Biochemiluminescence and biomedical applications

Although used for analytical purposes for more than 40 years it is only recently that biochemiluminescence (BCL) has found widespread acceptance. Methods employing BCL reactions now play an important role in biomedical research and laboratory medicine. The main attractions for the assay technology include exquisite sensitivity (attomole-zeptomole), high selectivity, speed and simplicity. In biomedical research, the most important applications of BCL are: (1) to estimate microbial numbers and to assess cellular states (e.g., after exposure to antibiotic or cytotoxic agents) and in reporter gene studies (firefly luciferase gene); (2) NAD(P)H involved in redox/dehydrogenase studies usingVibrio luciferase complex; (3) BCL labels and CL detection of enzyme labels in immunoassays are the most widespread routine application for this technology. BCL enzyme immunoassays represent the most active area of development, e.g., enhanced BCL method for peroxidase and BCL assays for alkaline phosphatase labels using adamantyl 1,2-dioxetane.Abbreviations BCL biochemiluminescence - CL chemiluminescence - RLU relative light unit - ROS reactive oxygen species     

Micro-nano-technology for biomedical application

Nanomedical developments range from nanoparticles for molecular diagnostics, imaging and therapy to integrated medical nanosystems, which may perform complex repair actions at the cellular level inside the body in the future. There are three categories where MNT are applied in biomedicine

Relations in biomedical ontologies

To enhance the treatment of relations in biomedical ontologies we advance a methodology for providing consistent and unambiguous formal definitions of the relational expressions used in such ontologies in a way designed to assist developers and users in avoiding errors in coding and annotation. The resulting Relation Ontology can promote interoperability of ontologies and support new types of automated reasoning about the spatial and temporal dimensions of biological and medical phenomena.     

Biomimicry in biomedical research

Biomimicry (literally defined as the imitation of life or nature) has sparked a variety of human innovations and inspired countless cutting-edge designs. From spider silk-made artificial skin to lotus leaf-inspired self-cleaning materials, biomimicry endeavors to solve human problems. Biomimetic approaches have contributed significantly to advances biomedical research during recent years. Using polyacrylamide gels to mimic the elastic modulus of different biological tissues, Disher’s lab has directed meschymal stem cell differentiation into specific lineages.¹ They have shown that soft substrates mimicking the elastic modulus of brain tissues (0.1~1 kPa) were neurogenic, substrates of intermediate elastic modulus mimicking muscle (8 ~17 kPa) were myogenic, and substrates with bone-like elastic modulus (25~40 kPa) were osteogenic. This work represents a novel way to regulate the fate of stem cells and exerts profound influence on stem cell research. Biomimcry also drives improvements in tissue engineering. Novel scaffolds have been designed to capture extracellular matrix-like structures, binding of ligands, sustained release of cytokines, and mechanical properties intrinsic to specific tissues for tissue engineering applications.^2,3 For example, tissue engineering skin grafts have been designed to mimic the cell composition and layered structure of native skin.⁴ Similarly, in the field of regenerative medicine, researchers aim to create biomimetic scaffolds to mimic the properties of a native stem cell environment (niche) to dynamically interact with the entrapped stem cells and direct their response.⁵     

Ethics and biomedical research

Ethics in biomedical research took off from the 1947 Nuremberg Code to its own right in the wake of the Declaration of Helsinki in 1964. Since then, (inter)national regulations and guidelines providing a framework for clinical studies and protection for study participants have been drafted and implemented, while ethics committees and drug evaluation agencies have sprung up throughout the world. These two developments were crucial in bringing about the protection of rights and safety of the participants and harmonization of the conduct of biomedical research. Ethics committees and drug evaluation agencies deliver ethical and scientific assessments on the quality and safety of the projects submitted to them and issue respectively approvals and authorizations to carry out clinical trials, while ensuring that they comply with regulatory requirements, ethical principles, and scientific guidelines. The advent of biomedical ethics, together with the responsible commitment of clinical investigators and of the pharmaceutical industry, has guaranteed respect for the patient, for whom and with whom research is conducted. Just as importantly, it has also ensured that patients reap the benefit of what is the primary objective of biomedical research: greater life expectancy, well-being, and quality of life.     

China's growing biomedical industry

The biomedical industry in China is developing rapidly, and new biological drugs are increasing their share of the pharmaceutical market based on people's needs. China is the largest producer and user of vaccines in the world, but the existing production of vaccines is far from enough to meet the needs of the market. The entire market of biological drugs in China is still smaller than that for traditional medicines and chemicals. Therefore, the biopharmaceutical industry has the potential to be the rising star in the pharmaceutical market in the future.     

One danger of biomedical enhancements

In the near future, our society may develop a vast array of medical enhancements. There is a large debate about enhancements, and that debate has identified many possible harms. This paper describes a harm that has so far been overlooked. Because of some particular features of enhancements, we could come to place more value on them than we actually should. This over-valuation would lead us to devote time, energy, and resources to enhancements that could be better spent somewhere else. That mistake might not be trivial. By spending too much time, energy, and resources on enhancements, we could set back our pursuit of our deepest goals such as living happily and leading ethical lives.     

生物医学工程的研究范围

“生物医学工程”这个词汇蕴含了三个专业领域的相互影响：生物学（最广义的范围讲是基于物理学和化学的一门基础科学）、医学（治疗疾病的科学）和工程学（设计及建造对人类有用的物品的科学）。在20世纪50年代中期,我被任命组建一个实验室,这个实验室需要结合这三大学科,并致力于听觉研究。在过去的50年中,我们的实验室（由麻省理工大学、哈佛大学、麻省总医院及麻省眼耳医院共同管理）树立了一个优秀的范例,证明虽然有一些实际的困难,科学家、临床医师和工程师们仍然可以很好地合作。我们的经验之一是,往往一些最成功的发现是基于对基本科学知识的发展,而不是来源于对特定临床需要的靶向性研究。然而,“研究与发展”常常需要有技术创新教育背景,并能与数个领域的专家充分交流的特殊工作人员。因此,在目前这个环境与社会问题需要传统意义上非生物医学工程领域的技术专家的时代,生物医学工程师的培养问题及资源应如何在发达国家与发展中国家之间分配的问题的探讨,都具有十分重要的现实意义。     

External-beam methods in biomedical work

The useability of external-beam proton-induced X-ray (PIXE) and gamma-ray (PIGE) emission, backscattering spectrometry (BS), and the particle-particle method in biomedical work is demonstrated. Detection limit values obtainable by the methods for typical biomedical samples under practical conditions are given and compared. Advantages, drawbacks, and restrictions of the methods are discussed. Examples of the applications of the methods in biomedical work are given.     

凝溶胶蛋白及其生物医学作用

gelsolin(凝溶胶蛋白)有胞浆和血清二型,分别存在于哺乳动物各类细胞和血清中。该蛋白的基本生物功能是以钙依赖的方式通过切断、封端肌动蛋白丝,或使肌动蛋白聚集成核等方式控制肌动蛋白的结构。大量动物实验和临床研究均表明,gelsolin的结构、功能及调节与烧伤和急性挫伤的诊断与治疗,以及某些炎症、肿瘤和淀粉样变等多种疾病的病理过程密切相关。作为一种急症治疗药,该蛋白的工程化产品已在美国进行Ⅱ期临床实验。最近发现正常细胞经电离辐射后,gelsolin的表达水平发生显著改变,其在辐射效应中的作用和意义值得关注。