Ecological speciation in sympatric palms: 2. Pre‐ and post‐zygotic isolation

We evaluated reproductive isolation in two species of palms (Howea) that have evolved sympatrically on Lord Howe Island (LHI, Australia). We estimated the strength of some pre‐ and post‐zygotic mechanisms in maintaining current species boundaries. We found that flowering time displacement between species is consistent across in and ex situ common gardens and is thus partly genetically determined. On LHI, pre‐zygotic isolation due solely to flowering displacement was 97% for Howea belmoreana and 80% for H. forsteriana; this asymmetry results from H. forsteriana flowering earlier than H. belmoreana and being protandrous. As expected, only a few hybrids (here confirmed by genotyping) at both juvenile and adult stages could be detected in two sites on LHI, in which the two species grow intermingled (the Far Flats) or adjacently (Transit Hill). Yet, the distribution of hybrids was different between sites. At Transit Hill, we found no hybrid adult trees, but 13.5% of younger palms examined there were of late hybrid classes. In contrast, we found four hybrid adult trees, mostly of late hybrid classes, and only one juvenile F1 hybrid in the Far Flats. This pattern indicates that selection acts against hybrids between the juvenile and adult stages. An in situ reciprocal seed transplant between volcanic and calcareous soils also shows that early fitness components (up to 36 months) were affected by species and soil. These results are indicative of divergent selection in reproductive isolation, although it does not solely explain the current distribution of the two species on LHI.     

Pre‐zygotic parental environment modulates seed longevity

The potential for the pre‐zygotic plant growth environment to play a role in determining seed longevity was investigated for a species that inhabits arid to semi‐arid Australia. Seed longevity is particularly important for wild populations in fluctuating environments because the longer a seed‐lot is able to survive in the soil seed bank the more likely it is to buffer the population from unpredictable environments. Thus Wahlenbergia tumidifructa plants received wet or dry soil moisture within a warm or cool glasshouse until flowering. Seeds subsequently produced by flowers that opened on the day that plants were moved to a common environment were collected at maturity and longevity assessed by controlled ageing at 60% relative humidity and 45°C. Mean seed longevity was similar for seeds produced by plants that grew in warm‐wet, warm‐dry and cool‐dry conditions (P₅₀ of about 20 days), but extended for plants in cool‐wet conditions (P₅₀ = 41.7 days). Cool temperatures resulted in seeds with a wider distribution of lifespans (σ = 20 days) than warm conditions (σ = 12 days); the large σ caused the extended P₅₀ for cool‐wet plants, but not cool‐dry as a result of a concomitant reduction in initial seed germination (K_i). After moving to the common environment, all plants generated new vegetative material, which went on to produce seeds with similar longevity (P₅₀ approx. 20 days) irrespective of original environment. Visible phenotypic responses of the parent to environmental conditions correlated with longevity and quality parameters of the progeny seeds, suggesting that a parental effect modified seed longevity. Our study provides novel empirical data showing that environmental conditions expected under climate change scenarios may potentially cause seed longevity to decline for a species that inhabits arid to semi‐arid Australia. These negative impacts on population buffering may weaken the storage effect mechanism of species coexistence in fluctuating environments.     

Evaluation of pre‐ and post‐zygotic mating barriers,hybrid fitness and phylogenetic relationship between Cyprinodon variegatus variegatus and Cyprinodon variegatus hubbsi (Cyprinodontiformes,Teleostei)

The euryhaline fish Cyprinodon variegatus variegatus (Cvv) is capable of tolerating ambient salinities ranging from 0.3 to 167 g l^?1, but incapable of long‐term survival in freshwater (< 2 mM Na⁺). However, a population of this species, now designated as a subspecies (Cyprinodon variegatus hubbsi; Cvh), has been isolated in several freshwater (0.4–1 mM Na⁺) lakes in central Florida for the past ~150 ky. We previously demonstrated that Cvh has a significantly higher affinity for Na⁺ uptake suggesting that it has adapted to its dilute freshwater environment. We here evaluate whether Cvh should be considered a separate species by characterizing pre‐ and post‐zygotic isolation, Na⁺ transport characteristics of the two populations and their hybrids, and developing a molecular phylogeny of Cvv and Cvh populations in Florida using mtDNA sequence data. We found evidence of partial prezygotic isolation with Cvv females mating almost exclusively (89%) with con‐specific males in choice mating experiments. Partial post‐zygotic isolation was also observed with significant (59–89%) reductions in hatching success of hybrid embryos compared with con‐specific embryos. Na⁺ uptake kinetics in hybrids (both Cvv x Cvh and Cvh x Cvv) bred and raised under common garden conditions were intermediate to Cvh (high affinity) and Cvv (low affinity) indicating that observed differences are genetically based. Similar observations were made with respect to short‐term (96 h) survival of juveniles acutely transferred from 7 mM Na⁺ to a range of more dilute (0.1–2 mM Na⁺) freshwater. Finally, although phylogenetic analysis of Cvv and Cvh populations using mtDNA sequence for ND2 were unable to fully resolve a polytomy between Cvh and Cvv populations from northeastern Florida, these data do not falsify the hypothesis that Cvh is of monophyletic origin. Overall, the available data suggest that Cvh should be considered a separate species or at a minimum an evolutionarily significant unit.     

Within‐Species Mate Preferences Do Not Contribute to the Maintenance of Sexually Monomorphic Mating Signals in Green Lacewings

We know much less about the evolutionary forces and constraints that maintain similar mating displays in females and males than we do about sexually dimorphic mating displays. Both female and male green lacewings have sexually monomorphic vibrational mating signals and are equally choosy against heterospecific mating signals. This similarity in between‐species sex roles may explain a large part of the presence of species‐specific female signals in these species, but does not necessarily predict why female and male signals are similar. We tested for within‐species sex‐specific similarities in mate preferences in Chrysoperla lucasina that may contribute to the maintenance of sexually monomorphic mating signals in this species. We found weak preferences and low levels of discrimination for signals with varying fine‐scale temporal features (volley duration, period, and volley‐duty cycle). The longer signals that both sexes produced in response to playback were sexually monomorphic, but some females and most males also produced shorter signals with significantly reduced volley durations and periods. Notably, all of these signals had indistinguishable volley‐duty cycles, the ratio of volley duration to volley period. We propose that mating signals in C. lucasina are maintained in both sexes because of similar between‐species mate preferences, but the sexually monomorphic mating signals cannot be attributed to significant within‐species mate preferences. What differences are present in within‐species sex roles may be resolved by a male‐biased signal polymorphism, in long and short signals that are hypothesized to have distinct functions during mate calling and courtship.     

Many a slip: dissecting the causes of reproductive isolation in two species of Tegenaria spiders (Agelenidae)

Key to our understanding of the mechanisms underlying the process of speciation is the determination of the nature of the barriers to gene flow between related taxa. Species that show zero gene flow in sympatry or parapatry are of little use in this respect. In the present study, we used two closely‐related species of large house spider, Tegenaria saeva and Tegenaria gigantea, which hybridize to a limited extent along a natural contact zone in southern Britain. The species are apparently indistinguishable with respect to habitat utilization and phenology. Laboratory crosses using individuals from both allopatric and parapatric populations suggest that, although male and female courtship, as well as web and cuticular‐borne pheromones, are conserved between the species, mechanical difficulties are experienced during interspecific copulation. Copulation bouts are, on average, significantly shorter during interspecific matings because of these difficulties, and are probably not sufficiently long for effective sperm transfer to take place. In the two cases of successful interspecific crossing, and in subsequent F₁ and backcross generations, there are few indications of differential fertility, fecundity or viability, suggesting little post‐zygotic incompatibility. The high success rate of crosses between F₁ hybrids and both parental species underlines the principally mechanical barrier to gene flow between these taxa. Once this is breached, there appears to be little impediment to continuing introgression, which could, in some geographical areas at least, ultimately lead to the fusion of the two species. © 2014 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2014, 113 , 355–367.     

Mate Choice by Both Sexes Maintains Reproductive Isolation in a Species Flock of Pupfish (Cyprinodon spp) in the Bahamas

Female and male mate choices can reinforce reproductive isolation after sympatric speciation. Using a binary choice design, we examine the importance of visual cues in female mate choice in all three sympatric species of pupfish on San Salvador Island. We also examine the importance of olfactory cues in female choice of the hard‐shelled invertebrate specialist (Cyprinodon brontotheroides). We examine male mate choice in two of the three species, the scale eater (C. desquamator) and the detritivore (C. variegatus). Females of all three species use visual cues and prefer conspecific males. C. brontotheroides females do not use olfactory cues to discriminate between conspecific and heterospecific males. Males of C. desquamator and C. variegatus also preferentially court conspecific females. Thus, mutual mate choice, where both females and males exhibit mate choice, acts as a strong behavioral pre‐mating isolation mechanism in these sympatrically speciated pupfish.     

Pre‐zygotic reproductive isolation between two synchronopatric Opuntia (Cactaceae) species in the Brazilian Chaco

• Opuntia (Cactaceae) is known for high rates of hybridization and ploidisation, resulting in the formation of new species. The occurrence of two sympatric and closely related species of Opuntia, O. elata and O. retrorsa, in Brazilian Chaco enabled us to test the hypothesis that pre‐zygotic reproductive isolation mechanisms operate in both species.
• We monitored the flowering period, as well as floral biology, and compared the morphological variation of floral structures through measurements, performed intra‐ and interspecific cross‐pollination tests, and recorded the guild of floral visitors and pollinators.
• Flowering was seasonal and highly synchronous. Floral biology exhibits similar strategies, and although floral morphology differs significantly in many of the compared structures, such morphological variation does not result in the selection of exclusive pollinators. Floral visitors and pollinators are oligolectic bees shared by both species. Opuntia elata and O. retrorsa are self‐compatible. While interspecific cross‐pollination (bidirectional) resulted in germination, the pollen tube did not penetrate the stigma.
• Opuntia elata and O. retrorsa are closely related; however, they are isolated and do not hybridise in Brazilian Chaco. We found that both have weak pre‐pollination barriers, but that they are strongly isolated by pollen–pistil incompatibility, i.e. post‐pollination barrier.

     

Pre‐treatments enhance the therapeutic effects of mesenchymal stem cells in liver diseases

Liver diseases caused by viral infection, alcohol abuse and metabolic disorders can progress to end‐stage liver failure, liver cirrhosis and liver cancer, which are a growing cause of death worldwide. Although liver transplantation and hepatocyte transplantation are useful strategies to promote liver regeneration, they are limited by scarce sources of organs and hepatocytes. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) restore liver injury after hepatogenic differentiation and exert immunomodulatory, anti‐inflammatory, antifibrotic, antioxidative stress and antiapoptotic effects on liver cells in vivo. After isolation and culture in vitro, MSCs are faced with nutrient and oxygen deprivation, and external growth factors maintain MSC capacities for further applications. In addition, MSCs are placed in a harsh microenvironment, and anoikis and inflammation after transplantation in vivo significantly decrease their regenerative capacity. Pre‐treatment with chemical agents, hypoxia, an inflammatory microenvironment and gene modification can protect MSCs against injury, and pre‐treated MSCs show improved hepatogenic differentiation, homing capacity, survival and paracrine effects in vitro and in vivo in regard to attenuating liver injury. In this review, we mainly focus on pre‐treatments and the underlying mechanisms for improving the therapeutic effects of MSCs in various liver diseases. Thus, we provide evidence for the development of MSC‐based cell therapy to prevent acute or chronic liver injury. Mesenchymal stem cells have potential as a therapeutic to prolong the survival of patients with end‐stage liver diseases in the near future.     

Pure Self‐Assessment of Size During Male–Male Contests in the Parasitoid Wasp Nasonia vitripennis

During contest competition, a competitor may persist in a given contest based on information regarding its own fighting ability (resource‐holding potential, RHP), or that of its opponent. Although a number of models formalize the ways in which competitors are hypothesized to use RHP‐related information to determine their persistence in contests, we focused on pure self‐assessment and mutual assessment models in this study. According to pure self‐assessment models, a competitor uses only information regarding its own RHP to determine its persistence in a contest. In contrast, according to mutual assessment models, persistence is based on information regarding a competitor's RHP relative to that of its opponent and therefore requires assessment between competitors. In this study, using size as a proxy for RHP, we tested whether the parasitoid wasp Nasonia vitripennis utilizes pure self‐assessment or mutual assessment during pairwise, male–male contests. When we examined competitors of varied sizes, we found that the losing male's size was positively related to contest duration, but the winning male's size was uncorrelated with contest duration. When we examined contests in which competitors were size‐matched, we found that the mean size of paired competitors was positively related to contest duration. These results suggest that male N. vitripennis engage in pure self‐assessment during contests.     

Inhibition of phosphorylated Ser473‐Akt from translocating into the nucleus contributes to 2‐cell arrest and defective zygotic genome activation in mouse preimplantation embryogenesis

Phosphorylated Ser473‐Akt (p‐Ser473‐Akt) is extensively studied as a correlate for the activity of Akt, which plays an important role in mouse oogenesis and preimplantation embryogenesis. However, little progress has been made about its effect on the mouse zygotic genome activation (ZGA) of 2‐cell stage in mouse preimplantation embryos. In this study, we confirmed its localization in the pronuclei of 1‐cell embryos and found that p‐Ser473‐Akt acquired prominent nucleus localization in 2‐cell embryos physiologically. Akt specific inhibitors API‐2 and MK2206 could inhibit the development of mouse preimplantation embryos in vitro, and induce 2‐cell arrest at certain concentrations. 2‐cell embryos exposed to 2.0 μmol/L API‐2 or 30 μmol/L MK2206 displayed attenuated immunofluorescence intensity of p‐Ser473‐Akt in the nucleus. Simultaneously, qRT‐PCR results revealed that 2.0 μmol/L API‐2 treatment significantly downregulated the mRNA pattern of MuERV‐L and eIF‐1A, two marker genes of ZGA, suggesting a defect in ZGA compared with that of control group. Collectively, our work demonstrated the nuclear localization of p‐Ser473‐Akt during major ZGA, and Akt specific inhibitors API‐2 and MK2206 which led to 2‐cell arrest inhibited p‐Ser473‐Akt from translocating into the nucleus of 2‐cell embryos with defective ZGA as well, implying p‐Ser473‐Akt may be a potential player in the major ZGA of 2‐cell mouse embryos.     

The colour of paternity: extra‐pair paternity in the wild Gouldian finch does not appear to be driven by genetic incompatibility between morphs

In socially monogamous species, individuals can use extra‐pair paternity and offspring sex allocation as adaptive strategies to ameliorate costs of genetic incompatibility with their partner. Previous studies on domesticated Gouldian finches (Erythrura gouldiae) demonstrated a genetic incompatibility between head colour morphs, the effects of which are more severe in female offspring. Domesticated females use differential sex allocation, and extra‐pair paternity with males of compatible head colour, to reduce fitness costs associated with incompatibility in mixed‐morph pairings. However, laboratory studies are an oversimplification of the complex ecological factors experienced in the wild and may only reflect the biology of a domesticated species. This study aimed to examine the patterns of parentage and sex ratio bias with respect to colour pairing combinations in a wild population of the Gouldian finch. We utilized a novel PCR assay that allowed us to genotype the morph of offspring before the morph phenotype develops and to explore bias in morph paternity and selection at the nest. Contrary to previous findings in the laboratory, we found no effect of pairing combinations on patterns of extra‐pair paternity, offspring sex ratio or selection on morphs in nestlings. In the wild, the effect of morph incompatibility is likely much smaller, or absent, than was observed in the domesticated birds. Furthermore, the previously studied domesticated population is genetically differentiated from the wild population, consistent with the effects of domestication. It is possible that the domestication process fostered the emergence (or enhancement) of incompatibility between colour morphs previously demonstrated in the laboratory.     

The role of mate‐choice copying in speciation and hybridization

Mate‐choice copying, a social, non‐genetic mechanism of mate choice, occurs when an individual (typically a female) copies the mate choice of other individuals via a process of social learning. Over the past 20 years, mate‐choice copying has consistently been shown to affect mate choice in several species, by altering the genetically based expression of mating preferences. This behaviour has been claimed by several authors to have a significant role in evolution. Because it can cause or increase skews in male mating success, it seems to have the potential to induce a rapid change of the directionality and rate of sexual selection, possibly leading to divergent evolution and speciation. Theoretical work has, however, been challenging this view, showing that copying may decelerate sexual selection and that linkage disequilibrium cannot be established between the copied preference and the male trait, because females copy from unrelated individuals in the population, making an invasion of new and potentially fitter male traits difficult. Given this controversy, it is timely to ask about the real impact of mate‐choice copying in speciation. We propose that a solution to this impasse may be the existence of some degree of habitat selection, which would create a spatial structure, causing scenarios of micro‐allopatry and thus overcoming the problem of the lack of linkage disequilibrium. As far as we are aware, the potential role of mate‐choice copying on fostering speciation in micro‐allopatry has not been tackled. Also important is that the role of mate‐choice copying has generally been discussed as being a barrier to gene flow. However, in our view, mate‐choice copying may actually play a key role in facilitating gene flow, thereby fostering hybridization. Yet, the role of mate‐choice copying in hybridization has so far been overlooked, although the conditions under which it might occur are more likely, or less restricted, than those favouring speciation. Hence, a conceptual framework is needed to identify the exact mechanisms and the conditions under which speciation or hybridization are expected. Here, we develop such a framework to be used as a roadmap for future research at the intersection of these research areas.     

Sex ratio dynamics of Gonatocerus ashmeadi,a parasitoid of the glassy‐winged sharpshooter in California

We examined whether Gonatocerus ashmeadi Girault (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae), a quasi‐gregarious egg parasitoid of Homalodisca vitripennis (Germar) (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae), produces precise sex ratios under a field setting. Under laboratory conditions, previous studies have shown that G. ashmeadi exhibits strongly female‐biased sex ratios with low variance in the number of males produced per host. Field‐collected G. ashmeadi tend to produce much less female‐biased sex ratios with high variance in male numbers. We found significant positive effects of proportion parasitism and host density on sex ratio. Proportion parasitism also had a positive effect on sex ratio variance. The findings of this study are discussed in the context of theoretical predictions.     

Secondary contact and genomic admixture between rhesus and long‐tailed macaques in the Indochina Peninsula

Understanding the process and consequences of hybridization is one of the major challenges in evolutionary biology. A growing body of literature has reported evidence of ancient hybridization events or natural hybrid zones in primates, including humans; however, we still have relatively limited knowledge about the pattern and history of admixture because there have been little studies that simultaneously achieved genome‐scale analysis and a geographically wide sampling of wild populations. Our study applied double‐digest restriction site‐associated DNA sequencing to samples from the six localities in and around the provisional hybrid zone of rhesus and long‐tailed macaques and evaluated population structure, phylogenetic relationships, demographic history, and geographic clines of morphology and allele frequencies. A latitudinal gradient of genetic components was observed, highlighting the transition from rhesus (north) to long‐tailed macaque distribution (south) as well as the presence of one northern population of long‐tailed macaques exhibiting unique genetic structure. Interspecific gene flow was estimated to have recently occurred after an isolation period, and the migration rate from rhesus to long‐tailed macaques was slightly greater than in the opposite direction. Although some rhesus macaque‐biased alleles have widely introgressed into long‐tailed macaque populations, the inflection points of allele frequencies have been observed as concentrated around the traditionally recognized interspecific boundary where morphology discontinuously changed; this pattern was more pronounced in the X chromosome than in autosomes. Thus, due to geographic separation before secondary contact, reproductive isolation could have evolved, contributing to the maintenance of an interspecific boundary and species‐specific morphological characteristics.     

Wise flies: a pre‐dispersal seed predator prefers hermaphrodites over females in the gynodioecious Polemonium foliosissimum

1. Oviposition choices can profoundly affect offspring performance. Oviposition decisions of the dipteran pre‐dispersal seed predator, Hylemya sp. (Diptera: Anthomyiidae), when choosing among sex morphs of their host‐plant—Polemonium foliosissimum Hook—were evaluated. Polemonium foliosissimum is gynodioecious, with female and hermaphrodite sex morphs that differ in flower size. 2. It was asked: Do female flies preferentially oviposit on hermaphrodite plants and, if so, are oviposition choices correlated with flower size? Is larval survivorship higher on hermaphrodite plants and, if so, is larval success correlated with flower size? Can the differences in oviposition and/or larval success be explained by slight differences in flowering phenology between the sexes? 3. Hermaphrodite flowers received 45% more Hylemya eggs than females. Although hermaphrodites had larger petals and sepals than females, egg loads were not correlated with petal or sepal size. Larval survival was 30% greater on hermaphrodites than females and higher on plants with larger sepals. However, the difference in sepal area between genders did not fully explain larval survival differences. Egg numbers declined over weeks, but differences in egg loads between the sex morphs were not attributable to a slight phenological delay of females. Larval survival declined over the season; however, larval survival differences between sex morphs were consistent. 4. Hylemya preferentially oviposited on hermaphrodites where their larvae had a significantly greater survival rate compared with females. The present results add to the knowledge that intra‐specific choices have consequences for phytophagous insects and that the relationship between antagonists and their gynodioecious host plants is complex.     

No effect of larval experience on adult host preferences in Polygonia c‐album (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae): on the persistence of Hopkins’ host selection principle

Abstract 1. The possible effect of juvenile imprinting or ‘chemical legacy’ on the subsequent oviposition – often called the ‘Hopkins’ host selection principle’– has been a controversial but recurrent theme in the literature on host‐plant preference. While it appears possible in principle, experimental support for the hypothesis is equivocal. The present study points out that it is also important to consider its theoretical implications, and asks under what circumstances, if any, it should be favoured by natural selection. 2. Following this reasoning, it is predicted that host preference in the polyphagous butterfly Polygonia c‐album L. (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae) should not be influenced by larval environment. This was tested by rearing larvae on three natural host plants: the high‐ranked Urtica dioica and the medium‐ranked Salix cinerea and Ribes uva‐crispa, and exposing the naive females to oviposition choices involving the same set of plants. 3. It was found that larval host plant had no effect on oviposition decisions of the adult female. Hence, the Hopkins’ host selection principle does not seem to be applicable in this species. 4. Based on recent insights on how accuracy of environmental versus genetic information should affect the control of developmental switches, the conditions that could favour the use of juvenile cues in oviposition decisions are discussed. Although the Hopkins’ host selection hypothesis cannot be completely ruled out, we argue that the circumstances required for it to be adaptive are so specific that it should not be invoked as a general hypothesis for host selection in plant‐feeding insects.     

Geographical and seasonal variation in the intensity of sexual selection in the barn swallow Hirundo rustica: a meta‐analysis

Sexual selection arises from competition among individuals for access to mates, resulting in the evolution of conspicuous sexually selected traits, especially when inter‐sexual competition is mediated by mate choice. Different sexual selection regimes may occur among populations/subspecies within the same species. This is particularly the case when mate choice is based on multiple sexually selected traits. However, empirical evidence supporting this hypothesis at the among‐populations level is scarce. We conducted a meta‐analysis of the intensity of sexual selection on the largest database to date for a single species, the barn swallow (Hirundo rustica), relying on quantitative estimates of sexual selection. The intensity of sexual selection was expressed as the strength (effect size) of the relationships between six plumage ornaments (tail length, tail asymmetry, size of white spots on tail, ventral plumage colour, throat plumage colour and throat patch size) and several fitness proxies related to reproduction, parental care, offspring quality, arrival date from spring migration, and survival. The data were gathered for four geographically separated subspecies (H. r. rustica, H. r. erythrogaster, H. r. gutturalis, H. r. transitiva). The overall mean effect size (Z_r = 0.214; 95% confidence interval = 0.175–0.254; N = 329) was of intermediate magnitude, with intensity of sexual selection being stronger in males than in females. Effect sizes varied during the breeding cycle, being larger before egg deposition, when competition for access to mates reaches its maximum (i.e. in the promiscuous part of the breeding cycle), and decreasing thereafter. In addition, effect sizes from experiments were not significantly larger than those from correlative studies. Finally, sexual selection on different sexually dimorphic traits varied among subspecies. This last result suggests that morphological divergence among populations has partly arisen from divergent sexual selection, which may eventually lead to speciation.     

Mass Spectrometry Study and Infrared Spectroscopy of the Complex Between Camphor and the Two Enantiomers of Protonated Alanine: The Role of Higher‐Energy Conformers in the Enantioselectivity of the Dissociation Rate Constants

The properties of the protonated complexes built from S camphor and R or S alanine were studied in a Paul ion trap at room temperature by collision‐induced dissociation (CID) and infrared multiple‐photon dissociation spectroscopy (IRMPD), as well as molecular dynamics and ab initio calculations. While the two diastereomer complexes display very similar vibrational spectra in the fingerprint region, in line with similar structures, and almost identical calculated binding energies, their collision‐induced dissociation rates are different. Comparison of the IRMPD results to computed spectra shows that the SS and SR complexes both contain protonated alanine strongly hydrogen‐bonded to the keto group of camphor. The floppiness of this structure around the NH⁺…O = C hydrogen bond results in a complex potential energy surface showing multiple minima. Calculating the dissociation rate constant within the frame of the transition state theory shows that the fragmentation rate larger for the heterochiral SR complex than the homochiral SS complex can be explained in terms of two almost isoenergetic low‐energy conformers in the latter that are not present for the former. Chirality 25:436‐443, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.