Trapping effect of synthetic sex pheromone of Acleris fimbriana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in Chinese northern orchard

The yellow tortrix, Acleris fimbriana Merick (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), is an economically important insect pest on fruit trees with four generations a year in North China. In order to develop a new and effective method for forecasting and controlling the pest, the sex pheromone was studied. We have identified the female sex pheromone as (E)-11,13-tetradecadienal (E11,13-14:Ald), (E)-11,13-tetradecadienyl acetate (E11,13-14:Ac) and (E)-11-tetradecenyl acetate (E11-14:Ac). Trapping effect of synthetic chemicals E11,13-14:Ald, alone and in combination with E11,13-14:Ac or/and E11-14:Ac to A. fimbriana males was tested in Beijing Xishan Orchard (2001). E11,13-14:Ald on its own was much attractive to A. fimbriana males. Neither E11,13-14:Ac nor E11-14:Ac alone caught any moths. The catches markedly increased by adding E11,13-14:Ac to E11,13-14:Ald. The optimum ratio of E11,13-14:Ald and E11,13-14:Ac was 6:4 to 5:5. This attractiveness was apparently enhanced when 5% to 10% of E11-14:Ac was added. The best field activity was in the lure baited with a 6:4:1 ratio of E11,13-14:Ald, E11,13-14:Ac and E11-14:Ac at a dosage of 1000 microg/septum. The effect of antioxidant, 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol [butylated hydroxyluene (BHT)], to the synthetic pheromone blends on its duration and catching efficacy was also tested. Addition of 5-10% BHT to the synthetic pheromone could prolong the life-span of pheromone chemicals for 6-8 weeks, thereby increased its catching efficacy.     

榆木蠹蛾雄蛾对性信息素不同组分及其不同比例和剂量混合物的风洞行为反应

【目的】本研究旨在深入了解榆木蠹蛾Holcocerus vicarius(Walker)信息素通讯系统。【方法】在风洞中观察了榆木蠹蛾雄蛾对合成性信息素不同组分及其不同比例及剂量混合物的行为反应。【结果】单组分试验结果表明,仅有Z7-14:Ac能够引起少量雄蛾完成从兴奋到接触诱芯并出现预交尾的全部行为反应,其余4个单组分(E3-14:Ac,Z3E5-14:Ac,E3-14:OH和Z3-14:OH)只能引起雄蛾兴奋,均不能引起雄蛾向性信息素源定向飞行。二元混合物(Z7-14:Ac+E3-14:Ac)明显增加雄蛾完整的性行为反应比例,三元混合物(Z7-14:Ac+E3-14:Ac+Z3E5-14:Ac)比例为10∶4∶4,剂量为1 300μg时有71.7%雄蛾发生预交尾,剂量为1 000μg时有70.3%雄蛾发生预交尾,两者差异不显著(P0.05)。【结论】榆木蠹蛾风洞行为实验为进一步研究其性信息素相关生物学特性及应用性信息素对榆木蠹蛾进行综合防治奠定了基础。     

Synthesis of (3E, 5Z)-3,5-Dodecadienylacetate,the Sex Pheromone of Phtheochroa cranaodes (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

(3E, 5Z)-3,5-Dodecadienyl acetate, the female sex pheromone of Phtheochroa cranaodes, was regio and stereo-selectively synthesized from 1-octyne and (E)-4-bromo-3-buten-1-ol by using Pd(PPh₃)₄, CuI and piperidine to afford the enyne (5). Further elaboration afforded the target pheromone. The synthetic pheromone was identified with the natural product by its MS and IR, data GLC retention time and biological activity.     

Effect of (E4, Z6)-4,6-Hexadecadienal in attraction of Stathmopoda masinissa with its pheromone components of Korean population

Timely insecticidal application for Stathmopoda masinissa Meyrick (Lepidoptera: Stathmopodidae), is important, for reducing damage to persimmon (Diospyros kaki Thunb.), an important tree fruit cultivated in Korea. In this regard, the early and precise detection of adult S. masinissa is desirable. In this study, we report the effect of (E4,Z6)-4,6-hexadecadienal (E4,Z6-16Ald) with sex pheromone components in attracting S. masinissa males. The sex pheromone of S. masinissa in the Korean population comprised two components, (E4,Z6)-4,6-hexadecadienyl acetate (E4,Z6-16Ac) and (E4,Z6)-4,6-hexadecadienol (E4,Z6-16OH). It was shown that the E4,Z6-16Ald acts as a synergist of E4,Z6-16Ac for attracting S. masinissa in the Japanese population. To test whether E4,Z6-16Ald could be used as an attractant in the Korean population, the E4,Z6-16Ald with the two pheromone components was evaluated in attracting S. masinissa males. Electroantennography (EAG) assays were performed to determine the antennal responses of S. masinissa males to the two pheromone components and E4,Z6-16Ald tested. A field attraction test with a combination of pheromones and E4,Z6-16Ald was carried out for 3 years in three different regions in Korea. E4,Z6-16Ald elicited as high a response as the two pheromone components. A mixture of the two pheromone components and E4,Z6-16Ald and a mixture of E4,Z6-16Ac and E4,Z6-16Ald attracted more S. masinissa males than a mixture of E4,Z6-16Ac and E4,Z6-16OH, the pheromone of Korean population. This new pheromone lure formulation with E4,Z6-16Ald is expected to contribute to the precise detection of S. masinissa by luring males to pheromone-baited traps.     

Inter- and intraspecific activities of compounds derived from sex pheromone glands of currant borer, Synanthedon tipuliformis (Clerck) (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae)

Gas chromatography and mass spectrometry analyses of crude sex pheromone gland extracts revealed that virgin Synanthedon tipuliformis (Clerck), currant borer (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae) females, produced 6 compounds, structurally related to sex pheromone components of clearwing moths. By comparison of retention times and mass spectra of natural products with corresponding properties of synthetic standards, these compounds were identified as: (2E,13Z)-octadeca-2,13-dien-1-yl acetate (E2,Z13-18:OAc), (3E,13Z)-octadeca-3,13-dien-1-yl acetate (E3,Z13-18:OAc), (13Z)-octadec-13-en-1-yl acetate (Z13-18:OAc), (2E,13Z)-octadeca-2,13-dien-1-ol (E2,Z13-18:OH), (13Z)-octadec-13-en-1-ol (Z13-18:OH) and octadecan-1-ol (18:OH) in the ratio 100:0.7:2.7:3.2:traces:traces. The first 3 compounds were previously known to occur in the sex pheromone gland extracts of currant borers, while the last 3 chemicals are now reported for the first time. Trapping tests carried out in the black currant field revealed that E2,Z13-18:OAc, when tested separately, attracted S. tipuliformis males, while addition of E3,Z13-18:OAc to the main component increased the effectiveness of E2,Z13-18:OAc over seven times. The attractiveness of 6 component lures did not differ significantly from the one of the binary mixture, confirming that E2,Z13-18:OAc and E3,Z13-18:OAc in the ratio100:0.7 are essential sex pheromone components of S. tipuliformis. Trapping tests carried out at the dwelling place of Synanthedon scoliaeformis (Borkhausen) (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae) revealed that, in addition to intraspecific synergistic effect, E3,Z13-18:OAc increased the specificity of the pheromone signal of S. tipuliformis, acting by intraspecific mode as an attraction antagonist against S. scoliaeformis males. By this way, it ensured the specificity of the sex attraction signal of the currant borer. Consequently, both compounds E2,Z13-18:OAc and E3,Z13-18:OAc have to be present in pheromone formulations used for monitoring and/or control of S. tipuliformis to avoid effecting non-target species. Other compounds identified from the sex pheromone gland of S. tipuliformis did not show any significant interspecific activity for males of S. scoliaeformis, however, they provide a basis to achieve specificity of a pheromone signal of S. tipuliformis and could act as attraction antagonists against other clearwing moth species which, like S. tipuliformis, employ E2,Z13-18:OAc as their sex pheromone component.     

Responses to sex pheromone and plant odours by olfactory receptor neurons housed in sensilla auricillica of the codling moth, Cydia pomonella (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

Antennal olfactory receptor neurons located in a limited number of two types of sensilla auricillica, the rabbit-eared shoehorn and the regular shoehorn, located on the 5-30 flagellomere of the codling moth, Cydia pomonella, antenna were screened for selectivity to 11 plant compounds, the major sex pheromone component, three minor pheromone components and one behavioural antagonist. Both types of sensilla housed at least three neurons characterised by different action potential amplitudes. Neurons in both males and females responded to the plant compounds, ethyl (E,Z)-2,4-decadienoate, (+/-)-linalool, (E)-ss-farnesene, hexanol, (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate, 4,8-dimethyl-1,3,(E)7-nonatriene, nonanol, the major pheromone component codlemone [(E,E)-8,10-dodecadienol] and the minor pheromone component tetradecanol. Additionally, (E,E)-alpha-farnesene and (Z)-3-hexenol elicited responses specifically in female neurons, whereas (E,E)-farnesol elicited a specific response in a male neuron. Neurons responded to 1-3 odorants, with sometimes overlapping response spectra. A scanning electron microscopic study of the antennae of both sexes supported an earlier study, apart from that long s. trichodea were present in a wreath at the proximal margin of the flagellomere and in addition evenly distributed over the remaining surface, and a previously non-described sensillum type with external basiconic features was revealed, distributed on the proximal and medial region of the flagellomeres.     

Identification of minor sex pheromone components of the poplar clearwing moth Paranthrene tabaniformis (Lepidoptera, Sesiidae)

A chemical analysis of the crude sex pheromone gland extracts of virgin calling Paranthrene tabaniformis females, obtained from the European part of Kazakhstan, revealed the presence of five compounds: (3E,13Z)-octadeca-3,13-dien-1-ol (E3,Z13-18:OH), (3Z,13Z)-octadeca-3,13-dien-1-ol (Z3,Z13-18:OH), (2E,13Z)-octadeca-2,13-dien-1-ol (E2,Z13-18:OH), (13Z)-octadec-13-en-1-ol (Z13-18:OH), and octadecan-1-ol (18:OH) at the ratios 64.0:32.4: 1.4:0.9:1.3, which are structurally related to sex pheromone components of clearwing moths. Our previous field tests showed synergistic effects of Z3,Z13-18:OH and E2,Z13-18:OH to attract P. tabaniformis males, when these compounds were tested in binary mixtures with the known sex pheromone E3,Z13-18:OH. The three dienic alcohols should all be considered as sex pheromone components of the P. tabaniformis species, while the role of Z13-18:OH and 18:OH remained unclear.     

Sex pheromone biosynthesis in the pine caterpillar moth, Dendrolimus punctatus (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae): pathways leading to Z5-monoene and 5,7-conjugated diene components

Biosynthesis of the sex pheromone components (Z)-5-dodecenol and (Z,E)-5,7-dodecadienol in Dendrolimus punctatus was studied by topical application of deuterium-labeled fatty acids to pheromone glands and subsequent analysis of fatty acyl groups and pheromone components by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Our studies suggest that both (Z)-5-dodecenol and (Z,E)-5,7-dodecadienol can be biosynthetically derived from chain elongation of palmitate to stearate in the gland, and its subsequent Delta11 desaturation to produce (Z)-11-octadecenoate. After three cycles of 2-carbon chain-shortening, the pheromone glands produce (Z)-5-dodecenoate, which is then converted to (Z)-5-dodecenol by reduction. A second Delta11 desaturation of (Z)-9-hexadecenoate produces (Z,E)-9,11-hexadecadienoate, which is then chain shortened in two cycles of beta-oxidation and finally converted to (Z,E)-5,7-dodecadienol by reduction.     

Identification of a four-component sex pheromone blend in Bonagota cranaodes (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

Analysis of sex pheromone glands of the apple leafroller Bonagota cranaodes Meyrick by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry or electroantennographic detection showed the presence of 14 structurally related acetates and alcohols of the chain length 10-18, including the main pheromone component (E,Z)-3,5-dodecadienyl acetate (E3,Z5-12Ac). Male antennae responded to the main compound, its Z,Z isomer, (E,Z) -3,5-tetradecadienyl acetate (E3,Z5-14Ac), and the monoenes (Z)-5-dodecenyl acetate (Z5-12Ac) and (Z)-9-hexadecenyl acetate (Z9-16Ac). Traps baited with a four-component blend of E3,Z5-12Ac, Z5-12Ac, E3,Z5-14Ac, and Z9-16Ac in a 100:5:5:100 ratio were significantly more attractive than the main compound alone. This improved trap lure is more suitable for monitoring population densities of B. cranaodes, and for detection of the onset of the seasonal flight period. A more complete pheromone blend is of importance also with respect to current attempts to develop mating disruption for control of this major pest of apple in Brazil.     

Efficacy ofCarpophilus aggregation pheromones on nine species in northeastern Ohio, and identification of the pheromone ofC. brachypterus

Aggregation pheromones for sevenCarpophilus (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae) species were field tested at a site with a rich nitidulid fauna in Ohio, USA, during the summers of 1992 and 1993. The pheromones used were blends identified for:Carpophilus antiquus (Melsheimer),C. brachypterus (Say),C. freemani Dobson, C. hemipterus (L.),C. lugubris Murray,C. mutilatus Erichson, andC. obsoletus Erichson. Each pheromone was used in conjunction with whole wheat bread dough, an effective co-attractant. The pheromone ofC. brachypterus Say was identified during the course of this study and was also tested; males emitted a 100:6:11:4:3 blend of (2E, 4E, 6E, 8E)-3, 5, 7-trimethyl-2, 4, 6, 8-decatetraene, (2E, 4E, 6E, 8E)-3, 5, 7-trimethyl-2, 4, 6, 8-undecatetraene, (2E, 4E, 6E, 8E)-7-ethyl-3, 5-dimethyl-2, 4, 6, 8-decatetraene, (3E, 5E, 7E, 9E)-4, 6, 8-trimethyl-3, 5, 7, 9-undecatetraene and (2E, 4E, 6E, 8E)-7-ethyl-3, 5-dimethyl-2, 4, 6, 8-undecatetraene, respectively. All species responded favorably to their own pheromones with the exception ofC. obsoletus, which was not present in this area. Strong mutual cross attraction was observed betweenC. brachypterus andC. hemipterus. In addition,C. lugubris responded to the pheromones ofC. obsoletus andC. hemipterus and, more weakly, to those ofC. freemani andC. brachypterus; C. freemani responded slightly to the pheromone ofC. multilatus; andC. antiquus responded to the pheromone ofC. lugubris. In most cases, cross attraction was related to the species involved sharing pheromone components. ForC. antiquus, however, the response to theC. lugubris pheromone was apparently kairomonalC. corticinus, C. marginatus, C. marginellus, andC. sayi, for which pheromones are not known, were attracted to the pheromone ofC. lugubris and in some cases to other pheromones. Significant numbers ofColopterus spp. responded to the blends forC. lugubris, C. hemipterus, C. brachypterus, and probably,C. obsoletus.     

Sex pheromone analysis and effective attraction of males of the cabbage webworm,Hellula undalis,inhabiting the Mekong Delta of Vietnam

Hellula undalis is a harmful insect pest of green mustard in the Mekong Delta of Vietnam. In order to establish a tool for a sustainable pest control program, the sex pheromone of H. undalis inhabiting the Mekong Delta was examined. GC-EAD and GC–MS analyses of pheromone gland extracts from the virgin females elucidated three new components, (Z)-11-tetradecenyl acetate (Z11-14:OAc), (Z)-11-hexadecenal (Z11-16:Ald), and (11E,13E)-11,13-hexadecadien-1-ol, in addition to the known pheromone component (11E,13E)-11,13-hexadecadienal (E11,E13-16:Ald). Double bond positions of the two monoenyl components were determined by GC–MS analysis of the pheromone extract treated with dimethyl disulfide. On the other hand, GC–MS analysis of the female body extract detected the unsaturated hydrocarbon (3Z,6Z,9Z)-3,6,9-tricosatriene (Z3,Z6,Z9-23:H). Field examinations of their synthetic compounds indicated the significant role of E11,E13-16:Ald as a major component and a clear synergistic effect of the two monoenyl compounds as a minor component. Although the 3:3:7 mixture of Z11-14:OAc, E11-16:Ald, and E11,E13-16:Ald captured the largest number of males among the tested mixtures, the activity was still quite a bit lower than that of virgin females. However, the 3:3:7:1 mixture, which was prepared by adding a small amount of Z3,Z6,Z9-23:H to the 3:3:7 ternary lure, succeeded in attracting males more powerfully than the females did. This strong synergistic effect was not observed when the triene was added to unmixed E11,E13-16:Ald, indicating important roles of not only the triene but also the two monoenyl compounds as natural pheromone components.     

Pheromonal cross-attraction in true bugs (Heteroptera): attraction of Piezodorus hybneri (Pentatomidae) to its pheromone versus the pheromone of Riptortus pedestris (Alydidae)

We investigated the attractiveness of a synthetic form of the pheromone of the soybean stink bug, Piezodorus hybneri (Gmelin), under field conditions, and compared it with that of (E)-2-hexenyl (E)-2-hexenoate, a pheromone component of a competitor, Riptortus pedestris (Fabricius). Many adult stink bugs were attracted to traps baited with 100 mg of the synthetic pheromone (1: 1: one mixture of β-sesquiphellandrene, (R)-15-hexadecanolide, and methyl (Z)-8-hexadecenoate), but few were attracted to 1 or 10 mg. More than twice as many females as males were attracted to this male-produced pheromone. None of the individual pheromone components (30 mg) attracted conspecifics. In summer (June-July), when field P. hybneri were not in diapause, (E)-2-hexenyl (E)-2-hexenoate was more attractive to P. hybneri than the synthetic pheromone. The sex ratio of the adults attracted to the synthetic pheromone was highly female-biased, yet almost equal numbers of both sexes were attracted to (E)-2-hexenyl (E)-2-hexenoate. Most females attracted to both attractants were mated and had mature ovaries. However, adults attracted to (E)-2-hexenyl (E)-2-hexenoate were likely to have less food in their stomach than those attracted to the synthetic pheromone. In late autumn (October-November), when the bugs were in reproductive diapause, both attractants attracted many sexually immature female and male adults that had well-developed fat body. The synthetic pheromone also attracted a large number of conspecific nymphs. These results suggest that P. hybneri pheromone and R. pedestris pheromone component, respectively, have different functions for P. hybneri. The male-produced pheromone system of P. hybneri seems to be sex-related but to have other roles.     

中国豆野螟性信息素腺体组份的化学结构鉴定

研究中国豆野螟Marucavitrata(Fabricius)性信息素腺体成分。分析证实(反,反)-10,12-十六碳二烯醛(E,E-10,12-16∶ALD)是中国豆野螟性信息素腺体的主要组份;同时利用GC和GC-MS发现(反,反)-10,12-十六碳二烯醇(E,E-10,12-16∶OH)和反-10-十六碳单烯醛(E-10-16∶ALD)也是中国豆野螟性信息素腺体的组份;三者在腺体中分别以51∶4∶45的比例存在。     

Perception of volatiles associated with sex and food by different adult forms of the black bean aphid, Aphis fabae

Abstract. Electroantennograms (EAGs) were recorded from adult male and asexual forms (winged and wingless virginoparae and gynoparae) of the black bean aphid, Aphis fabae , during stimulation with two sex pheromone components, (+)-(4a S ,7 S ,7a R )-nepetalactone and (-)-(1 R ,4a S ,7 S ,7a R )-nepetalactol, as well as six plant volatiles, i.e. ( E )-2-hexenal, ( E )-2-hexenol-1, ( Z )-3-hexenol-1, ( Z )-3-hexenyl acetate, hexanal and allyl isothiocyanate. The male antennae are 1000-10,000 times more sensitive to nepetalactol and nepetalactone than to the plant compound ( E )-2-hexenal. Besides this marked difference of EAG peak responses in males, the EAG rise and decay are slower for the sex pheromone components. Males are also much more sensitive to the sex pheromone components than asexual females. This high sensitivity correlates with a predominance of antennal secondary rhinaria, the major sites of pheromone perception in the male. However, it is the primary rhinaria on the antennae of the wingless asexual females that are responsible for pheromone perception. Male antennae are as responsive as the asexual female antennae to the plant volatiles. The specialization of the male for mate location is discussed.     

溴氰菊酯对亚洲玉米螟雄蛾感受雌性信息素的影响

为了探索溴氰菊醋对亚洲玉米螟雄蛾感受雌性信息素的影响,本文运用触角电位仪和风洞装置对亚洲玉米螟雄蛾进行了电生理和行为反应的测试．结果表明,处理雄蛾对不同比例雌性信息素的触角电位反应分别在E／Z;1／9、5／5和9／1处出现峰值,与对照相比无显著改变,但反应幅度为0．25—0．45mV,比对照下降0．15—0．35mV．对不同剂量的性信息素,引起可见触角电位反应的低限阈值为1ng,饱和反应剂量为10000ng,但反应幅度亦下降0．1—0．5mV,说明溴氰菊酯主要是影响雄蛾周缘感受系统的敏感性．但在风洞测试中,雄蛾除在反应率上比对照明显降低外,其峰值感受比例从E／Z＝1／1漂移到7／3以上．雄蛾对雌性信息素的低限反应剂量也从10ng漂移到100ng,并且高限反应剂量也从100000ng降低到50000ng,使有效作用剂量范围缩小．这说明溴氰菊酯对雄蛾的行为反应有较大影响,不仅使雄蛾对性信息素感受的敏感性降低,也影响到其感受的专化性。     

Genetic Variation in the Strongly Canalized Sex Pheromone Communication System of the European Corn Borer, Ostrinia Nubilalis Hubner (Lepidoptera; Pyralidae)

The major difference in pheromone production between the so-called E and Z strains of the European corn borer Ostrinia nubilalis is controlled by two alleles at a single autosomal locus. E-strain females produce an (E)-11-tetradecenyl acetate pheromone with 1-3% of the Z isomer, whereas Z-strain females produce the opposite blend. In laboratory-reared insects we found that F(1) females produced, on average, a 71:29 E/Z ratio, but the distribution was clearly bimodal. The variability in pheromone blend produced by heterozygous females could be explained by the existence of two different alleles in the Z strain which in combination with the E-strain allele for the major production locus cause the production of a component mixture either high or low in the E isomer. In addition, evidence was found for an independently inherited factor, existing in the E strain, with a dominant effect on the amount of E isomer produced by females homozygous for Z-alleles at the major production locus. Thus, the low variability normally found in the pheromone mixture produced by O. nubilalis and other moth females may, by canalization, hide a considerable amount of underlying genetic variation.     

New synthesis of the (3Z,6Z,9S,10R)-isomers of 9,10-epoxy-3,6-henicosadiene and 9,10-epoxy-1,3,6-henicosatriene, pheromone components of the female fall webworm moth, Hyphantria cunea

(3Z,6Z,9S,10R)-9,10-Epoxy-3,6-henicosadiene (1) and (3Z,6Z,9S,10R)-9,10-epoxy-1,3,6-henicosatriene (5), pheromone components of the female fall webworm moth (Hyphantria cunea Drury), were synthesized by starting from (2S,3R)-2,3-epoxy-4-t-butyldimethylsilyloxy-1-butanol (8). Epoxide 8 was prepared by employing lipase-catalyzed asymmetric acetylation of (+/-)-8 as the key optical resolution step.     

松毛虫性信息素的固相微萃取及质谱和触角电位分析

松毛虫性信息素成分在腺体中含量很低。本研究利用固相微萃取（SPME）技术近距离长时间采集单头云南松毛虫Dendrolimus houi处女雌蛾释放的性信息素成分, 并进一步利用气相色谱-质谱（GC-MS）和气相色谱-触角电位联用（GC-EAD）技术分析SPME采集的性信息素成分。 结果显示: 在云南松毛虫处女雌蛾求偶召唤期间SPME聚乙二醇/二乙烯基苯（CAR/DVB）萃取头吸附了大量的反5, 顺7-十二碳二烯醇（E5, Z7-12:OH）和反5, 顺7-十二碳二烯乙酸酯（E5, Z7-12:OAc）成分及微量的反5, 顺7-十二碳二烯醛（E5, Z7-12:Ald）成分, 这3种腺体成分均能激起云南松毛虫雄虫触角电位反应。与溶剂浸提昆虫性信息素成分的方法比较, SPME活体采样技术和GC-MS及GC-EAD分析方法联用研究昆虫的信息素成分具有采集的样品代表性强、样品量能满足色谱分析需要和无溶剂干扰等方面的优点。最后还着重讨论了SPME技术的应用价值、效果及实际应用中应该注意的一些问题。      

Stimulation of sex pheromone production by PBAN-like substance in the pine caterpillar moth, Dendrolimus punctatus (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae)

Sex pheromone production in the female pine caterpillar moth, Dendrolimus punctatus is controlled by a PBAN-like substance located in the head of female moth. Pheromone titer was significantly decreased by decapitation of female moth, and restored by injection of either Hez-PBAN or head extract prepared from male or female moth. Stimulation of pheromone production by head extract followed a dose-dependent pattern from 0.5 to at least 4 head equivalent. A gland in vitro assay was used to study the relationship between gland incubation time and pheromone production as well as calcium involvement in the stimulation of pheromone production by head extract. Maximum pheromone production was occurred at 60 min after pheromone gland was incubated with two equivalents of head extracts. In vitro experiments showed that the presence of calcium in the incubation medium was necessary for stimulation of pheromone production. The calcium ionophore, A 23187, alone stimulated pheromone production. The pheromone components (Z,E)-5,7-dodecadienol and its acetate and propionate were produced in these experiments but in addition to the aldehyde, (Z,E)-5,7-dodecadienal was also found. This indicates that females are capable of producing four oxygenated functional groups. The PBAN-like substance control of the pheromone biosynthetic pathway was investigated by monitoring the incorporation of the labeled precursor into both pheromone and pheromone intermediates.