鲢疯狂病病原体鲢碘泡虫营养体的超微结构观察

本文报道鲢碘泡虫营养体的超微结构。叙述了两层结构的原生质膜,外质中的胞饮管道,各种长短的分枝管道、芽体和泡状体,双层核膜具有核孔,在胞饮管道的内层,有很多线粒体、高尔基器、内质网、溶酶体、核糖体、脂粒及各种大小和作用未明的颗粒、微丝等等,但未见中心粒。     

圆形碘泡虫和关桥碘泡虫孢子的光镜及扫描电镜观察

对寄生于鲫的圆形碘泡虫(Myxobolus rotundus Nemeczek,1911)及异育银鲫的关桥碘泡虫(M．guanqiaoensis Wu ＆Wang,1997)的成熟孢子进行光镜及扫描电镜观察。圆形碘泡虫主要寄生于鲫体表、头部、鳃、吻部及鳍条,形成许多大小不一的乳白色胞囊。关桥碘泡虫主要寄生于异育银鲫的肝脏,肝脏基本上被虫体所充满,肝脏组织被破坏。扫描电镜观察表明圆形碘泡虫成熟孢子表面光滑,缝脊直而明显,宽0．2μm,缝脊上下两侧对称。关桥碘泡虫成熟孢子表面皱褶,其程度不等,有的虫体一侧向内凹陷形成盆状,缝脊呈“S”形,宽0．5μm,缝脊上下两侧不对称,其中间有一不很明显凹陷的沟。     

鲤肠道寄生岳阳碘泡虫新种的形态特征及系统发育分析

在洞庭湖岳阳地区开展鱼类寄生虫调查中,发现一种寄生于鲤Cyprinus carpio L.肠道的黏孢子虫。该黏孢子虫的孢囊呈白色,椭圆形,大小为(1.0±0.2) mm (0.8—1.2 mm)。成熟孢子具有壳瓣,壳面观近似圆形,后端有4—6个“V”形褶皱;缝面观呈纺锤形,缝脊直而粗;孢质均匀,含有一个嗜碘泡;孢子长(9.8±0.6) μm (9.6—10.0 μm),孢子宽(8.2±0.3) μm (8.0—8.5μm),孢子厚(7.3±0.1) μm (7.0—7.5 μm);2个极囊梨形,位于孢子顶端,大小相等,呈“八”字形;极囊长(4.4±0.4) μm (3.8—5.1 μm),宽(2.7±0.2) μm (2.2—3.2 μm),极丝4—5圈。该黏孢子虫与肠膜碘泡虫、丑陋圆形碘泡形态特征非常相似,但其极囊/孢子小于1/2;与文献已报道的鲤肠道寄生北京碘泡虫和鲤肠碘泡虫相比较,其在孢子形态、孢子和极囊大小方面分别存在明显差异。基于该黏孢子虫18S rDNA基因序列(GenBank登录号KY203795)比对分析,该黏孢子虫与山东碘泡虫相似率最高,仅为96%。系统发育分析发现,该黏孢子虫与山东碘泡虫、倪李碘泡虫、住心碘泡虫、Myxobolus encephalicus、Sphaerospora molnari、多涅茨尾孢虫和Henneguya zikaweiensis聚为独立分支,和其他已报道的黏孢子虫亲缘关系较远。综合形态学和18S rDNA基因序列数据,文章报道的鲤肠道寄生黏孢子虫为碘泡虫属一新物种,将其命名为岳阳碘泡虫。     

葡萄碘泡虫、似葡萄碘泡虫和茄形碘泡虫的鉴别及系统发育

葡萄碘泡虫Myxobolus acinosus Nie & Li, 1973、似葡萄碘泡虫Myxobolus pseudoacinosus Guo, et al., 2018和茄形碘泡虫Myxobolus toyamai Kudo, 1917形态非常相似, 有着共同的宿主和相同的寄生部位, 是病原鉴定中容易混淆的种。文章基于形态学和18S rRNA基因信息对三者进行了鉴别和分子系统学研究。成熟孢子形态特征的比较分析显示, 三者形态存在显著差异。葡萄碘泡虫与似葡萄碘泡虫18S rDNA序列相似度为98.4—98.8%, 遗传距离为0.013—0.020; 葡萄碘泡虫与茄形碘泡虫18S rDNA序列相似度为96.1—97.2%, 遗传距离为0.038—0.042; 似葡萄碘泡虫和茄形碘泡虫18S rDNA序列相似度为96.4—97.6%, 遗传距离为0.033—0.040。18S rDNA序列比对显示, 葡萄碘泡虫含有15个关键变异位点, 可将该虫与似葡萄碘泡虫和茄形碘泡虫区分; 似葡萄碘泡虫含有5个关键变异位点, 可将该虫与葡萄碘泡虫和茄形碘泡虫区分; 茄形碘泡虫含有33个关键变异位点可将该虫与葡萄碘泡虫和似葡萄碘泡虫区分。18S rRNA二级结构V4区的E23-2构型可将葡萄碘泡虫与似葡萄碘泡虫和茄形碘泡虫区分, 而V7区的H43构型可将茄形碘泡虫与葡萄碘泡虫和似葡萄碘泡虫区分。以上表明, 三者无论在形态上还是在遗传上均具有独立物种的特征。系统发育分析显示, 葡萄碘泡虫、似葡萄碘泡虫和茄形碘泡虫为系统树中分化较晚的一支。     

杭州地区白鲢疯狂病病原体的研究

一、前言 1975年我们报道了杭州地区白鲢疯狂病,查明了发病原因系由大量鲢碘泡虫(Myxobolur driagini Achmerov,1954)侵袭寄主的神经系统和感觉器官所引起。本文着重报道:1.探索病原体鲢碘泡虫在池塘条件下的发生、发展规律及其季节性生长动态;2.病原体最初侵袭白鲢鱼体的吋期;3.防治的药物试验,以防病原体继续蔓延和积累为害。     

圆形碘泡虫免疫原性的研究

间接红细胞血凝试验结果表明,自然感染圆形泡虫的鲫鱼血清中存在循环抗体,并且感染强度与抗体水平不相关。以圆形碘泡虫孢子的可溶性蛋白为抗原,制备多抗。ＥＬＩＳＡ和ＩＦＡＴ试验表明,不同发育时期的圆形碘泡虫存在共同抗原,并且粘孢子虫具有属特异性抗原。圆形碘泡虫的抗原成分主要集中在早体后部的一特异位点及四周的早壁上,两个极囊无抗原成分;而 营养体的抗原成分存在于整个虫体。关碘泡虫与兔抗圆形碘泡虫抗体的结合     

洪湖碘泡虫SYBR Green Ⅰ实时荧光定量PCR检测方法的建立及其应用

洪湖碘泡虫(Myxobolus honghuensis)引起的鲫“喉孢子虫病”严重危害我国异育银鲫养殖。病原丰度是决定病害发生的最重要因素之一, 因此建立洪湖碘泡虫的定量检测方法, 不仅可用于异育银鲫“喉孢子虫病”的早期诊断, 也可应用于养殖系统中洪湖碘泡虫的定量监测, 为该病的暴发风险预警及防控措施的效果评价提供技术手段。研究根据洪湖碘泡虫的ITS基因序列, 设计合成一对特异性引物HHF/R, 建立了洪湖碘泡虫的SYBR Green Ⅰ实时荧光定量PCR方法, 并对该方法的特异性、灵敏性、重复性及应用性进行了验证。结果显示, 该方法能特异性检测出洪湖碘泡虫, 而与多涅茨尾孢虫、倪李碘泡虫、普洛宁碘泡虫、吴李碘泡虫之间无交叉反应; 最低检测限为3.02×101copies/μL, 灵敏性较常规PCR高出1000倍; 组内和组间重复性试验的变异系数均小于2%。应用该方法可定量检出洪湖碘泡虫全生活史阶段, 包括鱼体内移行发育的前孢子阶段及养殖系统环境, 如池塘水样及底泥样品中分布的洪湖碘泡虫。因此, 所建立的洪湖碘泡虫SYBR Green Ⅰ实时荧光定量PCR方法特异性好、灵敏度高、重复性稳定, 可应用于异育银鲫全养殖阶段洪湖碘泡虫的定性、定量监测。     

几种因子对草鱼饼形碘泡虫离体孢子影响的试验

本文阐述了温度，酸碱度，紫外线及超波对草鱼饼形碘泡虫离体孢子的试验结果。     

海城碘泡虫(黏体动物门，黏孢子纲)补充描述及基于18S rDNA系统发育分析

海城碘泡虫原始描述中形态数据较为简单,且存在多个宿主及寄生部位,其有效性有待确定。利用现行主流的黏孢子虫形态特征和基因标记系统分析相结合的分类学方法,对采自太湖棒花鱼鳃丝的海城碘泡虫进行了补充描述。该碘泡虫孢囊呈白色,圆形,大小为(0.6—1.1) mm。成熟孢子正面观近似椭圆形,上端稍尖,侧面观呈纺锤型,孢子长(10.8±0.7) μm (10.1—11.5 μm),孢子宽:(8.1±0.5) μm (7.5—9.0 μm),孢子厚:(5.7±0.4) μm (5.2—9.0 μm);两极囊呈梨形,大小存在细微差别,极囊顶端存在突起,大极囊长:(4.7±0.5) μm (4.8—6.7 μm),宽:(2.5±0.2) μm (3.2—4.3 μm),小极囊长:(4.4±0.2) μm (4.1—4.8 μm),宽:(2.2±0.1) μm (2.0—2.5 μm);极丝盘绕4—5圈。基于18S rDNA序列(GenBank登录号:KY965936)比对分析,该碘泡虫与放射孢子虫Hexactinomyxon type 2相似率最高,为97%。系统发育分析表明,该碘泡虫与Hexactinomyxon type 2、Hexactinomyxon type 1、Hexactinomyxon type SH-2006、Myxobolus pfeifferi、Myxobolus caudatus和Myxobolus squamae聚为独立分支,和其他已报道的黏孢子虫亲缘关系较远。研究在补充了海城碘泡虫形态学、基因标记序列信息基础上,推断了该虫生活史。     

海城碘泡虫(黏体动物门,黏孢子纲)补充描述及基于18S rDNA系统发育分析（英文）

海城碘泡虫原始描述中形态数据较为简单,且存在多个宿主及寄生部位,其有效性有待确定。利用现行主流的黏孢子虫形态特征和基因标记系统分析相结合的分类学方法,对采自太湖棒花鱼鳃丝的海城碘泡虫进行了补充描述。该碘泡虫孢囊呈白色,圆形,大小为(0.6—1.1)mm。成熟孢子正面观近似椭圆形,上端稍尖,侧面观呈纺锤型,孢子长(10.8±0.7)μm(10.1—11.5μm),孢子宽:(8.1±0.5)μm(7.5—9.0μm),孢子厚:(5.7±0.4)μm(5.2—9.0μm);两极囊呈梨形,大小存在细微差别,极囊顶端存在突起,大极囊长:(4.7±0.5)μm(4.8—6.7μm),宽:(2.5±0.2)μm(3.2—4.3μm),小极囊长:(4.4±0.2)μm(4.1—4.8μm),宽:(2.2±0.1)μm(2.0—2.5μm);极丝盘绕4—5圈。基于18S r DNA序列(Gen Bank登录号:KY965936)比对分析,该碘泡虫与放射孢子虫Hexactinomyxon type 2相似率最高,为97%。系统发育分析表明,该碘泡虫与Hexac-caudatus和Myxobolus squamae聚为独立分支,和其他已报道的黏孢子虫亲缘关系较远。研究在补充了海城碘泡虫形态学、基因标记序列信息基础上,推断了该虫生活史。     

吸鱼粘体虫在异育银鲫心脏中的孢子发生

吸鱼粘体虫主要寄生在异育银鲫的心肌纤维间。随着营养体的长大,营养体内的两型生殖细胞相聚,小生殖细胞包围大生殖细胞,形成泛孢子母细胞。大生殖细胞进行连续的核分裂,成为产孢体。核分裂达12核时,产孢体内分化为10个细胞:4个成极囊细胞,4个成壳片细胞和2个双核的孢子质细胞。这些细胞均分为两组,从而形成双生孢子型的泛孢子母细胞。     

圆形碘泡虫孢子发生的超微结构研究

寄生于鲫的圆形碘泡虫的孢子发生过程中,最早可认识阶段的营养体是一个单核原初细胞,原初细胞通过分裂直接在细胞内产生生殖细胞,形成一个细胞包围另一个细胞的状态,在以后的过程中,包围细胞不再分裂,生殖细胞进行一系列的分裂,形成双孢子型泛孢子母细胞.生殖细胞分化成10个细胞,形成二个产孢子单元,每个产孢子单元由5个细胞组成,两个壳瓣原细胞位于两边包围着两个极囊原细胞和一个双核孢子质细胞,最后形成两个孢子.       

THE FINE STRUCTURE OF THE EXOERYTHROCYTIC STAGES OF PLASMODIUM FALLAX

The fine structure of the exoerythrocytic cycle of an avian malarial parasite, Plasmodium fallax, has been analyzed using preparations grown in a tissue culture system derived from embryonic turkey brain cells which were fixed in glutaraldehyde-OsO₄. The mature merozoite, an elongated cell 3- to 4-µ long and 1- to 2-µ wide, is ensheathed in a complex double-layered pellicle. The anterior end consists of a conoid, from which emanate two lobed paired organelles and several closely associated dense bodies. A nucleus is situated in the mid portion of the cell, while a single mitochondrion wrapped around a spherical body is found in the posterior end. On the pellicle of the merozoite near the nucleus a cytostomal cavity, 80 to 100 mµ in diameter, is located. Based on changes in fine structure, the subsequent sequence of development is divided into three phases: first, the dedifferentiation phase, in which the merozoite loses many complex structures, i.e. the conoid, paired organelles, dense bodies, spherical body, and the thick inner layers of the pellicle, and transforms into a trophozoite; second, the growth phase, which consists of many nuclear divisions as well as parallel increases in mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, and ribosomes; and third, the redifferentiation and cytoplasmic schizogony phase, in which the specialized organelles reappear as the new merozoites bud off from the mother schizont.     

Myxosoma funduli Kudo (Myxosporida) in Fundulus kansae: Ultrastructure of the Plasmodium Wall and of Sporogenesis*

SYNOPSIS Ultrastructure of the plasmodium wall and of sporogenesis were studied in Myxosoma funduli Kudo infecting the gills of Fundulus kansae (Garman). Plasmodia were located within the lamellar tissues adjacent to sinuses and capillaries. The plasmodium wall consisted of a single unit membrane which was continuous with numerous pinocytic canals extending into the parasite ectoplasm. The plasmodium membrane was covered by a surface coat of almost uniform thickness which prevented direct parasite-host cell contact. Numerous generative cells and cell aggregates, representing early stages of spore development, were seen in immature plasmodia. Later stages of spore development, including mature spores, were observed in older plasmodia. Sporogenesis was initiated by envelopment of one generative cell, the sporont, by a 2nd, nondividing cell, the envelope cell. The sporont and its progeny proceeded through a series of divisions until there were 10 cells, all compartmentalized within the envelope cell. Subsequently, the 10 cells became structurally differentiated and arranged into two 5-celled spore-producing units, each consisting of 1 binucleate sporoplasm and 2 capsulogenic cells, all surrounded by 2 valvogenic cells. Observations of later developmental stages revealed the major events of capsulogenesis, valvogenesis, and sporoplasm maturation, which occurred concomitantly during spore construction.     

ULTRASTRUCTURE OF CARPOSPOROPHYTE DEVELOPMENT IN THE RED ALGA GLOIOSIPHONIA VERTICILLARIS (CRYPTONEMIALES,GLOIOSIPHONIACEAE)

The ultrastructure of carposporophyte development is described for the red alga Gloiosiphonia verticillaris Farl. The auxiliary cell produces gonimoblast initials, which divide to produce two types of gonimoblast cells—the nondividing vacuolate cells and terminal generative gonimoblast cells. The generative gonimoblast cells form clusters of carpospore initials, which eventually differentiate into carpospores. After gonimoblast filaments are formed, the auxiliary cell undergoes autolysis, causing degeneration of septal plugs between the auxiliary cell and adjacent cells, thus forming a fusion cell. Since this cell lacks starch and appears degenerate throughout carposporophyte development, a nutritive function cannot be ascribed to the fusion cell. Carpospore differentiation is simple and proceeds through three developmental stages. Young carpospores structurally resemble gonimoblast cells, because they contain undeveloped plastids, large quantities of floridean starch, and are surrounded by extensive mucilage instead of a distinct wall. In addition, dictyosomes form and begin to produce vesicles with fibrous contents representing carpospore wall material. During the intermediate stage, dictyosomes continue to produce vesicles that contribute additional carpospore wall material, thereby compressing the mucilage and creating a darker-staining layer outside the carpospore wall. Plastids form internal thylakoids by invaginations of the inner membrane of the peripheral thylakoid. The endoplasmic reticulum forms large granular vacuoles that appear to be degraded during subsequent stages of development. Mature carpospores form cored vesicles. They also contain mature chloroplasts, large amounts of floridean starch, and occasionally granular vacuoles. During this stage, interconnecting carpospore-carpospore and carpospore-gonimoblast cell septal plugs begin to undergo degeneration. This process may be mediated by tubular structures.     

中国芸香科植物叶分泌囊比较解剖学研究

利用整体透明、石腊和薄切片方法对芸香科22属,40种和2变种植物叶分泌囊的形态结构和分 布进行了比较研究。成熟分泌囊都由鞘细胞和一层上皮细胞围绕圆形腔隙构成,上皮细胞扁平,细胞壁 薄、完整,故分泌囊属裂生方式发生。鞘细胞1～5层,不同种类的层数有变化,个别种缺乏。内层鞘细 胞为扁平的薄壁细胞,外层的细胞壁较厚。分泌囊的形态结构、着生位置和分布密度等在不同属或不同 种间存在一定差异。根据分泌囊在叶中的分布位置和形态结构特点,可将其划分为:叶缘齿缝分泌囊, 叶肉分泌囊和两者混合型。叶肉分泌囊又可分海绵组织分泌囊和栅栏组织分泌囊。在此基础上对该科各类型分泌囊的形态演化关系以及各亚科或各属间的亲缘关系进行了探讨。     

玉竹雄配子的发育——着重阐明质体在生殖细胞和营养细胞中的分布和变化

玉竹(Polygonatum simizui Kitag)小孢子在分裂前,质体极性分布导致分裂后形成的生殖细胞不含质体,而营养细胞包含了小孢子中全部的质体。生殖细胞发育至成熟花粉时期,及在花粉管中分裂形成的两个精细胞中始终不含质体。虽然生殖细胞和精细胞中都存在线粒体,但细胞质中无DNA类核。玉竹雄性质体的遗传为单亲母本型。在雄配子体发育过程中,营养细胞中的质体发生明显的变化。在早期的营养细胞质中,造粉质体增殖和活跃地合成淀粉。后期,脂体增加而造粉质体消失。接近成熟时花粉富含油滴。对百合科的不同属植物质体被排除的机理及花粉中贮藏的淀粉与脂体的转变进行了讨论。     

Light and electron microscope study of a new species of Urosporidium (Haplosporida), hyperparasite of trematode sporocysts in the clam Abra ovata

Abra ovata, collected at Bcauduc, France, contained sporocysts of Gymnophallus nereicola and another trematode of the family Monorchiidae. Frequently the former trematode and occasionally the latter was infected with a species of Urosporidium. Stages observed were mostly in the sporogenesis sequence. The sporoblast, an elongated body of uncertain origin, differentiates into two parts delimited by a girdle-shaped constriction between them. These are an anterior part, or sporoplasm primordium, containing a vesicular nucleus and a posterior part, or envelope primordium, containing a “parietal apparatus” (possibly a transformed nucleus). Cytoplasm of the envelope primordium (just behind the constriction) advances to enclose the sporoplasm primordium while it differentiates into endospore, exospore and an internally situated cover over the orifice. These two primordia separate late in the sporogenesis sequence. Thus, the typical haplosporidan spore may, as Cépède reported in 1911, consist of 2 cells, a generative cell enveloped by a somatic cell. Evidence that the Haplosporida have bicellular spores raises fundamental questions regarding the taxonomy of this group.