猪繁殖与呼吸综合征检测技术研究进展

猪繁殖与呼吸综合征是导致猪繁殖障碍疾病的一种重要猪病。其致病机制和自身复制规律至今尚不完全明确,因此无法从根本上清除该病的存在,这就使得对该病的检测显得尤为重要。现从直观的临床诊断、精确的实验室诊断及鉴别诊断等方面对猪繁殖与呼吸综合征检测技术进行了综述,其中对可以最终确诊的实验室检测技术进行了重点介绍,并对猪繁殖与呼吸综合征生物学检测技术进行了总结。     

Domestic microwave processing for rapid immunohistochemical diagnosis of bovine rabies

The present study describes the use of a microwave processing protocol for the rapid histopathological and immunohistochemical diagnosis of bovine rabies. Immunohistochemistry has been used for rabies diagnosis in formalin-fixed tissue with satisfactory results, although the time to diagnosis is considerably longer than that with direct immunofluorescence. The protocol provided a provisory histopathological rabies diagnosis in approximately three and half hours and the immunohistochemical diagnosis was available after six hours. The protocol achieved 100% correlation with direct immunofluorescence and is a promising method, particularly in situations in which only material in formalin is available for diagnosis or when the refrigeration or transportation of biological material is difficult.     

Rapid cytologic diagnosis of surgical specimens.

The application of a rapid cytologic procedure for examination of tissue submitted for immediate frozen section diagnosis is reported. Its use in various anatomical locations is described briefly. It is apparent that this technic has wide applicability in the cytologic diagnosis of lesions from all organs. It has been used by the author for the past twenty years and has been found applicable to all types of lesions from all organs.     

Rapid analysis of amplified double-stranded DNA by capillary electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescence detection

DNA amplification technology has been applied to clinical diagnosis of infectious disease, genetic disorder, and cancer. After in vitro amplification of a particular DNA region, the methods of analysis for these amplified samples play a pivotal role in clinical diagnosis. Conventional gel electrophoresis has been routinely used in the lab for checking DNA. The whole procedure is time consuming and requires more than 1 ng of DNA for detection. To achieve greater performance in DNA diagnosis, we demonstrated capillary electrophoresis with laser induced fluorescence detection for analysis of amplified DNA. The analysis of DNA could be completed within 3 min and the data is directly entered into the computer. Considering the automatic and rapid process, we believe that this method could be routinely utilized for the clinical diagnosis of amplified DNA products.     

子宫颈癌细胞学新型生物标志、诊断标志物的筛选和开发现状

子宫颈癌至今仍是全球范围内一个重要的公共卫生问题，是妇女疾病死亡的主要原因之一。因此，子宫颈癌细胞学的筛查、早期诊断和治疗越来越受到重视，虽然新的技术不断推出使子宫颈癌的早期筛查及诊治水平有了很大提高，但仍缺乏新型的特异性生物学标志物。本文从新的子宫颈癌相关蛋白生物标志物和诊断靶标的发现，治疗子宫颈癌的药物作用、治疗靶标和作用机制的评估，子宫颈癌相关微小核糖核酸作为诊断和治疗靶标的筛选等方面对子宫颈脱落细胞筛查方法的开发和研究进展进行综述，为子宫颈癌的早期筛查和诊断寻找新的生物学标志物。     

Antibodies to mycobacterial antigens for diagnosis of tuberculosis

In spite of the advent of several newer modalities in molecular and immunological methods of diagnosis, the diagnosis of smear negative tuberculosis is a major problem even today. Use of antibody detection ELISA for the purpose has been evaluated by many authors using a variety of antigens derived from mycobacteria. These antigens are reported to have many advantages and disadvantages. Here we review commonly used antigens used for detection of antimycobacterial antibodies for diagnosis of tuberculosis. Each antigen is reviewed for its application in diagnosis, sensitivity, specificity, cross-reactivity and clinical application.     

Preimplantation genetic diagnosis: applications for molecular medicine.

Preimplantation genetic diagnosis is an alternative to prenatal diagnosis for the detection of genetic disorders. Tests are conducted on single cells biopsied from embryos before they are implanted, allowing the selection of unaffected embryos before a pregnancy has been established. Thus, the issue of pregnancy termination is circumvented. The use of preimplantation genetic diagnosis might have a significant impact on in vitro fertilization success rates as well as allowing the diagnosis of inherited disease.     

高频超声、钼靶X射线在乳腺BI—RADSⅣ～Ⅴ级诊断中的应用对比研究

目的探讨高频超声、钼靶X射线单独与联合应用在乳腺影像报告与数据系统（BI—RADS）Ⅳ～Ⅴ级诊断中的应用价值及对比研究。方法136个病灶经病理证实为乳腺恶性肿瘤,回顾性分析高频超声、铝靶X射线影像表现,并对诊断的准确性进行统计学分析。结果高频超声、钼靶X射线及两者联合应用对乳腺BI～RADSⅣ～Ⅴ级诊断的正确率、误诊率比较,差异有统计学意义,P〈0．01．结论高频超声在乳腺肿块（BI—RADSⅣ～Ⅴ级）诊断正确率方面优于钼靶X射线,特别是肿瘤直径〈1．0cm,且不伴有钙化时,两者联合应用较单一方法更能提高乳腺肿块（BI—RADSⅣ～Ⅴ级）的检出率及良、恶性鉴别诊断。     

DNA technological progress toward advanced diagnostic tools to support human hookworm control

Blood-feeding hookworms are parasitic nematodes of major human health importance. Currently, it is estimated that 740 million people are infected worldwide, and more than 80 million of them are severely affected clinically by hookworm disease. In spite of the health problems caused and the advances toward the development of vaccines against some hookworms, limited attention has been paid to the need for improved, practical methods of diagnosis. Accurate diagnosis and genetic characterization of hookworms is central to their effective control. While traditional diagnostic methods have considerable limitations, there has been some progress toward the development of molecular-diagnostic tools. The present article provides a brief background on hookworm disease of humans, reviews the main methods that have been used for diagnosis and describes progress in establishing polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based methods for the specific diagnosis of hookworm infection and the genetic characterisation of the causative agents. This progress provides a foundation for the rapid development of practical, highly sensitive and specific diagnostic and analytical tools to be used in improved hookworm prevention and control programmes.     

细胞外微RNA:一种新型的肺癌分子生物标志物

尽管癌症的早期诊断和治疗在不断发展和进步,但寻找一种敏感、准确和微创的分子生物标志物,用于肿瘤的诊断仍是一项艰巨任务。微RNA(miRNA)是一类长约21～24个核甘酸的内源性非编码小分子RNA。细胞外miRNA作为一种新型的分子生物标志物,在癌症诊断方面具有微创、高灵敏度和高特异性等许多潜在特征。近年来,细胞外miRNA研究成果颇丰。文章就细胞外miRNA的来源、功能、检测以及作为分子标志物在肺癌诊断中的作用和目前存在的一些问题进行了综述。     

普鲁士蓝纳米粒子在生物医学诊断和治疗中的应用及进展

随着生物医学诊断和治疗的持续深入研究,出现了多种医学诊断和治疗新方法,为人类的健康提供了更大的保证,其中纳米生物技术在生物医学诊断和治疗中的应用日益增多,基于纳米技术,开发传统材料的生物医学新应用成为了人们的研究热点。普鲁士蓝是一种历史悠久的蓝色染料,其制备过程简单、绿色、成本低,化学结构稳定,具有优良的物理、化学、光学以及磁性等性能,已经在许多领域得到了广泛的应用。近年来,普鲁士蓝开始在生物医学诊断和治疗领域中崭露头角,它已经成功的被开发为新型的核磁共振造影剂和光声成像造影剂,并且在药物输送系统和光热治疗等领域也开始占有一席之地,开发基于纳米技术的普鲁士蓝的生物医学应用已经成为极具吸引力的研究方向。本文对普鲁士蓝在生物医学诊断和治疗中的应用及进展进行综述。     

Fine Needle Aspiration For the Diagnosis and Management of Granulomatous Disease

Fine needle aspiration is a quick, minimally invasive and cost-effective technique for the diagnosis of granulomatous disease. Cytological diagnosis can often be specific, with the help of special stains and microbiological culture of aspirated material, particularly in the case of tuberculosis, the most common infective granulomatous disease in this country. At a fine needle aspiration clinic many cases of granulomatous disease, some from unusual sites, have been diagnosed and the use of more invasive investigations has been avoided. The problems involved in cytological diagnosis are discussed using seven cases as examples.     

Early diagnostic esophagoscopy in the management of corrosive burns of the esophagus

Effective methods developed to review and study the care of patients in hospital have not been applicable to ambulatory care, in which definitive diagnosis is the exception rather than the rule. A reasonable alternative to using diagnosis as the basis for assessing ambulatory care is to use the problems or requests presented by the patients themselves. A system has been developed for classifying and coding this information for flexible computer retrieval. Testing indicates that the system is simple in design, easily mastered by nonphysicians and provides reliable, useful data at a low cost.     

The possibility of increasing the precision of biochemical diagnostics of Gaucher disease

Estimation of chitotriosidase activity is proposed for final diagnostics of Gaucher disease. Using this method the diagnosis has not been confirmed in one patient of 25 ones with this preliminary diagnosis. The problems of complex diagnostics of Gaucher disease are discussed.     

Diagnostics for herpes simplex virus: is PCR the new gold standard?

Herpes simplex virus (HSV) is one of the most common, yet frequently overlooked, sexually transmitted infections. Since the type of HSV infection affects prognosis and subsequent counseling, type-specific testing to distinguish HSV-1 from HSV-2 is recommended. Although PCR has been the diagnostic standard for HSV infections of the central nervous system, until now viral culture has been the test of choice for HSV genital infection. However, HSV PCR, with its consistently and substantially higher rate of HSV detection, will likely replace viral culture as the gold standard for the diagnosis of genital herpes in people with active mucocutaneous lesions, regardless of anatomic location or viral type. Alternatively, type-specific serologic tests based on glycoprotein G should be the test of choice to establish the diagnosis of HSV infection when no active lesion is present. Given the difficulty in making the clinical diagnosis of HSV, the growing worldwide prevalence of genital herpes and the availability of effective antiviral therapy, there is an increased demand for rapid, accurate laboratory diagnosis of patients with HSV.     

Diagnostic Pathways as Social and Participatory Practices: The Case of Herpes Simplex Encephalitis

Herpes simplex virus (HSV) encephalitis is a potentially devastating disease, with significant rates of mortality and co-morbidities. Although the prognosis for people with HSV encephalitis can be improved by prompt treatment with aciclovir, there are often delays involved in the diagnosis and treatment of the disease. In response, National Clinical Guidelines have been produced for the UK which make recommendations for improving the management of suspected viral encephalitis. However, little is currently known about the everyday experiences and processes involved in the diagnosis and care of HSV encephalitis. The reported study aimed to provide an account of the diagnosis and treatment of HSV encephalitis from the perspective of people who had been affected by the condition. Thirty narrative interviews were conducted with people who had been diagnosed with HSV encephalitis and their significant others. The narrative accounts reveal problems with gaining access to a diagnosis of encephalitis and shortfalls in care for the condition once in hospital. In response, individuals and their families work hard to obtain medical recognition for the problem and shape the processes of acute care. As a consequence, we argue that the diagnosis and management of HSV encephalitis needs to be considered as a participatory process, which is co-produced by health professionals, patients, and their families. The paper concludes by making recommendations for developing the current management guidelines by formalising the critical role of patients and their significant others in the identification, and treatment of, HSV encephalitis.     

临床蛋白质组学———蛋白质组学在临床研究中的应用

临床蛋白质组学是将蛋白质组学技术应用于临床医学研究,它主要围绕疾病的预防、早期诊断和治疗等方面开展研究,其中,恶性肿瘤是临床蛋白质组学研究的一个重点研究对象.由于肿瘤生物标志物对早期诊断具有重要价值,所以临床蛋白质组学的主要目标之一是寻找合适的肿瘤生物标志物,多分子生物标志物已成为寻找肿瘤生物标志物的一个研究趋势.简要介绍了临床蛋白质组学的基本概念,实验设计,临床样本收集与预处理以及蛋白质组学技术在临床研究中的应用与进展.     

超声在甲状腺良恶性结节鉴别诊断中的应用进展

超声技术一直是临床诊断的重要方法之一,特别是针对甲状腺疾病,超声检查被认为是鉴别甲状腺结节良恶性的首选方法。但常规超声检查为临床诊断提供辅助的同时也具有一定的局限性。随着影像学的发展,三维超声成像、超声造影及超声弹性成像等超声新技术逐渐应用于甲状腺结节良恶性的鉴别诊断中,并且发挥了重要的作用。本文对甲状腺结节的常规超声检查及超声新技术检查的临床应用进行综述,为甲状腺结节的良恶性鉴别诊断提供科学依据。     

Laboratory screening — a critical survey

The diagnosis of disease is not synonymous with benefit to the patient. Early diagnosis does not necessarily facilitate cure or improve prospects for control. The discovery of what is already known or could easily have been predicted has little or no value. To evaluate screening one must evaluate the usefulness of the data collected.