光合细菌产氢因子的研究进展

光合细菌在固氮的同时释放氢气。产氢与固氮是同步进行的。固氮酶与氢酶共同影响光合细菌的产氢活性,而外源生理条件又影响着固氮酶与氢酶的活性,其中有机碳阻抑吸氢酶表达,促进产氢;氨则抑制固氮活性而降低产氢量;氧气的存在使固氮酶与氢酶都失活,从而抑制放氢反应的进行。     

测定氢酶吸氢活性的光谱分析法

固氮酶催化放氢是影响生物固氮效率的重要因素之一。经过吸氢酶吸收固氮酶释放的氢,一方面可以增加还原力来源,同时经氧化后可以消除系统内的氧,保护固氮酶免受氧伤害,从而提高固氮效率。测定氢酶吸氢的方法有多种,例如:同位素氚与水的交换法、检压法、电极法、气相层析法和光谱分析法。由于前三种方法操作较繁琐,目前国内较多的是使用气相层析法。而用光谱分析法定量地测定氢酶的吸氢活性是一种比气相法更为快速和灵敏的     

镍在浑球红假单胞菌氢酶合成中的作用（简报）

在固氮酶能表达的生长条件下,镍可促进浑球红假单胞菌菌株601的氢酶合成,而在含氨培养基上则没有影响。镍促进氢酶合成的最适浓度为10μmol/L,并具有金属专一性,其他二价金属离子对氢酶合成没有作用。镍在促进氢酶吸氢的同时,抑制菌体的放氢,但对固氮酶的乙炔还原活性则几乎没有影响。     

荚膜红假单孢菌膜结合态氢酶生理电子受体性质的研究

对光合细菌荚膜红假单孢菌F菌株的部分纯化膜结合态氢酶进行了分离,此酶虽能催化氢的可逆氧化还原反应,但主要行使吸氢功能,其吸氢活性是放氢活性的100倍左右。在吸氢反应中,对电子载体MB的Km为10．4μm;此氢酶放氢活性的最适pH为7．2,电子载体为MV,阴离子F一、Cl-、Br一、I一和SO24一对放氢活性有不同程度抑制。同时,过渡金属阳离子Fe2+、Cu2+、Hg2+以及极性溶剂Me2SO对其放氢活性也有抑制作用。细胞色素c,作为电子载体可参与氢酶放氧反应;在氢酶存在下,细胞色素c,能被分子氢还原。而在相同测定条件下,Fd支持的氢酶放氢活性却很低,并且很难被氢一氢酶体系所还原。基于这些结果,对氢酶的生理电子受体性质进行了讨论。     

紫云英根瘤菌109菌株氢酶的诱导表达——氧呼吸参与调节(英文)

异养生长的紫云英根瘤菌,其吸氢活性的表达在很大程度上取决于耗氧速率。30个诱导系统的统计和回归分析表明:菌体吸氢活性的表达与耗氧速率之间存在有负相关性。添加碳水化合物,可导致吸氢表达的抑制和推迟,同时引起细胞生长量和耗氧速率的增加。但抑制程度与细胞生长量之间并无明显相关性,而往往与耗氧速率增加相关,氢酶表达时间是在耗氧速率降低到较低水平的时刻。向指数期培养物中添加能量解联剂CCCP(carbonyl cyanide—m—chlorophenylhydrazone)和DNP(2,4—dinitrophenol),降低耗氧速率,氨酶表达可去阻抑。试验还表明:马铃薯汁对吸氢表达有明显的促进效果,可解除某些碳水化合物的阻抑,使某些表型为Hup~-的菌株转变为Hup~+。     

褐飞虱刺吸诱导的水稻一些防御性酶活性的变化

褐飞虱刺吸导致稻株体内丙二醛含量迅速上升,表明褐飞虱刺吸引起了水稻植株膜脂的过氧化;抗虫和感虫品种植株体内脂氧合酶(LOX)、脂氢过氧化物裂解酶(HPL)、苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)的活性均显著升高;而过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性在抗虫品种稻株体内明显受抑制,H2O2含量提高,但在感虫品种植株体内CAT的活性略有提高,H2O2含量略有下降.对抗虫品种植株不同器官的测定结果表明,褐飞虱刺吸对PAL和H2O2的影响是系统性的,而对LOX的影响则仅局限于褐飞虱刺吸部位的茎杆中.     

荚膜红假单孢菌(Rhodopseudomonas capsulata)氢酶性质的初步研究

荚膜红假单孢菌(Rhodopseudomonas capsulata F.)含有可溶性和膜结合态两种状态的氢酶,以膜结合态为主要存在形式,其活性占整个氢酶活性的65％左右,表面活性剂Triton X-100能把它从膜上溶解下来、两种状态的氢酶均具有催化吸氢和放氢活性,并在吸氢反应的最适pH值、电子受体,热稳定性等方面都是很相似,但吸氢活性远高于放氢活性。两种状态的氢酶对氧都较敏感,曝露于氧往往使活性钝化,钝化了的氢酶又可被氢再活化,不过可溶性氢酶曝氧时间较长(3天后),氢就不再使其活性恢复。温度和气相对两种状态氢酶活性的贮存也表现各异,氢气相下,可溶性氢酶在4℃最稳定,而膜结合态氢酶则为20℃。NaCl对膜结合态氢酶的吸氢活性具有抑制作用,NaCl=0.5M时,抑制其活性达60％左右。     

紫云英根瘤菌109菌株吸氢的诱导表达——核苷、核苷酸与烟酸的促进效应

核苷酸和烟酸的添加,使紫云英根瘤菌109氢酶吸氢活性表达增加。cAMP(1 mmol/L),烟酸(70 mmol/L)的存在,缓解了葡萄糖酸钠或果糖引起的吸氢活性阻遏,cAMP的解阻遏效应在年轻的菌体(48 h)表现较为明显。但以MB为受体的破碎细胞吸氢活性则未见增加,烟酸的促进效应受到氯霉素(40μg/ml)的抑制。其他核苷或核苷酸,如腺嘌呤,尿嘧啶,ATP,ADP,AMP,UMP,UTP都能促进吸氢活性的表达。诱导氢酶前,细胞ATP库已处于低水平,并保持稳定,添加琥珀酸盐后,ATP库水平提高,吸氢活性表达受抑。     

含吸氢酶基因（hup）嵌合质粒的构建和吸氢酶活性在阴沟肠杆菌中的表达

以质粒ｐＲＫ４０４为载体亚克隆含大豆根瘤菌吸氢酶结构基因（ｈｕｐ）的片段,构建成嵌合质粒ｐＨＲ１１、ｐＨＲ４和ｐＨＲ１０。通过三亲本杂交将这些嵌合质粒导入无吸氢活性的Ｒｈｏｄｏｂａｃｔｅｒｓｐｈａｅｒｏｉｄｅｓ２４１菌株（Ｈｕｐ－）,均获得Ｈｕｐ＋的接合子。利用启动子检测质粒ｐＭＰ２２０证明,在ｈｕｐ对结构基因上游１．２ｋｂ内存在ｈｕｐ启动基因片段。以ｐＲＫ２０１３为助质粒可将ｐＨＲ１１导入Ｅｎｔｅｒｏｂａｃｔｅｒｃｌｏａｃａｅ和Ｋｌｅｂｓｉｅｌｌａｏｘｙｔｏｃａ等土壤固氮菌株。本文以接合子Ｅ．ｃｌｏａｃａｅＥＨ１１１３为例,通过对基因组ＤＮＡＳｏｕｔｈｅｒｎ杂交分析证明,嵌合质粒ｐＨＲ１１在ＥＨ１１１３中稳定贮存和复制。Ｈ２诱导接合子ＥＨ１１１３吸氢酶活性高表达,吸氢活性与放氢活性比值约为对照的两倍。当以延胡索酸为电子受体时,吸氢酶的吸氢作用支持菌株固氮酶活性的提高。     

光合细菌Chromatium vinosum可溶性氢酶的FTIR谱的研究

光合细菌Chromatium vinosum含有一种可溶性氢酶和一种膜结合态氢酶。氧化态可溶性氢酶在红外光谱区（1860－2140cm^-1）有四个特征吸收峰（2103．7,2086．2,2054．8和1962．5cm^-1）。其中1962．5cm^－1处吸收带的位置与已知的NiFe一氢酶活性中心－CO基团所产生的吸收带位置相近;另外三条吸收带的位置与已知的NiFe一氢酶活性中心－CN基团所产生的吸收带的位置相近。以2,6－二氯酚靛酚（DPIP）氧化可溶性氢酶时,四条吸收谱带的位置基本上没有发生变化。可溶性氢酶被Na2S2O4充分还原时,－CO基团的吸收带移至1946．8cm^-1,而－CN基团的三条吸收带中的两条分别移至2076．8cm^-1和2093．1cm^-1处,另一条则消失了。还原态可溶性氢酶与CO反应后,其红外光谱显示七条吸收带,在－CO基团红外光谱区和－CN基团红外光谱区各产生了两条新的吸收带。研究表明,Cuinosum可溶性氢酶的活性中心的结构类似于其它已知的NiFe－氢酶,但与活性中心金属原子相连的可能包括三个－CN基团和一个－CO基团,结合可溶性氢酶的FPR谱特征,推测C.vinosum可溶性氢酶活性中心的结构可能为Ni(CN)Fe(CN)2(CO).     

The Involvement of Hydrogenases 1 and 2 in the Hydrogen-Dependent Nitrate Respiration of Escherichia coli

The study of Escherichia coli mutants synthesizing either hydrogenase 1 (HDK203) or hydrogenase 2 (HDK103) showed that the nitrate-dependent uptake of hydrogen by E. coli cells can be accomplished through the action of either of these hydrogenases. The capability of the cells for hydrogen-dependent nitrate respiration was found to depend on the growth conditions. E. coli cells grown anaerobically without nitrate in the presence of glucose were potentially capable of nitrate-dependent hydrogen consumption. The cells grown anaerobically in the presence of nitrate exhibited a much lower capability for nitrate-dependent hydrogen consumption. The inhibitory effect of nitrate on this capability of bacterial cells was either weak (the mutant HDK203) or almost absent (the mutant HDK103) when the cells were grown in the presence of peptone and hydrogen. Hydrogen stimulated the growth of the wild-type strain and the mutant HDK103 (but not the mutant HDK203) cultivated in the medium with nitrate and peptone. These data suggest that hydrogenase 2 is much more active in catalyzing nitrate-dependent hydrogen consumption than hydrogenase 1.     

The role of the bidirectional hydrogenase in cyanobacteria

Cyanobacteria have tremendous potential to produce clean, renewable fuel in the form of hydrogen gas derived from solar energy and water. Of the two cyanobacterial enzymes capable of evolving hydrogen gas (nitrogenase and the bidirectional hydrogenase), the hox-encoded bidirectional Ni-Fe hydrogenase has a high theoretical potential. The physiological role of this hydrogenase is a highly debated topic and is poorly understood relative to that of the nitrogenase. Here the structure, assembly, and expression of this enzyme, as well as its probable roles in metabolism, are discussed and analyzed to gain perspective on its physiological role. It is concluded that the bidirectional hydrogenase in cyanobacteria primarily functions as a redox regulator for maintaining a proper oxidation/reduction state in the cell. Recommendations for future research to test this hypothesis are discussed.     

Intracellular localization of the hydrogenase in Desulfotomaculum orientis

Abstract Cell extracts of Desulfotomaculum orientis , grown with H₂ plus sulfate as sole energy source, revealed hydrogenase activities between 0.3 and 2 μmol H₂ per min and mg protein when methyl viologen was used as electron acceptor. With benzyl viologen, methylene blue, FAD or FMN, lower activities were found; NAD was not reduced. The hydrogenase activity was strongly inhibited by CuCl₂; however, copper inhibition was not observed with whole cells, indicating that the hydrogenase is located intracellularly. After high-speed centrifugation of cell-free extracts, varying proportions, between 11 and 90%, of the hydrogenase were detected in the soluble fraction, the rest being associated with the membrane fraction.     

Bidirectional measurement of hydrogenase activity by the pH-stat method

The protons produced by the catalytic activity of hydrogenase in H2 evolution from dithionite-reduced methyl viologen or through benzyl viologen reduction by H2 gas are automatically titrated by a pH-stat device. This approach allows the measurement of hydrogenase activity and ensures the constancy of pH during the reaction in absence of buffers. Kinetic assays and pH and temperature-dependence experiments with Desulfovibrio gigas hydrogenase performed by this method basically confirm the results obtained with customary manometric assay.     

Nickel and iron incorporation into soluble hydrogenase of Alcaligenes eutrophus

Archives of Microbiology - Qualitative and quantitative determination of proteins of the soluble hydrogenase (hydrogen: NAD+ oxidoreductase, EC 1.12.1.2) from Alcaligenes eutrophus H16 was done by...     

Characterization of catalytic properties of hydrogenase isolated from the unicellular cyanobacterium Gloeocapsa alpicola CALU 743

The main catalytic properties of the Hox type hydrogenase isolated from the Gloeocapsa alpicola cells have been studied. The enzyme effectively catalyzes reactions of oxidation and evolution of H2 in the presence of methyl viologen (MV) and benzyl viologen (BV). The rates of these reactions in the interaction with the physiological electron donor/acceptor NADH/NAD+ are only 3-8% of the MV(BV)-dependent values. The enzyme interacts with NADP+ and NADPH, but is more specific to NAD+ and NADH. Purification of the hydrogenase was accompanied by destruction of its multimeric structure and the loss of ability to interact with pyridine nucleotides with retained activity of the hydrogenase component (HoxYH). To show the catalytic activity, the enzyme requires reductive activation, which occurs in the presence of H2, and NADH accelerates this process. The final hydrogenase activity depends on the redox potential of the activation medium (E(h)). At pH 7.0, the enzyme activity in the MV-dependent oxidation of H2 increased with a decrease in E(h) from -350 mV and reached the maximum at E(h) of about -390 mV. However, the rate of H2 oxidation in the presence of NAD+ in the E(h) range under study was virtually constant and equal to 7-8% of the maximal rate of H2 oxidation in the presence of MV.     

Efficient Hydrogen-Dependent Carbon Dioxide Reduction by Escherichia coli

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A cytosolic ferredoxin-independent hydrogenase possibly mediates hydrogen uptake in Trichomonas vaginalis

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紫云英根瘤菌109菌株氢酶诱导表达

根瘤菌自生培养物的吸收分子氢系统,不但可以在自养或异养的固体培养基上表达,而且也可以在异养的液相培养基中表达。其表达受碳水化合物、氧和分子氢浓度诸环境因子调节。诱导氢酶须用指数后期的培养物进行;所有试验过的可利用的碳水化合物均可阻抑氢酶表达;而20m mol/L的KNO_3和NH_4Cl对氢酶表达也有阻抑作用。正交组合试验指出紫云英根瘤菌的高吸氢活性是在40％N_2,14％H_2,4％O_2以及4.2％CO_2的气相条件下表达。Ar取代H_2后,无吸氢活性;氢酶表达后,移去H_2,则表达停止。氧浓度稍高阻抑氢酶表达;氯霉素的阻抑表达效应与氧阻抑类似。