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1.
Anne Leinweber Michael Weigert Rolf Kümmerli 《Evolution; international journal of organic evolution》2018,72(7):1515-1528
Phenotypic plasticity in response to competition is a well‐described phenomenon in higher organisms. Here, we show that also bacteria have the ability to sense the presence of competitors and mount fine‐tuned responses to match prevailing levels of competition. In our experiments, we studied interspecific competition for iron between the bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) and its competitor Burkholderia cenocepacia (BC). We focused on the ability of PA to phenotypically adjust the production of pyoverdine, an iron‐scavenging siderophore. We found that PA upregulates pyoverdine production early on during competition under condition of low iron availability. This plastic upregulation was fine‐tuned in response to the level of competition imposed by BC, and seems to confer a relative fitness benefit to PA in the form of an earlier initiation of growth. At later time points, however, PA showed reduced growth in mixed compared to monoculture, suggesting that competitive responses are costly. Altogether, our results demonstrate that phenotypic plasticity in siderophore production plays an important role in interspecific competition for iron. Upregulating siderophore production may be a powerful strategy to lock iron away from competing species, and to reserve this nutrient for strain members possessing the compatible receptor for uptake. 相似文献
2.
Mohsen Mehrparvar Sharon E. Zytynska Adalbert Balog Wolfgang W. Weisser 《Ecology and evolution》2018,8(2):1247-1259
Mechanisms that allow for the coexistence of two competing species that share a trophic level can be broadly divided into those that prevent competitive exclusion of one species within a local area, and those that allow for coexistence only at a regional level. While the presence of aphid‐tending ants can change the distribution of aphids among host plants, the role of mutualistic ants has not been fully explored to understand coexistence of multiple aphid species in a community. The tansy plant (Tanacetum vulgare) hosts three common and specialized aphid species, with only one being tended by ants. Often, these aphids species will not coexist on the same plant but will coexist across multiple plant hosts in a field. In this study, we aim to understand how interactions with mutualistic ants and predators affect the coexistence of multiple species of aphid herbivores on tansy. We show that the presence of ants drives community assembly at the level of individual plant, that is, the local community, by favoring one ant‐tended species, Metopeurum fuscoviride, while preying on the untended Macrosiphoniella tanacetaria and, to a lesser extent, Uroleucon tanaceti. Competitive hierarchies without ants were very different from those with ants. At the regional level, multiple tansy plants provide a habitat across which all aphid species can coexist at the larger spatial scale, while being competitively excluded at the local scale. In this case, ant mutualist‐dependent reversal of the competitive hierarchy can drive community dynamics in a plant–aphid system. 相似文献
3.
Robin J. Pakeman Francisco I. Pugnaire Richard Michalet Chris J. Lortie Katja Schiffers Fernando T. Maestre Justin M. J. Travis 《Biology letters》2009,5(5):577-579
The 2009 British Ecological Society''s Annual Symposium entitled ‘Facilitation in Plant Communities’ was held at the University of Aberdeen, Scotland, from 20 to 22 April 2009. This was the first ever international meeting dedicated to the rapidly expanding field of facilitation. The aim of the symposium was to assess the current ‘state-of-play’ by contrasting findings from different systems and by looking outwards in an attempt to integrate this field with other related fields. It was also aimed at understanding how knowledge of facilitation can help understand community dynamics and be applied to ecosystem restoration. The symposium identified several key areas where future work is likely to be most profitable. 相似文献
4.
Peter W. Lane David B. Lindenmayer Philip S. Barton Wade Blanchard Martin J. Westgate 《Ecology and evolution》2014,4(16):3279-3289
Quantifying and visualizing species associations are important to many areas of ecology and conservation biology. Species networks are one way to analyze species associations, with a growing number of applications such as food webs, nesting webs, plant–animal mutualisms, and interlinked extinctions. We present a new method for assessing and visualizing patterns of co‐occurrence of species. The method depicts interactions and associations in an analogous way with existing network diagrams for studying pollination and trophic interactions, but adds the assessment of sign, strength, and direction of the associations. This provides a distinct advantage over existing methods of quantifying and visualizing co‐occurrence. We demonstrate the utility of our new approach by showing differences in associations among woodland bird species found in different habitats and by illustrating the way these can be interpreted in terms of underlying ecological mechanisms. Our new method is computationally feasible for large assemblages and provides readily interpretable effects with standard errors. It has wide applications for quantifying species associations within ecological communities, examining questions about particular species that occur with others, and how their associations can determine the structure and composition of communities. 相似文献
5.
We examined the effect of age differences on competition type in individuals of a scramble‐type strain of Callosobruchus maculatus (F.). When oviposition of two individuals on a bean was manipulated to introduce time intervals using two lines with different adult body colors, the frequency of two‐adult emergence decreased with the introduction of sequential oviposition. This result indicates that an age difference between two individuals induces contest competition. The frequency of adult emergence in older individuals decreased, whereas in younger individuals it increased with the introduction of sequential oviposition. Using a dissecting microscope, we observed that bodies of older individuals that died in the bean during the 4‐day oviposition interval were crushed at the pupal stage under the pupal chambers of younger individuals. These results show that an age difference between two larvae in a bean causes contest competition due to one‐sided interference by a younger individual during pupation of an older individual. Based on these experimental results, we discuss the ecological cause of contest competition and the population‐level consequences of identified interactions in scramble‐type C. maculatus. 相似文献
6.
Pablo Quiles;Rafael Barrientos; 《Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society》2024,99(3):1121-1139
Roads have pervasive impacts on wildlife, including habitat loss and fragmentation, road mortality, habitat pollution and increased human use of habitats surrounding them. However, the effects of roads on interspecific interactions are less understood. Here we provide a synthesis of the existing literature on how species interactions may be disrupted by roads, identify knowledge gaps, and suggest avenues for future research and conservation management. We conducted a systematic search using the Web of Science database for each species interaction (predation, competition, mutualism, parasitism, commensalism and amensalism). These searches yielded 2144 articles, of which 195 were relevant to our topic. Most of these studies focused on predation (50%) or competition (24%), and less frequently on mutualism (17%) or, parasitism (9%). We found no studies on commensalism or amensalism. Studies were biased towards mammals from high-income countries, with most conducted in the USA (34%) or Canada (18%). Our literature review identified several patterns. First, roads disrupt predator–prey relationships, usually with negative impacts on prey populations. Second, new disturbed habitats created in road corridors often benefit more competitive species, such as invasive species, although some native or endangered species can also thrive there. Third, roads degrade mutualistic interactions like seed dispersal and pollination. Fourth, roads can increase parasitism rates, although the intensity of the alteration is species specific. To reduce the negative impacts of roads on interspecific interactions, we suggest the following management actions: (i) verges should be as wide and heterogenous as possible, as this increases microhabitat diversity, thus enhancing ecosystem services like pollination and seed dispersal; (ii) combining different mowing regimes can increase the complexity of the habitat corridor, enabling it to act as a habitat for more species; (iii) the use of de-icing salts should be gradually reduced and replaced with less harmful products or maintenance practices; (iv) wildlife passes should be implemented in groups to reduce animal concentrations inside them; (v) periodic removal of carcasses from the road to reduce the use of this resource by wildlife; and (vi) implementation of traffic-calming schemes could enhance interspecific interactions like pollination and avoid disruption of predator–prey relationships. 相似文献
7.
Kate Crane Neil E. Coughlan Ross N. Cuthbert Jaimie T. A. Dick Louise Kregting Anthony Ricciardi Hugh J. MacIsaac Neil Reid 《Freshwater Biology》2020,65(6):1063-1072
- Increasing rates of invasions in ecosystems worldwide necessitate experiments to determine the role of biotic interactions in the success and impact of multiple alien species. Here, we examined competitive and facilitative interactions among various combinations of three widespread and often co-occurring invaders: the zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha, and the macrophytes Elodea canadensis and Elodea nuttallii.
- Using a mesocosm-based, factorial experimental design, we assessed the effect of interspecific competition on macrophyte growth rates in the absence and presence at varying biomass of D. polymorpha.
- Growth rates (wet g/day) of E. canadensis and E. nuttallii were similar when grown in isolation. When grown together, in the absence of D. polymorpha, E. canadensis growth was not significantly reduced in the presence of E. nuttallii and vice versa. In the presence of D. polymorpha (26.0 ± 1 mm), monocultural growth of E. canadensis was largely unaffected, while E. nuttallii growth was strongly enhanced. Low (2.64 g) and medium (3.96 g) mussel biomass led to negative interspecific effects between E. canadensis and E. nuttallii; at high (5.28 g) mussel biomass, the effect of interspecific competition was negated.
- Overall, D. polymorpha alleviated competitive interactions between the two invasive macrophytes when all three species co-occurred, and substantially enhanced growth of E. nuttallii with increasing mussel biomass, thereby suggesting a possible influence on the relative dominance of these macrophytes in the field.
- Our study demonstrates how facilitations can cause shifts in dominance among closely related invaders. The consequences of such facilitations for the structure and function of communities remain to be explored generally.
8.
1. Here we present an introduction to this issue's Special Feature arising from the British Ecological Society Symposium: Facilitation in Plant Communities (20–22 April 2009).
2. Papers in the Special Feature demonstrate the benefits that arise from cross-system application of general concepts, for example, the well-known stress gradient hypothesis. Such comparisons challenge our definition of facilitation, as well as our pre-conceptions on the nature of intermediary organisms.
3. We suggest that under some circumstances a clear definition of the two-way nature of interactions is essential, e.g. when considering the evolutionary implications of facilitation. In other cases, however, we can perhaps be more relaxed, e.g. when facilitation is a component of conservation ecology.
4. Synthesis . Overall we believe that establishing facilitation as an independent concept has driven substantial progress towards a clearer understanding of how ecological systems work. Through the links established by work such as that presented in this Special Feature, we believe this field will continue to make rapid progress and aid ecological understanding in general. 相似文献
2. Papers in the Special Feature demonstrate the benefits that arise from cross-system application of general concepts, for example, the well-known stress gradient hypothesis. Such comparisons challenge our definition of facilitation, as well as our pre-conceptions on the nature of intermediary organisms.
3. We suggest that under some circumstances a clear definition of the two-way nature of interactions is essential, e.g. when considering the evolutionary implications of facilitation. In other cases, however, we can perhaps be more relaxed, e.g. when facilitation is a component of conservation ecology.
4. Synthesis . Overall we believe that establishing facilitation as an independent concept has driven substantial progress towards a clearer understanding of how ecological systems work. Through the links established by work such as that presented in this Special Feature, we believe this field will continue to make rapid progress and aid ecological understanding in general. 相似文献
9.
In several gynodioecious species, intermediate sex between female and hermaphrodite has been reported, but few studies have investigated fitness parameters of this intermediate phenotype. Here, we examined the interactions between plant sex and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal species affecting the reproductive output of Geranium sylvaticum, a sexually polymorphic plant species with frequent intermediate sexes between females and hermaphrodites, using a common garden experiment. Flowering phenology, AM colonisation levels and several plant vegetative and reproductive parameters, including seed and pollen production, were measured. Differences among sexes were detected in flowering, fruit set, pollen production and floral size. The two AM species used in the present work had different effects on plant fitness parameters. One AM species increased female fitness through increasing seed number and seed mass, while the other species reduced seed mass in all sexes investigated. AM fungi did not affect intermediate and hermaphrodite pollen content in anthers. The three sexes in G. sylvaticum did not differ in their reproductive output in terms of total seed production, but hermaphrodites had potentially larger fathering ability than intermediates due to higher anther number. The ultimate female function – seed production – did not differ among the sexes, but one of the AM fungi used potentially decreased host plant fitness. In addition, in the intermediate sex, mycorrhizal symbiosis functioned similarly in females as in hermaphrodites. 相似文献
10.
RONG WANG SIMON T. SEGAR MAXIMILIAN HARPER HUI YU RUPERT J. QUINNELL STEPHEN G. COMPTON 《Ecological Entomology》2015,40(4):428-436
1. Facilitation is recorded from diverse plant–insect interactions, including pollination and herbivory. 2. The significance of facilitation resulting from the behavior of males of multiple fig wasp species inside figs was investigated. Female fig wasps emerge from natal figs via exit holes dug by males, especially male pollinators. When no males are present, the females struggle to escape and may die. 3. Ficus microcarpa L. is a widely‐established invasive fig tree from Southeast Asia. Its pollinator is absent in South Africa, so the tree cannot reproduce, but two Asian non‐pollinating fig wasps (NPFW) Walkerella microcarpae and Odontofroggatia galili occupy its figs. Abundance patterns of the two NPFW and the proportion of male‐free figs in South Africa, Spain (where the pollinator is introduced), and in China, where the native fig wasp community is diverse, were compared to determine the consequences of reduced species richness for insect survival. 4. Female fig wasps in male‐free figs were found to be trapped, and small clutch sizes contributed to the absence of males in both species. The presence of pollinators in Spain allowed most NPFW to develop in figs containing males. Far more male‐free figs were present in South Africa, elevating mortality rates among female NPFW. Facilitation of female release by males of other NPFW species nonetheless benefitted the rarer species. 5. Selection pressures in South Africa currently favour greater aggregation of NPFW offspring and/or less female biased sex ratios. 相似文献
11.
Questions
We aim for a better understanding of the different modes of intra‐ and inter‐specific competition in two‐ and three‐species mixed‐forests. How can the effect of different modes of competitive interactions be detected and integrated into individual tree growth models? Are species interactions in spruce–fir–beech forests more associated with size‐symmetric or size‐asymmetric competition? Do competitive interactions between two of these species change from two‐ to three‐species mixtures?Location
Temperate mixed‐species forests in Central Europe (Switzerland).Methods
We used data from the Swiss National Forest Inventory to fit basal area increment models at the individual tree level, including the effect of ecological site conditions and indices of size‐symmetric and size‐asymmetric competition. Interaction terms between species‐specific competition indices were used to disentangle significant differences in species interactions from two‐ to three‐species mixtures.Results
The growth of spruce and fir was positively affected by increasing proportions of the other species in spruce–fir mixtures, but negative effects were detected with increasing presence of beech. We found that competitive interactions for spruce and fir were more related to size‐symmetric competition, indicating that species interactions might be more associated with competition for below‐ground resources. Under constant amounts of stand basal area, the growth of beech clearly benefited from the increasing admixture of spruce and fir. For this species, patterns of size‐symmetric and size‐asymmetric competitive interactions were similar, indicating that beech is a strong self‐competitor for both above‐ground and below‐ground resources. Only for silver fir and beech, we found significant changes in species interactions from two‐ to three‐species mixtures, but these were not as prominent as the effects due to differences between intra‐ and inter‐specific competition.Conclusions
Species interactions in spruce–fir–beech, or other mixed forests, can be characterized depending on the mode of competition, allowing interpretations of whether they occur mainly above or below ground level. Our outcomes illustrate that species‐specific competition indices can be integrated in individual tree growth functions to express the different modes of competition between species, and highlight the importance of considering the symmetry of competition alongside competitive interactions in models aimed at depicting growth in mixed‐species forests.12.
Akira Yamawo 《Plant Species Biology》2021,36(3):372-378
The dependency of the anti-herbivore defense on ant–plant protective mutualism often varies depending on abiotic and biotic conditions. Although intraspecific competition is a primary interaction between neighboring plants, its effects on ant–plant mutualisms have yet to be sufficiently elucidated. In order to determine the effects of intraspecific competition and competitor genotype on ant–plant mutualisms, I conducted competition and ant-removal experiments and examined their effects on damage to the leaves of Urena lobata var. tomentosa plants. I found that larger numbers of worker ants visited the plants growing with non-siblings than plants growing alone and that plants growing with non-siblings had a higher shoot to root ratio and secreted greater volumes of extrafloral nectar than plants growing alone and/or with siblings. Under the presence of both sibling and non-sibling competitors, I observed that when ants were removed from plants, those grown with conspecific neighbors were characterized by a higher percentage of damaged leaf area than plants harboring ants. The effect of ant exclusion on leaf damage was more pronounced in plants grown with non-siblings than those grown near siblings. However, when the plants were grown alone, I detected no significant difference in percentage leaf damage between the ant-excluded and ant-harboring plants. The results indicate that neighboring plants can exert strong effects on ant–plant protective mutualisms, thereby highlighting the need to take into consideration plant–plant interactions in studies on these mutualistic associations. 相似文献
13.
Marcel Robischon 《BioEssays : news and reviews in molecular, cellular and developmental biology》2015,37(4):356-363
Cytokinins are plant hormones that have, among many other functions, senescence‐modulatory effects in plant tissue. This is evident not only from biochemical data, but is vividly illustrated in the “green island” phenotype in plant leaves caused by cytokinins released for example by leaf mining insects or microbial pathogens. It is beyond doubt that, in addition to their roles in plants, cytokinins also provoke physiological and developmental effects in animals. It is hypothesized that the recently much discussed modification of plant metabolism by insects and associated microbes via cytokinin signals has a counterpart in direct cytokinin signalling that interferes with the animals’ hormonal systems and impacts their population dynamics. 相似文献
14.
The vast majority of interspecific interactions are competitive or exploitative. Yet, some positive interspecies interactions exist, where one (commensalism) or both (mutualism) species benefit. One such interaction is cleaning mutualisms, whereby a cleaner removes parasites from a client. In this note, we document the novel observation of a black‐cheeked waxbill (Brunhilda charmosyna) appearing to clean a Kirk''s dik‐dik (Madoqua kirkii), at the Mpala Research Centre in Laikipia County, Kenya. The purported cleaning took place for over one minute and is notable firstly for the dik‐dik remaining still for the duration of cleaning and secondly for involving two species that are much smaller than those traditionally involved in bird–mammal cleaning interactions. Unfortunately, no further cleaning events were subsequently observed, raising questions about whether this record was opportunistic or a regular occurrence. Future observations may reveal whether this behavior is widespread and whether it involves other small passerines. 相似文献
15.
Competitive interactions between distantly related clades could cause complementary diversity patterns of these clades over large spatial scales. One such example might be ants and birds in the eastern Himalaya; ants are very common at low elevations but almost absent at mid‐elevations where the abundance of other arthropods and insectivorous bird diversity peaks. Here, we ask if ants at low elevations could compete with birds for arthropod prey. Specifically, we studied the impact of the Asian weaver ant (Oecophylla smaragdina), a common aggressive ant at low elevations. Diet analysis using molecular methods demonstrate extensive diet overlap between weaver ants and songbirds at both low and mid‐elevations. Trees without weaver ants have greater non‐ant arthropod abundance and leaf damage. Experimental removal of weaver ants results in an increase in the abundance of non‐ant arthropods. Notably, numbers of Coleoptera and Lepidoptera were most affected by removal experiments and were prominent components of both bird and weaver ant diets. Our results suggest that songbirds and weaver ants might potentially compete with each other for arthropod prey at low elevations, thereby contributing to lower insectivorous bird diversity at low elevations in eastern Himalaya. Competition with ants may shape vertebrate diversity patterns across broad biodiversity gradients. 相似文献
16.
Champlain Djito‐Lordon Alain Dejean Richard A. Ring Bernard Aloys Nkongmeneck Jacques Lauga Doyle McKey 《Biotropica》2005,37(3):421-430
In young individuals of the obligate myrmecophytic liana Vitex thyrsiflora, several species of ants and other arthropods compete for resources offered by the plant. In mature individuals, the only inhabitant is the ant species Tetraponera tessmanni, which is completely restricted to Vitex lianas as its sole host. Established colonies of this ant provide effective defense against herbivores. The association between V. thyrsiflora and T. tessmanni is unusual in two respects. First, the climbing life form is rare among myrmecophytes. Secondly, it is surprising that a pseudomyrmecine should be the obligate associate of a liana. Pseudomyrmecine plant‐ants often prune vegetation contacting their host plant. This behavior functions in part to protect against invasion of the host by ecologically dominant ants. In contrast, T. tessmanni does not prune and is associated with a plant whose success, and thus that of its resident ant colony, depends on contacts with many other plants. Several traits of V. thyrsiflora and T. tessmanni combine to make the colonization of host plants by potential competitors very difficult. These include behavioral and morphological filters restricting entrance into the plant and exploitation of the resources it can supply; plant anatomical organization that enables T. tessmanni workers to carry out all activities, except leaf patrolling, within a single, branched private nesting space within which all food resources offered by the plant are produced; and polygyny, permitting the colony to monopolize a large, rapidly growing and long‐lived territory. 相似文献
17.
The apicoplast and the proteins present therein are parasite-specific targets for chemotherapy of apicomplexan parasites. Ferredoxin-NADP(+) reductase (FNR) is an important enzyme present in the apicoplast of Toxoplasma gondii that operates as a general electron switch at the bifurcation step of many different electron transfer pathways. In spite of its importance as drug target not much structural information on the enzyme is available. Using fluorescence and CD spectroscopy in combination with enzyme activity measurement and size exclusion chromatography, we studied the pH-dependent changes in structural and functional properties and interdomain interactions in recombinant Toxoplasma gondii ferredoxin-NADP(+) reductase (TgFNR) to understand the interactions responsible for stabilization of native conformation and modulation of functional activity of the enzyme. Under physiological conditions, the recombinant TgFNR is stabilized in an open conformation. The open conformation of the enzyme was found to be essential for its optimum functioning, as induction of compactness/rigidity by modulation of pH, leads to decrease in the functional activity. In native conformation, strong interactions exist between the NADP(+)- and FAD-binding domains thus making the enzyme a structurally cooperative molecule. Under acidic conditions (pH about 4), the interdomain interactions present in native TgFNR were lost and the enzyme became structurally noncooperative. The pH-induced structural alterations in the NADP(+) binding domain, more precisely compaction of the conformation lead to its stabilization against thermal denaturation. The studies demonstrate the significance of electrostatic interactions both in stabilization of native conformation and maintenance of structural cooperativity in TgFNR. 相似文献
18.
Understanding the factors that determine invasion success for non‐native plants is crucial for maintaining global biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. One hypothesized mechanism by which many exotic plants can become invasive is through the disruption of key plant–mycorrhizal mutualisms, yet few studies have investigated how these disruptions can lead to invader success. We present an individual‐based model to examine how mutualism strengths between a native plant (Impatiens capensis) and mycorrhizal fungus can influence invasion success for a widespread plant invader, Alliaria petiolata (garlic mustard). Two questions were investigated as follows: (a) How does the strength of the mutualism between the native I. capensis and a mycorrhizal fungus affect resistance (i.e., native plant maintaining >60% of final equilibrium plant density) to garlic mustard invasion? (b) Is there a non‐linear relationship between initial garlic mustard density and invasiveness (i.e., garlic mustard representing >60% of final equilibrium plant density)? Our findings indicate that either low (i.e., facultative) or high (i.e., obligate) mutualism strengths between the native plant and mycorrhizal fungus were more likely to lead to garlic mustard invasiveness than intermediate levels, which resulted in higher resistance to garlic mustard invasion. Intermediate mutualism strengths allowed I. capensis to take advantage of increased fitness when the fungus was present but remained competitive enough to sustain high numbers without the fungus. Though strong mutualisms had the highest fitness without the invader, they proved most susceptible to invasion because the loss of the mycorrhizal fungus resulted in a reproductive output too low to compete with garlic mustard. Weak mutualisms were more competitive than strong mutualisms but still led to garlic mustard invasion. Furthermore, we found that under intermediate mutualism strengths, the initial density of garlic mustard (as a proxy for different levels of plant invasion) did not influence its invasion success, as high initial densities of garlic mustard did not lead to it becoming dominant. Our results indicate that plants that form weak or strong mutualisms with mycorrhizal fungi are most vulnerable to invasion, whereas intermediate mutualisms provide the highest resistance to an allelopathic invader. 相似文献
19.
20.
It is widely accepted that a protein's sequence determines its structure. The surprising finding that proteins of distant sequence can adopt similar 3D structures has raised interesting questions regarding underlying conserved properties that are essential for protein folding and stability. Uncovering the conserved properties may shed light on the folding mechanism of proteins and help with the development of computational tools for protein structure prediction. We compiled and analyzed a structure pair dataset of 66 high‐resolution and low sequence identity (16–38%) soluble proteins. Structure deviation for each pair was confirmed by calculating its Cα SiMax value and comparing its potential energy per residue. Analysis of favorable inter‐residue interactions for each structure pair indicated that the average number of inter‐residue interactions within each structure represents a conserved feature of homologous structures of distant sequence. Detailed comparison of individual types of interactions showed that the average number of either hydrophobic or hydrogen bonding interactions remains unchanged for each structure pair. These findings should be of help to improving the quality of homology models based on templates of low sequence identity, thus broadening the application of homology modeling techniques for protein studies. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 93: 340–347, 2010. This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com 相似文献