明,化石氨基酸同样可为第四纪的生态环境和古气候的研究提供信息,并为全球性对比提供证据。     

具过顶古口缝的沟鞭藻化石记录及古生态

本文列举了大量具过顶古口缝的沟鞭藻囊孢在海相和非海相沉积中的记录,指出具有一构造的沟鞭藻囊孢可以细分成两个亚类,分别代表晚白垩世从海相澡类家族中分化出的两个分支：一个以Ｐａｌａｃｅｐｅｒｉｄｉｎｉｕｍ为代表,具有ｂｉｐｅｓｉｏｉｄ型反映板式;另一支以Ｓａｅｐｔｏｄｉｎｉｕｍ为代表,具有ｂｉｐｅｓｉｏｉｄ或ｃｉｎｃｔｉｏｉｄ型反映板式,前者在晚白垩世开始向淡水环境迁移,但仍有部分留在海水中,一直延续     

四川广安谢家槽早三叠世遗迹化石及其古生态意义

文中详细描述四川广安谢家槽剖面早三叠世地层中17个遗迹化石属,它们是:Arenicolites,Bifungites,Chondrites,Didymaulichnus,Isopodichnus,?Monocraterion,Palaeophycus,Phycodes,Planolites,Psammichnites,Skolithos,Taenidium,Teichichnus,Thalassinoides,Treptichnus,Uchirites和星状遗迹化石,它们可归属于Cruziana遗迹相。在风暴沉积中,Skolithos出现在主要的风暴沉积层,而Planolites和Palaeophycus常常出现在风暴序列的消减沉积层中。机会的遗迹化石如Treptichnus富集在纹层状灰岩中,指示一种贫氧的沉积环境。文中还探讨了遗迹化石在地层中的时空分布特点与P/Tr生物大灭绝后早三叠世海洋生物复苏的关系。     

化石中的珍品——鱼粪化石

随着社会的进步、人们文化素质的提高,收藏古生物化石的人也越来越多了。在不少人的心目中,蚌壳、鱼、恐龙蛋、鸟类等似乎是化石王国的主要分子,这也不假,但古动物们行走留下的足迹、排泄的粪便等形成的化石在自然界中更为罕见。在大至恐龙、小至蠕虫、虾蟹的粪粒中,...     

广西、贵州和川东二叠纪生物礁的钙藻化石及其古生态环境

广西,贵州和川东二叠纪礁相岩石和礁后相岩层内获得了红藻Solenoporella,Gymnocodium,Permocalcu-lus;绿藻Anthracoporella,Mizzia以及显微疑难藻类化石Pseudovermiporella,Tubiphytes等,除了广西隆林有中二叠世茅口期藻类化石外,其它均属于晚二叠世乐平世的分子,这些藻类植物一般生活于热带和亚热带,正常盐度的浅海水内,其水深不大于30m,川东,鄂西晚二叠世礁属于浅水海绵礁,而非深水礁。     

河南灵井许昌人遗址鬣狗粪化石的初步研究

河南灵井许昌人遗址是我国近年来发掘的最为重要的古人类遗址之一。该遗址中出土了大量的石器、骨器、动物化石、粪便化石等遗存以及人类头盖骨化石等。我们对该遗址出土的鬣狗粪化石进行了类型学及其包含的微体化石等方面研究,从分析统计结果来看,鬣狗粪化石中包含了丰富的古信息,如古寄生虫卵、动物毛发、孢粉、植硅体、真菌等。本文主要针对鬣狗粪化石中古寄生虫卵及动物毛发进行分析,探讨了作为寄主鬣狗罹患的寄生虫病,以及鬣狗的食物来源等情况,为深入理解更新世晚期人类适应环境与气候提供新的证据。     

遗迹化石:探索生物与环境相互作用的重要信息载体

遗迹化石是地质历史时期生物在沉积物表面和内部所留下的生命活动记录.遗迹化石不仅与生物种类和生活习性密切相关,还受到环境因子和沉积介质的影响和控制.地质地史时期的软躯体生物很难保存为化石,而它们生命活动的行为习性都烙印在了遗迹化石里.因此,遗迹化石成为探索生物与环境相互作用的重要信息载体,在重建古环境和古生态、探索早期生...     

真菌化石研究进展

随着真菌化石被不断发现,利用化石中的真菌研究真菌类群的起源和进化历程逐渐成为真菌进化生物学研究的一个热点。真菌化石还是研究古生态中真菌与其他生物之间相互作用的重要材料,而这种相互作用既能用于研究古生物间的协同进化,也能成为判断古生态、古气候的重要依据。本文综述了国内外真菌化石的研究进展,旨在为更加系统准确地确定不同真菌类群的分化时间,重建真菌的系统发育树提供参考,同时也为研究生物间相互作用以及推断古生态环境提供帮助。     

湘西北地区志留,泥盆系遗迹化石再研究

记述了湘西北地区志留、泥盆系的遗迹化石１４属,２８种、亚种（包括１５新种,２新亚种）。这些遗迹化石主要集中于Ｔｒａｕｅｕｍｉｃｈｉｓ－Ａｒｔｈｒｏｐｈｙｃｕｓ群落（代表前滨下部或近滨上部）,Ｔｈａｌａｓｓｉｎｏｉｄｅｓ－Ｌｏｃｋｅｉａ群落（代表近滨上部或前滨下部环境）和Ｃｒｕｚｉａｎａ－Ｄｉｍｏｒｐｈｉｃｈｎｕｓ群落（代表近滨环境）,并对上述３个遗迹群落的古生态作了分析。     

Integrated palaeoecological evidence for biodiversity at the floodplain-forest margin

This paper presents the results of a combined palynological and palaeoentomological investigation into the changing diversity of Holocene floodplain forest biota at Bole Ings in the lower reaches of the River Trent. The aim in combining the two techniques represents an attempt to overcome some of the inherent differences of scale and resolution which characterize different types of fossil species data. The two lines of ecofactual evidence, pollen and beetle remains indicate changes in the biodiversity of the floodplain, both in terms of the diversity and abundance of individual species, habitats and ecosystem structure. The results of the study demonstrate the potential of this approach in tracing the decline in plant and entomofaunal diversity at the floodplain forest margin. Although there are recognized limitations imposed by taphonomic uncertainties, taxonomic resolution and restricted ecological data, the combined results provide added details of variations in both species composition and structural diversity within the landscape. The results emphasize the need for multidisciplinary research design in palaeoecological investigations of biodiversity.     

History of ichnology

William Buckland not only was an eccentric scientist either liked or disliked by his peers but, in the early 1800s, was also the foremost authority on coprolites. The latter were a source of considerable amusement to some of his friends.     

均时作用——一个常见但不易识别的埋葬学现象

生物化石群落在埋葬过程中普遍经历了均时作用的过程。正是这种作用导致了同一生态环境域,但不同时期生物组合相混合的结果。因此,这种化石群落可能为一个连续演化群落的不同阶段的混合体,也可能是环境连续演化过程中不同生态群落的混合组合,这样的化石组合所记录的古生物学信息非常复杂。因此,对化石累积过程中的均时作用的清晰了解,将非常有助于古生物群落的分类学、居群动力学、埋葬学、古生态学、演化古生物学,甚至地层学研究精度的提高。文章根据前人的研究,扼要介绍和讨论均时作用的概念、过程、程度、效应和判别,及受均时作用影响的化石组合的分类。     

Harnessing the potential of the multi‐indicator palaeoecological approach: an assessment of the nature and causes of ecological change in a eutrophic shallow lake

相似文献   

A guide to the processing and standardization of global palaeoecological data for large-scale syntheses using fossil pollen

Aim

Palaeoecological data are crucial for comprehending large-scale biodiversity patterns and the natural and anthropogenic drivers that influence them over time. Over the last decade, the availability of open-access research databases of palaeoecological proxies has substantially increased. These databases open the door to research questions needing advanced numerical analyses and modelling based on big-data compilations. However, compiling and analysing palaeoecological data pose unique challenges that require a guide for producing standardized and reproducible compilations.

Innovation

We present a step-by-step guide of how to process fossil pollen data into a standardized dataset compilation ready for macroecological and palaeoecological analyses. We describe successive criteria that will enhance the quality of the compilations. Though these criteria are project and research question-dependent, we discuss the most important assumptions that should be considered and adjusted accordingly. Our guide is accompanied by an R-workflow—called FOSSILPOL—and corresponding R-package—called R-Fossilpol—that provide a detailed protocol ready for interdisciplinary users. We illustrate the workflow by sourcing and processing Scandinavian fossil pollen datasets and show the reproducibility of continental-scale data processing.

Main Conclusions

The study of biodiversity and macroecological patterns through time and space requires large-scale syntheses of palaeoecological datasets. The data preparation for such syntheses must be transparent and reproducible. With our FOSSILPOL workflow and R-package, we provide a protocol for optimal handling of large compilations of fossil pollen datasets and workflow reproducibility. Our workflow is also relevant for the compilation and synthesis of other palaeoecological proxies and as such offers a guide for synthetic and cross-disciplinary analyses with macroecological, biogeographical and palaeoecological perspectives. However, we emphasize that expertise and informed decisions based on palaeoecological knowledge remain crucial for high-quality data syntheses and should be strongly embedded in studies that rely on the increasing amount of open-access palaeoecological data.     

Book review

Professional amateurs and amateur professionals     

Learning from the past: Diatoms as palaeoecological indicators of changes in marine environments

The North Sea is seriously threatened by a variety of pollution sources. Terrestrially derived effluents are causing extensive environmental damage and changes to ecosystems of both the offshore and coastal waters. Coastal and estuarine communities are being lost to reclamation projects, and there is the future threat of rising sea level associaed with global warming. The spatial and temporal extent of recent anthropogenic changes are largely unknown due to the paucity of background information. The possible role of palaeoecological methodology in providing ‘reference levels’ against which current status can be compared, and their importance for restoration and policy decisions, are presented. The usefulness of diatoms as environmental indicators is illustrated. The extent of natural and anthropogenic changes on coastal habitats are demonstrated by reference to the Holocene evolution of the coastline of The Netherlands. Possible profitable areas for further research are outlined,e.g. a diatom nutrient calibration data set for shallow marine embayments.     

重金属在海洋食物链中的传递

近年来 ,金属在不同海洋食物链中摄食富集的定量研究得到越来越多的关注。自然环境中生物体内金属的浓度并不一定和生物在食物链中所处的营养级有相关关系 ,金属在生物体内的富集还受到生物的同化、排出等过程以及其它生理生化因子的影响。在经典的海洋浮游生物食物链中 (浮游植物→桡足类→鱼类 ) ,桡足类往往可以很有效地排出体内的金属 ,同时鱼类的金属同化率又很低 ,所以该食物链中金属的浓度随食物链水平增加而减少。目前研究发现只有甲基汞和铯 Cs会被食物链所放大。在以腹足动物为顶级捕食者的底栖食物链中 ,因为生物结合金属的效率很高 ,高同化率和低排出率导致金属浓度在生物体内得到放大。重金属在生物体内的可利用性可以通过测定同化率、排出率等参数、并结合考虑生物对该金属的消化行为 ,运用一个简易的动态模型来估算。已有的研究中人们多考虑金属的化学性质对食物链传递的影响。着重介绍了近年来国外对金属在不同海洋食物链 (底栖和浮游 )中的传递的研究成果 ,强调在金属的生物可利用性评估中 ,要充分考虑到动物的生理、生化过程的影响 ,同时也必须认识到不同的海洋生物有着复杂且不同的金属代谢机制     

Bivalve borings in Lower Jurassic Lithiotis fauna from northeastern Italy and its palaeoecological interpretation

Random shell sections of the Pliensbachian (Early Jurassic) larger bivalve Opisoma from columns within the Main Post Office building of Ferrara, northern Italy, have been discovered to bear neat clavate-shape boreholes. These boreholes belong to the ichnogenus Gastrochaenolites Leymerie and represent bivalve borings. Opisoma is a subordinate component of the Lithiotis fauna characterised by aberrant shells thriving in tropical lagoonal settings which were widespread throughout the Tethyan and Panthalassa coasts. Although the Lithiotis fauna is well known in the palaeontological literature, no bivalve boring have been so far been formally described. The uniqueness of the morphology, size and substrate of these borings merits the designation of the new species Gastrochaenolites messisbugi ichnosp. nov. which thereby represents the first ichnospecies described from this fauna. The morphology of the boreholes and the included bivalves allows the boring activity to be ascribed to a mytilid bivalve. Palaeoecological and taphonomic analyses allowed the presence of the boreholes to be correlated to the Opisoma mode of life (epifaunal, free-living form) as well as to generally low sedimentation rates and seasonal mesotrophic conditions during an overall oligotrophic regime.

http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:CCF77B32-D459-4305-BC86-93F228852E50