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1.
Zhen-Ming Ge Seppo Kellomäki Xiao Zhou Heli Peltola Kai-Yun Wang Pertti J. Martikainen 《Bioenergy Research》2012,5(3):637-648
We investigated the seasonal variability of effects of elevated temperature (+3.5°C), CO2 elevation (700 μmol mol−1) and varying water regimes (high to low water content) on physiological responses and biomass growth of reed canary grass (Phalaris arundinacea L., local field-grown cultivar) grown in a boreal environment. In controlled environment greenhouses, various physiological and growth parameters of grass, i.e., light-saturated net photosynthetic rates (P nmax), water use efficiency (WUE) and optimal photochemical efficiency of photosystem II (F v/F m), and leaf area development and biomass of plant organs (leaf, stem, coarse, and fine root) were measured. During the early measurement periods, elevated temperature enhanced leaf photosynthesis and above-ground biomass of reed canary grass; however, this resulted in earlier senescence and lower biomass at the end of measurement period, compared to ambient temperature. This effect was more pronounced under water limitation. Elevated CO2 enhanced P nmax, WUE, and leaf area and total plant biomass (above- and below-ground) over growing season. The explanation for imbalance between stimulated photosynthesis and increase in above-ground biomass was that CO2 enrichment causes a greater increase in the plant’s root system. The combination of elevated temperature and CO2 slightly increases the growth of plant. Adequate water availability favored photosynthesis and biomass growth of reed canary grass. The temperature- and drought-induced stresses were partially mitigated by elevated CO2. Other cultivars should be tested in order to identify those that are better adapted to elevated temperatures and CO2 and variable water levels. 相似文献
2.
Combined effects of warming and elevated CO2 on the impact of drought in grassland species 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
K. Naudts J. Van den Berge I. A. Janssens I. Nijs R. Ceulemans 《Plant and Soil》2013,369(1-2):497-507
Aims
Drought is a major growth limiting factor in the majority of terrestrial ecosystems and is expected to become more frequent in the future. Therefore, resolving the drought response of plants under changing climate conditions is crucial to our understanding of future ecosystem functioning. This study responds to the need for experimental research on the combined effects of warming, elevated CO2 and drought, and aims to determine whether the response to drought is altered under future climate conditions.Methods
Two grassland species, Lolium perenne L. and Plantago lanceolata L., were grown in sunlit climate-controlled chambers. Four climates were simulated: (1) current climate, (2) current climate with drought, (3) a warmer climate with drought, and (4) a climate with combined warming, elevated CO2 and drought.Results
Warming did not alter the drought response, neither directly through photosynthesis nor indirectly through changes in water consumption. Also for combined warming and elevated CO2 there were no effects on the plant response to drought for any of the measured parameters. However, simultaneous warming and elevated CO2 mitigated the biomass response to drought through a positive pre-drought effect on photosynthesis and biomass response.Conclusions
Our results indicate that a positive pre-drought effect of combined warming and elevated CO2 has the potential to compensate for drought-induced biomass losses under future climate conditions. 相似文献3.
大气CO2浓度升高已成为世界范围内的重要环境问题。CO2浓度升高势必会对植物的生理生态变化产生重要影响。综述了国内外有关高浓度CO2对树木生理生态影响研究的最新进展,具体包括高浓度CO2对树木生长发育、光合和呼吸作用、抗氧化系统、树木代谢物质、挥发性有机化合物以及树木凋落物等方面的影响。高浓度CO2一般会促进树木地上植株的生长和发育,但也因树种差异而有所不同。最新研究表明,高浓度CO2促进了树木细根周转,树木根系生长在大气CO2浓度升高条件下表现为促进作用,这种作用加快了全球森林生态系统的C循环。高浓度CO2虽然在一定程度上促进树木光合速率的增加,但长期熏蒸也往往会发生光合驯化,这种现象产生的生理学机制目前仍无定论。高浓度CO2对树木呼吸作用尤其是根系呼吸的影响将是未来研究的重点和难点。高浓度CO2一般会提高树木抗氧化酶活性与抗氧化剂含量,但不同树种响应高浓度CO2的过程和机理也有所差异。研究表明,高浓度CO2一般对树木凋落物的分解产生不利影响,但也因树种而异。需要强调的是,目前关于树木地下部分、树木对高浓度CO2的适应机理和重要过程(碳氮水耦合及基因调控等)以及多个树种包括不同类型树种及不同品种之间比较研究较少;关于某一重要生理生态机制(如根系生理代谢)尤其是多个生态因子复合条件下缺乏长期深入的研究。在此基础上给出了大气CO2浓度升高下树木生理生态学研究的未来发展方向,包括高CO2浓度条件下树木根系生理代谢及机制、树木碳氮水耦合的生理过程及机制、不同生态因子复合作用对树木生理影响机制以及树木分子作用机理等方面的研究。这些研究不仅将丰富森林树木应对未来气候变化的有关科学理论,也为全球气候变化背景下实现森林树种生态功能的优化选择及森林生态系统的可持续发展与经营提供重要的生理生态学理论依据和参考。 相似文献
4.
The effects of elevated CO2 and temperature on photosynthesis and calcification of two important calcifying reef algae (Halimeda macroloba and Halimeda cylindracea) were investigated with O2 microsensors and chlorophyll a fluorometry through a combination of two pCO2 (400 and 1,200 μatm) and two temperature treatments (28 and 32 °C) equivalent to the present and predicted conditions during the 2100 austral summer. Combined exposure to pCO2 and elevated temperature impaired calcification and photosynthesis in the two Halimeda species due to changes in the microenvironment around the algal segments and a reduction in physiological performance. There were no significant changes in controls over the 5-week experiment, but there was a 50–70 % decrease in photochemical efficiency (maximum quantum yield), a 70–80 % decrease in O2 production and a threefold reduction in calcification rate in the elevated CO2 and high temperature treatment. Calcification in these species is closely coupled with photosynthesis, such that a decrease in photosynthetic efficiency leads to a decrease in calcification. Although pH seems to be the main factor affecting Halimeda species, heat stress also has an impact on their photosystem II photochemical efficiency. There was a strong combined effect of elevated CO2 and temperature in both species, where exposure to elevated CO2 or temperature alone decreased photosynthesis and calcification, but exposure to both elevated CO2 and temperature caused a greater decline in photosynthesis and calcification than in each stress individually. Our study shows that ocean acidification and ocean warming are drivers of calcification and photosynthesis inhibition in Halimeda. Predicted climate change scenarios for 2100 would therefore severely affect the fitness of Halimeda, which can result in a strongly reduced production of carbonate sediments on coral reefs under such changed climate conditions. 相似文献
5.
Elevated CO2 enhances carbon uptake of a plant stand, but the magnitude of the increase varies among growth stages. We studied the relative
contribution of structural and physiological factors to the CO2 effect on the carbon balance during stand development. Stands of an annual herb Chenopodium album were established in open-top chambers at ambient and elevated CO2 concentrations (370 and 700 μmol mol−1). Plant biomass growth, canopy structural traits (leaf area, leaf nitrogen distribution, and light gradient in the canopy),
and physiological characteristics (leaf photosynthesis and respiration of organs) were studied through the growing season.
CO2 exchange of the stand was estimated with a canopy photosynthesis model. Rates of light-saturated photosynthesis and dark
respiration of leaves as related with nitrogen content per unit leaf area and time-dependent reduction in specific respiration
rates of stems and roots were incorporated into the model. Daily canopy carbon balance, calculated as an integration of leaf
photosynthesis minus stem and root respiration, well explained biomass growth determined by harvests (r
2 = 0.98). The increase of canopy photosynthesis with elevated CO2 was 80% at an early stage and decreased to 55% at flowering. Sensitivity analyses suggested that an alteration in leaf photosynthetic
traits enhanced canopy photosynthesis by 40–60% throughout the experiment period, whereas altered canopy structure contributed
to the increase at the early stage only. Thus, both physiological and structural factors are involved in the increase of carbon
balance and growth rate of C. album stands at elevated CO2. However, their contributions were not constant, but changed with stand development. 相似文献
6.
Nitrogen assimilation and transpiration: key processes conditioning responsiveness of wheat to elevated [CO2] and temperature
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Iván Jauregui Ricardo Aroca María Garnica Ángel M. Zamarreño José M. García‐Mina Maria D. Serret Martin Parry Juan J. Irigoyen Iker Aranjuelo 《Physiologia plantarum》2015,155(3):338-354
Although climate scenarios have predicted an increase in [CO2] and temperature conditions, to date few experiments have focused on the interaction of [CO2] and temperature effects in wheat development. Recent evidence suggests that photosynthetic acclimation is linked to the photorespiration and N assimilation inhibition of plants exposed to elevated CO2. The main goal of this study was to analyze the effect of interacting [CO2] and temperature on leaf photorespiration, C/N metabolism and N transport in wheat plants exposed to elevated [CO2] and temperature conditions. For this purpose, wheat plants were exposed to elevated [CO2] (400 vs 700 µmol mol?1) and temperature (ambient vs ambient + 4°C) in CO2 gradient greenhouses during the entire life cycle. Although at the agronomic level, elevated temperature had no effect on plant biomass, physiological analyses revealed that combined elevated [CO2] and temperature negatively affected photosynthetic performance. The limited energy levels resulting from the reduced respiratory and photorespiration rates of such plants were apparently inadequate to sustain nitrate reductase activity. Inhibited N assimilation was associated with a strong reduction in amino acid content, conditioned leaf soluble protein content and constrained leaf N status. Therefore, the plant response to elevated [CO2] and elevated temperature resulted in photosynthetic acclimation. The reduction in transpiration rates induced limitations in nutrient transport in leaves of plants exposed to elevated [CO2] and temperature, led to mineral depletion and therefore contributed to the inhibition of photosynthetic activity. 相似文献
7.
Interaction of Elevated Ultraviolet-B Radiation and CO(2) on Productivity and Photosynthetic Characteristics in Wheat, Rice, and Soybean 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
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Wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv Bannock), rice (Oryza sativa L. cv IR-36), and soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr cv Essex) were grown in a factorial greenhouse experiment to determine if CO2-induced increases in photosynthesis, biomass, and yield are modified by increases in ultraviolet (UV)-B radiation corresponding to stratospheric ozone depletion. The experimental conditions simulated were: (a) an increase in CO2 concentration from 350 to 650 microliters per liter; (b) an increase in UV-B radiation corresponding to a 10% ozone depletion at the equator; and (c) a and b in combination. Seed yield and total biomass increased significantly with elevated CO2 in all three species when compared to the control. However, with concurrent increases in UV-B and CO2, no increase in either seed yield (wheat and rice) or total biomass (rice) was observed with respect to the control. In contrast, CO2-induced increases in seed yield and total plant biomass were maintained or increased in soybean within the elevated CO2, UV-B environment. Whole leaf gas exchange indicated a significant increase in photosynthesis, apparent quantum efficiency (AQE) and water-use-efficiency (WUE) with elevated CO2 in all 3 species. Including elevated UV-B radiation with high CO2 eliminated the effect of high CO2 on photosynthesis and WUE in rice and the increase in AQE associated with high CO2 in all species. Elevated CO2 did not change the apparent carboxylation efficiency (ACE) in the three species although the combination of elevated CO2 and UV-B reduced ACE in wheat and rice. The results of this experiment illustrate that increased UV-B radiation may modify CO2-induced increases in biomass, seed yield and photosynthetic parameters and suggest that available data may not adequately characterize the potential effect of future, simultaneous changes in CO2 concentration and UV-B radiation. 相似文献
8.
Root restriction as a factor in photosynthetic acclimation of cotton seedlings grown in elevated carbon dioxide 总被引:38,自引:1,他引:37
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Interactive effects of root restriction and atmospheric CO2 enrichment on plant growth, photosynthetic capacity, and carbohydrate partitioning were studied in cotton seedlings (Gossypium hirsutum L.) grown for 28 days in three atmospheric CO2 partial pressures (270, 350, and 650 microbars) and two pot sizes (0.38 and 1.75 liters). Some plants were transplanted from small pots into large pots after 20 days. Reduction of root biomass resulting from growth in small pots was accompanied by decreased shoot biomass and leaf area. When root growth was less restricted, plants exposed to higher CO2 partial pressures produced more shoot and root biomass than plants exposed to lower levels of CO2. In small pots, whole plant biomass and leaf area of plants grown in 270 and 350 microbars of CO2 were not significantly different. Plants grown in small pots in 650 microbars of CO2 produced greater total biomass than plants grown in 350 microbars, but the dry weight gain was found to be primarily an accumulation of leaf starch. Reduced photosynthetic capacity of plants grown at elevated levels of CO2 was clearly associated with inadequate rooting volume. Reductions in net photosynthesis were not associated with decreased stomatal conductance. Reduced carboxylation efficiency in response to CO2 enrichment occurred only when root growth was restricted suggesting that ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase activity may be responsive to plant source-sink balance rather than to CO2 concentration as a single factor. When root-restricted plants were transplanted into large pots, carboxylation efficiency and ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate regeneration capacity increased indicating that acclimation of photosynthesis was reversible. Reductions in photosynthetic capacity as root growth was progressively restricted suggest sink-limited feedback inhibition as a possible mechanism for regulating net photosynthesis of plants grown in elevated CO2. 相似文献
9.
An important question with respect to plant performance in future climatic scenarios is whether the offspring of mature trees that have experienced lifelong exposure to elevated [CO2] show altered physiological responses to elevated [CO2] compared with those originating from current ambient CO2 concentrations. To investigate this question, acorns were collected from two seed sources, denoted as ‘control’ and ‘spring’, from Quercus ilex mother trees grown at ambient (36 Pa) and at about twice ambient CO2 concentrations, respectively, close to a natural CO2 spring, Laiatico, central Italy. The seedlings were raised for 8 months under controlled conditions at ambient and elevated [CO2] in a reciprocal experimental design and were used for the determination of biomass, photosynthesis and foliar carbohydrate concentrations, as well as the accumulation of structural biomass and lignin during leaf maturation. Under ambient [CO2], biomass and foliar carbon acquisition in control progeny were not significantly different from spring progeny. However, under elevated [CO2], spring seedlings showed less CO2 acclimation than control seedlings but no significant differences in non‐structural carbohydrate concentrations and structural biomass per unit leaf dry mass. Developmental lignin accumulation in leaves was delayed under elevated [CO2] compared with ambient [CO2], but only in control progeny. Under elevated [CO2], whole‐plant biomass, leaf area and stem diameter were significantly increased in Quercus ilex seedlings from both seed sources but with a higher stimulation of above‐ground biomass in spring than in control seedlings and a higher stimulation of below‐ground biomass in control seedlings. These results indicate that life history and/or progeny may determine the species‐specific CO2 response and suggest that positive CO2 acclimation is possible. 相似文献
10.
MARIE-LAURE NAVAS† JEAN-LOUIS GUILLERM JACQUES FABREGUETTES JACQUES ROY 《Global Change Biology》1995,1(5):325-335
We studied the effects of a doubling of atmospheric CO2 concentration on intact monoliths of Mediterranean grassland in growth chambers where climatic field conditions were simulated. During the six month growing season, changes in community structure were monitored by quantifying species richness and cover. The CO2 exchange of microcosms was measured continuously and the resulting quantity and quality of biomass were evaluated. Species richness and cover did not respond to elevated CO2. After one month of treatment, CO2 exchange measured during the day did not differ between CO2 levels but the night respiration was two-fold higher under elevated CO2. Stimulations of both day and night CO2 flux by short-term CO2 enrichment were recorded several times during the growing season. These results suggest that despite some downward adjustment of photosynthesis, net canopy photosynthesis was stimulated by elevated CO2, but this stimulation was compensated for by an increased respiration. The 20% stimulation of final phytomass under elevated CO2 was not significant: it resulted from unchanged live plant matter but a significant, 100% increase in litter accumulation. These results suggest that in low-productivity Mediterranean herbaceous systems, the greatest effect of CO2 is not on the storage of carbon in biomass but on the turnover of the carbon in the plants. 相似文献
11.
Jane Kongstad Inger K. Schmidt Torben Riis-Nielsen Marie F. Arndal Teis N. Mikkelsen Claus Beier 《Ecosystems》2012,15(2):269-283
Climate change scenarios predict simultaneously increase in temperature, altered precipitation patterns and elevated atmospheric
CO2 concentration, which will affect key ecosystem processes and plant growth and species interactions. In a large-scale experiment,
we investigated the effects of in situ exposure to elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration, increased temperature and prolonged drought periods on the plant biomass in a dry heathland (Brandbjerg, Denmark).
Results after 3 years showed that drought reduced the growth of the two dominant species Deschampsia flexuosa and Calluna vulgaris. However, both species recovered quickly after rewetting and the drought had no significant effect on annual aboveground
biomass production. We did not observe any effects of increased temperature. Elevated CO2 stimulated the biomass production for D. flexuosa in one out of three years but did not influence the standing biomass for either D. flexuosa or the ecosystem as more litter was produced. Treatment combinations showed little interactions on the measured parameters
and in particular elevated CO2 did not counterbalance the drought effect on plant growth, as we had anticipated. The plant community did not show any significant
responses to the imposed climate changes and we conclude that the two heathland species, on a short time scale, will be relatively
resistant to the changes in climatic conditions. 相似文献
12.
The type of competition modulates the ecophysiological response of grassland species to elevated CO2 and drought
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J. Miranda‐Apodaca U. Pérez‐López M. Lacuesta A. Mena‐Petite A. Muñoz‐Rueda 《Plant biology (Stuttgart, Germany)》2015,17(2):298-310
The effects of elevated CO2 and drought on ecophysiological parameters in grassland species have been examined, but few studies have investigated the effect of competition on those parameters under climate change conditions. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of elevated CO2 and drought on the response of plant water relations, gas exchange, chlorophyll a fluorescence and aboveground biomass in four grassland species, as well as to assess whether the type of competition modulates that response. Elevated CO2 in well‐watered conditions increased aboveground biomass by augmenting CO2 assimilation. Drought reduced biomass by reducing CO2 assimilation rate via stomatal limitation and, when drought was more severe, also non‐stomatal limitation. When plants were grown under the combined conditions of elevated CO2 and drought, drought limitation observed under ambient CO2 was reduced, permitting higher CO2 assimilation and consequently reducing the observed decrease in aboveground biomass. The response to climate change was species‐specific and dependent on the type of competition. Thus, the response to elevated CO2 in well‐watered grasses was higher in monoculture than in mixture, while it was higher in mixture compared to monoculture for forbs. On the other hand, forbs were more affected than grasses by drought in monoculture, while in mixture the negative effect of drought was higher in grasses than in forbs, due to a lower capacity to acquire water and mineral nutrients. These differences in species‐level growth responses to CO2 and drought may lead to changes in the composition and biodiversity of the grassland plant community in future climate conditions. 相似文献
13.
Ingvar Bauweraerts Timothy M. Wertin Maarten Ameye Mary Anne McGuire Robert O. Teskey Kathy Steppe 《Global Change Biology》2013,19(2):517-528
The frequency and intensity of heat waves are predicted to increase. This study investigates whether heat waves would have the same impact as a constant increase in temperature with the same heat sum, and whether there would be any interactive effects of elevated [CO2] and soil moisture content. We grew Quercus rubra seedlings in treatment chambers maintained at either ambient or elevated [CO2] (380 or 700 μmol CO2 mol?1) with temperature treatments of ambient, ambient +3 °C, moderate heat wave (+6 °C every other week) or severe heat wave (+12 °C every fourth week) temperatures. Averaged over a 4‐week period, and the entire growing season, the three elevated temperature treatments had the same average temperature and heat sum. Half the seedlings were watered to a soil water content near field capacity, half to about 50% of this value. Foliar gas exchange measurements were performed morning and afternoon (9:00 and 15:00 hours) before, during and after an applied heat wave in August 2010. Biomass accumulation was measured after five heat wave cycles. Under ambient [CO2] and well‐watered conditions, biomass accumulation was highest in the +3 °C treatment, intermediate in the +6 °C heat wave and lowest in the +12 °C heat wave treatment. This response was mitigated by elevated [CO2]. Low soil moisture significantly decreased net photosynthesis (Anet) and biomass in all [CO2] and temperature treatments. The +12 °C heat wave reduced afternoon Anet by 23% in ambient [CO2]. Although this reduction was relatively greater under elevated [CO2], Anet values during this heat wave were still 34% higher than under ambient [CO2]. We concluded that heat waves affected biomass growth differently than the same amount of heat applied uniformly over the growing season, and that the plant response to heat waves also depends on [CO2] and soil moisture conditions. 相似文献
14.
HAEGEUN CHUNG DONALD R. ZAK PETER B. REICH‡ DAVID S. ELLSWORTH 《Global Change Biology》2007,13(5):980-989
We determined soil microbial community composition and function in a field experiment in which plant communities of increasing species richness were exposed to factorial elevated CO2 and nitrogen (N) deposition treatments. Because elevated CO2 and N deposition increased plant productivity to a greater extent in more diverse plant assemblages, it is plausible that heterotrophic microbial communities would experience greater substrate availability, potentially increasing microbial activity, and accelerating soil carbon (C) and N cycling. We, therefore, hypothesized that the response of microbial communities to elevated CO2 and N deposition is contingent on the species richness of plant communities. Microbial community composition was determined by phospholipid fatty acid analysis, and function was measured using the activity of key extracellular enzymes involved in litter decomposition. Higher plant species richness, as a main effect, fostered greater microbial biomass, cellulolytic and chitinolytic capacity, as well as the abundance of saprophytic and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi. Moreover, the effect of plant species richness on microbial communities was significantly modified by elevated CO2 and N deposition. For instance, microbial biomass and fungal abundance increased with greater species richness, but only under combinations of elevated CO2 and ambient N, or ambient CO2 and N deposition. Cellobiohydrolase activity increased with higher plant species richness, and this trend was amplified by elevated CO2. In most cases, the effect of plant species richness remained significant even after accounting for the influence of plant biomass. Taken together, our results demonstrate that plant species richness can directly regulate microbial activity and community composition, and that plant species richness is a significant determinant of microbial response to elevated CO2 and N deposition. The strong positive effect of plant species richness on cellulolytic capacity and microbial biomass indicate that the rates of soil C cycling may decline with decreasing plant species richness. 相似文献
15.
Zhenzhu Xu Hideyuki Shimizu Shoko Ito Yasumi Yagasaki Chunjing Zou Guangsheng Zhou Yuanrun Zheng 《Planta》2014,239(2):421-435
Warming, watering and elevated atmospheric CO2-concentration effects have been extensively studied separately; however, their combined impact on plants is not well understood. In the current research, we examined plant growth and physiological responses of three dominant species from the Eurasian Steppe with different functional traits to a combination of elevated CO2, high temperature, and four simulated precipitation patterns. Elevated CO2 stimulated plant growth by 10.8–41.7 % for a C3 leguminous shrub, Caragana microphylla, and by 33.2–52.3 % for a C3 grass, Stipa grandis, across all temperature and watering treatments. Elevated CO2, however, did not affect plant biomass of a C4 grass, Cleistogenes squarrosa, under normal or increased precipitation, whereas a 20.0–69.7 % stimulation of growth occurred with elevated CO2 under drought conditions. Plant growth was enhanced in the C3 shrub and the C4 grass by warming under normal precipitation, but declined drastically with severe drought. The effects of elevated CO2 on leaf traits, biomass allocation and photosynthetic potential were remarkably species-dependent. Suppression of photosynthetic activity, and enhancement of cell peroxidation by a combination of warming and severe drought, were partly alleviated by elevated CO2. The relationships between plant functional traits and physiological activities and their responses to climate change were discussed. The present results suggested that the response to CO2 enrichment may strongly depend on the response of specific species under varying patterns of precipitation, with or without warming, highlighting that individual species and multifactor dependencies must be considered in a projection of terrestrial ecosystem response to climatic change. 相似文献
16.
Zhenzhu Xu Hideyuki Shimizu Yasumi Yagasaki Shoko Ito Yuanrun Zheng Guangsheng Zhou 《Journal of Plant Growth Regulation》2013,32(4):692-707
Adverse climate change attributed to elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration (CO2) and increased temperature components of global warming has been a central issue affecting economic and social development. Climate change, particularly global warming, imposes a severe impact on the terrestrial ecosystem. Elevated CO2, drought, and high temperature have been extensively documented individually; however, relatively little is known about how plants respond to the interaction of these factors. To summarize current knowledge on the response of plants to global change factors, we focus on the interactive effects of CO2 enrichment, warming, and drought on plant growth, carbon allocation, and photosynthesis. Stimulation due to elevated CO2 might be suppressed under other negative climatic/environmental stresses such as drought, high temperature, and their combination. However, elevated CO2 could alleviate deleterious effects of moderate drought via reducing stomatal conductance, altering leaf surface, and regulating gene expression. High CO2 levels and rising temperatures may result in opposite responses in plant water use efficiency. Stimulation of plant growth due to elevated CO2 for C3 species occurs regardless of water conditions, but only under a water deficit for C4 species. The positive effect of elevated CO2 on C4 species is derived mainly from the improved water status. Plant adaptive or maladaptive responses to multivariate environments are interactive; thus, researchers need to explore the ecological underpinnings involved in such responses to the multiple factors involved in climate change. 相似文献
17.
Atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) and global mean temperature are expected to be significantly higher by the end of the 21st century. Elevated CO2 (eCO2) and higher temperature each affect plant physiology and growth, but their interactive effects have not been reviewed statistically
with respect to higher chronic mean temperatures and abrupt heat stress. In this meta-analysis, we examined the effect of
CO2 on the physiology and growth of plants subjected to different temperature treatments. The CO2 treatments were categorized into ambient (<400 ppm) or elevated (>560 ppm) levels, while temperature treatments were categorized
into ambient temperature (AT), elevated temperature (ET; AT + 1.4–6°C), or heat stress (HS; AT + >8°C). Plant species were
grouped according to photosynthetic pathways (C3, C4), functional types (legumes, non-legumes), growth forms (herbaceous, woody), and economic purposes (crop, non-crop). eCO2 enhanced net photosynthesis at AT, ET, and HS in C3 species (especially at the HS level), but in C4 species, it had no effect at AT, a positive effect at ET, and a negative effect at HS. The positive effect of eCO2 on net photosynthesis was greater for legumes than for non-legumes at HS, for non-crops than crops at ET, and for woody than
herbaceous species at ET and HS. Total (W
T) and above- (W
AG) and below-ground (W
BG) biomass were increased by eCO2 for most species groups at all temperatures, except for C4 species and W
BG of legumes at HS. Hence, eCO2 × heat effects on growth were often not explained by effects on net photosynthesis. Overall, the results show that eCO2 effects on plant physiology and growth vary under different temperature regimes, among functional groups and photosynthetic
pathways, and among response variables. These findings have important implications for biomass accumulation and ecosystem
functioning in the future when the CO2 level is higher and climate extremes, such as heat waves, become more frequent. 相似文献
18.
A. K. Romanova 《Russian Journal of Plant Physiology》2005,52(1):112-126
The review of publications concerning the impact of increasing CO2 concentration in the Earths atmosphere (Ca) on higher terrestrial plants. The physiological changes in plants induced by increasing Ca, including growth and biochemical composition, the characteristics of photosynthesis and respiration, as well as the molecular mechanisms of the regulation of the activity of most important biosynthetic enzymes at early and late stages of the exposure to elevated Ca are under consideration. Various concepts of metabolic regulation during acclimation to increasing CO2 concentration are critically reviewed. The pathways of possible involvement of carbonic anhydrase-mediated systems of CO2 transport and concentration during C3 photosynthesis of higher plants, the metabolic and signal mechanisms of photosynthesis inhibition by carbohydrates and the role of ethylene at elevated Ca are presented. The effect of elevated Ca on plant development and source-sink relations, as well as its interaction with other environmental factors, such as mineral, primarily nitrogen nutrition, light, temperature, and water regime, are discussed in with the context of potential forecasting of the consequences of increase in Ca and temperature for the activities of various higher plant forms in the rapidly changing climate.Translated from Fiziologiya Rastenii, Vol. 52, No. 1, 2005, pp. 129–145.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Romanova. 相似文献
19.
We measured the effect of elevated CO2 on populations of the western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis and on the amount of leaf damage inflicted by the thrips to one of its host plants, the common milkweed, Asclepias syriaca. Plants grown at elevated CO2 had significantly greater aboveground biomass and C:N ratios, and significantly reduced percentage nitrogen. The number of
thrips per plant was not affected by CO2 treatment, but the density of thrips (numbers per gram aboveground biomass), was significantly reduced at high CO2. Consumption by thrips, expressed as the amount of damaged leaf area per capita, was significantly greater at high CO2, and the amount of leaf area damaged by thrips was increased by 33%. However overall leaf area at elevated CO2 increased by 62%, more than compensating for the increase in thrips consumption. The net outcome was that plants at elevated
CO2 had 3.6 times more undamaged leaf area available for photosynthesis than plants at ambient CO2, even though they had only 1.6 times the overall amount of leaf area. This study highlights the need for measuring the effects
of herbivory at the whole-plant level and also the importance of taking herbivory into account when predicting plant responses
to elevated CO2.
Received: 9 January 1996 /Accepted: 30 July 1996 相似文献
20.
Karolina Heyduk 《Plant physiology》2022,190(1):19
Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) is a mode of photosynthesis that evolved in response to decreasing CO2 levels in the atmosphere some 20 million years ago. An elevated ratio of O2 relative to CO2 caused many plants to face increasing stress from photorespiration, a process exacerbated for plants living under high temperatures or in water-limited environments. Today, our climate is again rapidly changing and plants’ ability to cope with and adapt to these novel environments is critical for their success. This review focuses on CAM plant responses to abiotic stressors likely to dominate in our changing climate: increasing CO2 levels, increasing temperatures, and greater variability in drought. Empirical studies that have assessed CAM responses are reviewed, though notably these are concentrated in relatively few CAM lineages. Other aspects of CAM biology, including the effects of abiotic stress on the light reactions and the role of leaf succulence, are also considered in the context of climate change. Finally, more recent studies using genomic techniques are discussed to link physiological changes in CAM plants with the underlying molecular mechanism. Together, the body of work reviewed suggests that CAM plants will continue to thrive in certain environments under elevated CO2. However, how CO2 interacts with other environmental factors, how those interactions affect CAM plants, and whether all CAM plants will be equally affected remain outstanding questions regarding the evolution of CAM on a changing planet.The evolutionary history, physiology, and molecular function of CAM photosynthesis provides clues as to how CAM plants will fare under future climate change scenarios. 相似文献