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1.
Nocturnal behaviour of Mythimna convecta (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) virgin females was studied in the laboratory under 20 °C and 16:8 LD conditions. The periodicity of activity, feeding, calling, pre-oviposition extrusion and oviposition varied with female age and hour of the scotophase. Females called for the first time between the 2nd and 11th scotophases with the peak in the 4th scotophase. Maximum calling occurred on the 7th hour of the scotophase. Young moths called more frequently with shorter bouts while old moths called less often but with longer bouts. In the presence of older females, moths spent significantly more time in pre-oviposition extrusion and resting and less in activity and feeding than they did when only females of the same age or younger were present. There were no significant differences for calling suggesting that pheromones of older calling females did not affect calling of younger females. 相似文献
2.
Susan M. Bertram Vanessa Rook 《Ethology : formerly Zeitschrift fur Tierpsychologie》2011,117(11):1050-1055
Older males often have a mating advantage, either resulting from the fact that they live longer or resulting from the fact that they both live longer and signal this to females. Male field crickets signal acoustically to attract potential mates. Some field cricket mating signals provide cues about male age while others do not. We explored whether male Jamaican field crickets, Gryllus assimilis, mating signals change with age. Our results show that older males produce chirps with longer pulses, more pulses, at higher pulse and chirp rates, and their chirps are both longer and louder than those produced by younger males. Our findings suggest that Jamaican field cricket mating signals provide cues about male age, explaining between 10% and 54% of the variation in signaling traits. Females might be able to use these mating signal differences to distinguish between older and younger mates. 相似文献
3.
In the fell-field habitat at 140–270 m altitude on the sub-Antarctic Ile de la Possession, Iles Crozet, the dimorphic beetle
Amblystogenium pacificum Putzeys (Coleoptera: Carabidae) was studied monthly throughout the southern year 1993–1994 by timed hand collections involving
turning stones on the rocky fell-field. There were many mating couples and females containing well-developed eggs in every
month and the species reproduced throughout the year, with no evidence of a winter cessation of egg production. However, the
frequency of mating couples was about twice as great in the summer half-year (October–March) as in the winter half (April–September).
Relatively small differences in monthly mean temperatures between the summer and winter at Iles Crozet render all-year reproduction
not unexpected when comparisons are made with the temperatures and phenology of Carabidae in cool habitats in other parts
of the world. Mating pairs were collected at unusually high frequencies for carabids. The frequency of such pairs, taken per
unit effort by hand collecting, was highest in October–December, lower from January to May and intermediate from June to September.
Comparison of beetles taken as solitary, non-mating individuals with those taken as mating couples showed that in summer,
females of the black morph of this dimorphic species were more frequently involved in mating than expected, but no differences
were detected in winter. Female beetles were divided into younger individuals (putative age 1–2 years) and older females (putative
age 3–5 years or more) by the amount of claw-wear on individuals of this species. This division indicated that about 40% of
the older females showed no egg development when captured, but only about 20% of the younger females were non-breeding. However,
of the reproducing beetles, young and old females matured similar numbers of eggs. An altitude transect showed that the proportion
of the black morph increased significantly with altitude. Studies at 140–270 m showed that a significantly smaller proportion
of the older females of the brown morph were breeding than in the younger brown individuals, and this effect was particularly
evident in the colder winter period. No such age differences existed amongst the black morph. 相似文献
4.
Nakamichi M 《Primates; journal of primatology》2003,44(3):239-246
The present study investigated the influence of dominance rank in combination with kinship on age-related differences in social
grooming among adult females in a free-ranging group of Japanese monkeys (Macaca fuscata). Eighty-three adult females were divided into six sub-groups according to age-class (younger: 5–9 years old; middle: 10–14 years
old; older: 15–22 years old) and dominance rank (high and low rank). The ratio of the number of unrelated females that each
female groomed to the total number of available unrelated females and grooming bouts which she gave to unrelated females decreased
with increasing age for both high- and low-ranking females, whereas age did not appear to affect corresponding values for
related females. On the other hand, compared with low-ranking females, high-ranking females of all age-classes received grooming
more often from a larger number of unrelated females. Moreover, older females of low rank received grooming less often from
a smaller number of unrelated females than younger females of low rank. These results indicate that with increasing age females
are more likely to concentrate on related females when they have grooming interactions with other females. This tendency seems
to be more apparent for low-ranking females. Moreover, the present findings also indicate that older high-ranking females
could maintain their social attractiveness as high as younger high-ranking females. 相似文献
5.
Dejan Marcic 《Experimental & applied acarology》2003,30(3):249-263
Sublethal effects of the growth inhibitor, clofentezine, on life-table parameters of Tetranychus urticae Koch females treated at different developmental stages with a concentration causing ≥90% mortality were investigated. Females
which survived treatment as ‘early’ (0–24 h old) eggs produced 12% more offspring than the untreated females during the first
five days of oviposition. This resulted in a significant rise in the intrinsic rate of increase (r
j
): 0.324, compared to 0.299 in the untreated females. This effect may be interpreted as hormoligosis. Clofentezine treatment
at any other developmental stage of T. urticae significantly decreased both longevity and fertility of female survivors. Females which survived treatment either as ‘late’
(72–96 h old) eggs or larvae had 2.6 times lower net reproductive rate (R
0) than the untreated females, and the r
j
values were significantly lower: 0.242 and 0.215, respectively (0.285 in the untreated females). Females which survived treatment
either as protonymphs or deutonymphs had 3.9 times and 6 times lower R
0, respectively. Corresponding r
j
values were 0.178 and 0.146, respectively (0.247 in the untreated females). The clofentezine treatment at all stages influenced
the age distribution of survivors. The sublethal effects of clofentezine and their impact on T. urticae management are discussed.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
6.
Joseph H. Manson 《Primates; journal of primatology》1994,35(4):417-433
Birth season adult heterosexual nonkin relationships of 50 free-ranging female rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) in two social groups at Cayo Santiago, Puerto Rico were examined using focal follow (289 hr) and ad lib data. Eighty-eight
percent of subjects had at least one relationship characterized by particularly high frequencies of spatial proximity, grooming,
or both. These were designated “friendships.” Males intervened in aggressive interactions more frequently on behalf of Friends
than non-Friends. Female aggressive support of males was extremely rare. Higher-ranking males experienced more friendships
than lower-ranking males. High-ranking females had higher-ranking Friends than low-ranking females. Older females had higher-ranking
Friends than younger females. Females groomed high-ranking Friends more than they were groomed by them, whereas they groomed
low-ranking Friends less than they were groomed by them. In one social group, high-ranking females were more likely than low-ranking
females to groom their Friends more than they were groomed by them. Males were more responsible than females for spatial proximity
maintenance in 9 of 14 Friend dyads for which sufficient data were available. Neither male nor female dominance rank affected
responsibility for proximity maintenance in Friend dyads.
Eight of 24 females had friendships with males with whom they had completed copulations during their conception peri-ovulatory
period of the preceding mating season. Two of 19 females completed peri-ovulatory copulations with Friends during the following
mating season. Friendship was not correlated with either of two demonstrated female mate choice indicators: (1) proximity
maintenance during estrus; or (2) cooperation with male “hip-grasp” courtship attempts. Males directed “muzzle-up” courtship
signals at lower rates toward Friends than toward non-Friends.
These and other investigators' results indicate that (1) protection from aggression is the primary benefit to female rhesus
macaques of birth season heterosexual relationships; (2) the most effective protectors are in greatest demand as Friends;
and (3) friendship has no effect or an inhibitory effect on mate choice in this species. Benefits to males of friendships
were not apparent from this study but may include coalitional support against lower-ranking males. 相似文献
7.
Wolfgang W. Weisser 《Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata》1994,70(1):1-10
Foraging behaviour and host-instar preference of young and old females of the solitary aphid parasitoid,Lysiphlebus cardui Marshall (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae), were studied in the laboratory. The analysis of interactions between parasitoids and
different stages ofAphis fabae cirsiiacanthoidis Scop. (Homoptera: Aphididae) revealed that encounter rates between aphids and parasitoid females and defence reactions of
the aphids influenced the degree to which a particular aphid age class is parasitized. Encounter rates between hosts and parasitoid
females depended on the foraging pattern of the parasitoid, which varied with age. In mixed aphid colonies patch residence
time increased with parasitoid age. Furthermore, younger parasitoids (≦1 day old) laid more eggs into second and third instars,
while older parasitoids (≧4 days old) did not show distinct host instar preferences. It is suggested that the oviposition
behaviour ofL. cardui is influenced by the physiological state, i.e. the age of the wasp. 相似文献
8.
Takeshi Furuichi 《International journal of primatology》1989,10(3):173-197
The unit-group of Pan paniscustends to form one large mixed party consisting of most of its members. Females usually stay in the party irrespective of their
estrous state. They aggregate in the center of the party; and, older females stay in the most central part. Adult and adolescent
sons of the old adult females stay in the central part more than males without mothers in the unit-group do. Females leave
their natal unit-groups as older juveniles or in early adolescence and. settle in another unit-group after visiting several.
Newly immigrated young females are eager to have social interactions with senior females to improve their social positions.
Females become less eager to interact socially with other females when they have their own offspring. The strong bond between
mother and son continues into his adulthood; and, females in old age become important members of the unit-group, both as the
targets of association for younger females and as the mothers of highranking males. High social status of females seems related
to their cohesive grouping tendency. The consistency of the multimale/multifemale party and the existence of prominent mother-offspring
subunits are unique characteristics of P. paniscusamong the Pongidae. This social structure may provide a feasible model of the basic society from which human society evolved. 相似文献
9.
Mating and oviposition behaviors were studied inCallosobruchus subinnotatus. Copulation was most frequent during the late scotophase, 2–3 h before onset of photophase. The females were less willing
to mate during photophase, which increased the time to initiate mating while decreasing the duration of mating. Females exhibited
increased movement prior to mating, resting immediately after mating, and remained stationary for 6 h when oviposition commenced.
Multiple mating by both males and females affected the number of eggs laid, duration of mating, and uncoupling time at the
end of mating. Females that mated two or three times laid more eggs than females that mated once or more than three times.
Females that remainedin copula for less than 18 min showed greater readiness to remate than those that remainedin copula longer. There was a gradual decrease in the number of eggs females could lay with an increase in the number of previous matings
by males. 相似文献
10.
Selection byTrichogramma nubilale (Ertle & Davis) for different aged egg masses ofOstrinia nubilalis (Hübner) was examined by separating components of parasitism. FemaleT. nubilale were exposed to egg masses of 2 different ages (freshly laid egg masses versus 1, 2, 3 or 4 day old egg masses), and the
age of the initial egg mass inspected, number and percent of eggs and egg masses parasitized, and the emergence rate of pharate
parasitoids was recorded. When there was a large difference in age between young and old egg masses, ♀♀ inspected initially
more young egg masses (>2 days difference), parasitized a greater percent of young egg masses (>2 days difference), and parasitized
more eggs/parasitized egg mass in young egg masses (>3 days difference) than old egg masses. Females did not discriminate
between host age when hosts were similar in age. Successful emergence of parasitoids was greater from younger eggs than older
eggs, although emergence was better from one-day-old eggs than from fresh eggs. These results imply that when the hosts were
sufficiently different in age, ♀♀ were attracted to younger egg masses more than older egg masses, and they tended to remain
ovipositing for longer periods of time on younger egg masses than older egg masses. Moreover, ♀♀ appeared to prefer to oviposit
in hosts in which their young are more likely to complete development.
相似文献
11.
H. C. Gerhardt J. Schul 《Journal of comparative physiology. A, Neuroethology, sensory, neural, and behavioral physiology》1999,185(1):33-40
The selectivity of female phonotactic responses to synthetic advertisement calls was tested in choice situations. Preferences
based on differences in the linear rise-time of synthetic pulses depended on intensity and carrier frequency. When the carrier
frequency was 1.1 kHz, simulating the low-frequency peak in the advertisement call, females preferred alternatives with slower
rise-time pulses that differed by 5 ms at playback levels of 75 dB SPL and higher. A rise-time difference of 10 ms was discriminated
at 65 dB SPL. When the carrier frequency was 2.2 kHz, simulating the high-frequency peak in the call, females discriminated
a 5-ms difference in rise-time only at 85 dB SPL. Females showed no preference when the difference was 10 ms at lower playback
levels. The difference in the thresholds (about 15–20 dB) for discriminating differences in rise-time at the two carrier frequencies
was greater than the difference in behavioral thresholds for these two frequencies (about 10 dB). This result suggests that
rise-time discrimination can be mediated solely by the neural channel mainly tuned to the low-frequency peak in the call.
Females probably assess differences in rise-time by comparing the first few pulses of each call rather than by averaging over
the entire call.
Accepted: 30 March 1999 相似文献
12.
Christine M. Johnson Rebecca E. Frank Danielle Flynn 《Primates; journal of primatology》1999,40(2):397-407
“Peering”—close-proximity staring at the mouth of another—was observed in ten (three males and seven females) mature (at least
7 years old) bonobos (Pan paniscus) living in three social groups at the San Diego Zoo and Wild Animal Park. Instantaneous scan samples, taken at 2-min intervals,
over a three-and-a-half year period, yielded 617 observations of peering (1.4 per observation hour). Food was exchanged in
only 15 of these scans. Peering was most often performed by younger animals and was primarily directed toward older females
(“matrons”). In a given dyad, the animal more likely to peer at the other was also more like to both peer and be peered at
if they frequently groomed and infrequently displayed aggression at a given female. An adolescent male showed the highest
frequency of peering when living with two older females, but dropped to adult male levels when later housed with two younger
(albeit mature) females. A reversal in which animal was more likely to peer, follow, and groom occurred in one female dyad,
after the birth of the younger animal's first infant. After a similar birth in the other group, no such changes were observed.
We discuss how these and related findings, in conjunction with what is known of the social structure of this species, suggest
that one possible function of peering in bonobos may be as a signal acknowledging female status. 相似文献
13.
Calling song and selective phonotaxis in the field crickets,Gryllus firmus andG. pennsylvanicus (Orthoptera: Gryllidae) 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
The field cricket species, Gryllus firmusand G. pennsylvanicus,occur in a mosaic hybrid zone that roughly parallels the eastern slope of the Appalachian mountains in the northeastern United States. It is important to know what role, if any, the calling song plays in mate choice in sympatric and allopatric populations. In this report, we present results on the variability of calling song properties along transects across this hybrid zone. We also present the results of experiments on phonotactic selectivity of females from an allopatric population of G. firmus.The male calling song of allopatric G. firmuswas significantly slower in temporal rhythm (i. e., chirp and pulse repetition rates) and lower in pitch (i.e., dominant frequency) than that of allopatric G. pennsylvanicus.Calling song properties of males recorded in the hybrid zone varied considerably in temporal and spectral properties. In two-stimulus (choice) phonotaxis experiments, allopatric females of G. firmuspreferred synthetic calling songs with conspecific pulse repetition rates over songs that had lower and higher pulse rates. This preference persisted even when the sound pressure levels of alternative stimuli were unequal. Therefore, allopatric females of G. firmuscan discriminate between conspecific and heterospecific calling songs. Whether or not this same selectivity is present in sympatric populations remains unclear. Investigations of phonotactic selectivity in other allopatric and sympatric populations of both species are currently under way. 相似文献
14.
Summary
Daviesia mimosoides is a common understorey legume in Eucalyptus forests of the Brindabella Range in southeastern Australia, capable of fixing
atmospheric nitrogen. Rates of N fixation were measured by the acetylene-reduction technique over a growing season in the
field. Pot trials under controlled conditions were also carried out to elucidate effects of soil moisture, temperature, and
light.
Average rates in the field varied from about 1–5 μ mol C2H4/g/h (wet weight of nodule), but rates up to 14 μ mol C2H4/g/h were measured in optimum controlled conditions. Annual N-fixation rates approximate 4.5–7.0 kg/ha.
In pot trials, rate of acetylene reduction decreased with soil moisture to about−10 MPa tension, with a marked depression
at about−6 MPa, but within the normal field range of soil moisture there was little correlation of moisture with average acetylene
reduction rate. Rates were similar in the temperature range of 20–30°C, but were depressed by either low or high temperature
(<10 or >30°C). Diurnal fluctuations in acetylene reduction rates were not correlated with solar radiation, but rates were
limited by high mid-day temperatures. 相似文献
15.
Andrzej Zalewski 《Acta theriologica》2001,46(3):295-304
From 1991–1996, the activity rhythms of 14 radio-collared pine martensMartes martes (Linnaeus, 1758) (6 males and 8 females) were studied in the pristine deciduous and mixed forests of the Białowieża National Park. Tracking data (5823 h) indicated that the activity rhythms of pine martens varied between sexes and seasons. In spring, male activity peaked at 20.00–00.00 h, whereas in summer and autumn-winter, activity was bimodal, peaking at 18.00–22.00 h and 02.00–04.00 h. Female activity in spring was more evenly distributed than that of males, but in summer their activity peaked at 20.00–00.00 h, while in autumn-winter females had a bimodal rhythm with peaks at 18.00–20.00 h and 02.00–06.00 h. In breeding females, activity rhythms changed in the course of pregnancy and nursing. On average, martens started their activity 73±209 (SD) min before sunset and finished 87±245 min after sunrise. Females became active earlier than males but both sexes terminated activity at the same time. For both males and females the daily activity rhythm was not related to the diurnal course of temperature. 相似文献
16.
Two aspects of mating effects on the fecundity, sex ratio and longevity of Neoseiulus cucumeris (Acari: Phytoseiidae) were examined in laboratory experiments: (1) females mated by one, two or three different males (unmated
and 3 days old) at 5-day intervals, and (2) females mated by males with different age/mating status (number of females mated
previously by the male). Females allowed to mate with a second or third male at 5-day intervals produced 39 eggs on average,
but those mated with a single male produced 28 eggs on average. Matings with additional males 5 or 10 days after the first
male increased the duration of the oviposition period of these females by 5–7 days and at the same time reduced the post-oviposition
period by about 10 days. Overall, females with additional matings by one or two different males at 5-day intervals survived
a few days shorter than females without additional males. Mating with a different female each day, a male of N. cucumeris could mate with 5–8 females, which produced a total of 85–116 eggs: females mated with a male during days 1 and 2 in its
adulthood and with a male of the last 2 days of life (days 7 and 8) produced about half as many eggs as females mated with
a male during 3–6 days of its adulthood. Females mated with males that are too young or too old had a shorter oviposition
period and a longer post-oviposition period and longevity than females mated with middle-aged males. In both experiments,
rates of oviposition remained similar in females with high or low fecundity. This indicates that in both cases, the increased
fecundity is due to the extension of the oviposition period through additional sperm supplied by the second male and or third
male (in experiment 1) or more sperm by males not too young nor too old (experiment 2). 相似文献
17.
Adam Duarte Dale R. McCullough Floyd W. Weckerly 《European Journal of Wildlife Research》2011,57(6):1131-1136
To accommodate an increased food intake with greater body size, rumen–reticulum capacity must become larger to allow heavier
digesta loads. Recently, digesta load was found to correlate with age more strongly than body size. It was suggested that
older animals had compromised mastication efficiency due to tooth wear and compensated for larger particles by increasing
rumen–reticulum capacity to extend retention time. Herein, we constructed models and used Akaike Information Criteria corrected
for small sample size to determine if digesta load was related with age or body weight in 80 female and 105 male black-tailed
deer (Odocoileus hemionus columbianus). We also assessed if the presence of fetuses influenced relationships in females. Females were collected in spring, 1985–1988,
and males were collected in autumn, 1980, 1982–1984, and 1988, from Hopland Research and Extension Center, Mendocino County,
California. Digesta loads, fetuses, and carcasses were weighed, and animal ages were estimated. Digesta load was related to
age in females and body weight in males. Our study shows that body size and age-related factors may both influence rumen–reticulum
capacity. 相似文献
18.
Extreme sexual dimorphism suggests that the South American electric fish, Brachyhypopomus pinnicaudatus Hopkins (Copeia 1991:151–161, 1991) is polygynous. No field studies have been conducted on the social behavior of this common
gymnotiform species, in part because their nocturnal habits and densely vegetated habitat precludes direct observation in
the field. We conducted mark–recapture studies on B. pinnicaudatus in Uruguay to gather indirect evidence of their breeding system. Sex ratios of adults were highly skewed toward females 2–3 weeks
into the breeding season. Females moved twice as far as males on average (p = 0.016) and movement tracks of individual females overlapped one another but those of males did not. These data support
the hypothesis that B. pinnicaudatus is polygynous or polygynandrous, and suggest that they use space in a manner consistent with exploded lek polygyny or iteroparous
nest site polygynandry models. Fish detected within 2 m of each other were more aggregated than chance, both day and night,
suggesting they maintain social groupings or alerting networks. 相似文献
19.
Rodney L. Johnson 《Primates; journal of primatology》1989,30(3):433-437
The present paper provides an analysis of reproductive data derived from 1,265 adult female rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta), including 570 animals 13 years old and older. The data were collected during a partial census of two provisioned but free-ranging
rhesus populations in the Florida Keys. Within both colonies, live birthrates were found to increase sharply among females
4–7 years old and to decline linearly among females 7–17 years of age. These data do not support the suggestion byAnderson (1986) that decline in fertility among nonhuman primate females is primarily the result of deteriorating health rather than
ageper se. 相似文献
20.
Maren Huck Marcelo Rotundo Eduardo Fernandez-Duque 《International journal of primatology》2011,32(5):1133-1152
Life history predicts that in sexually dimorphic species in which males are the larger sex, males should reach sexual maturity
later than females (or vice versa if females are the larger sex). The corresponding prediction that in sexually monomorphic
species maturational rates will differ little between the sexes has rarely been tested. We report here sex differences in
growth and development to adulthood for 70 female and 69 male wild owl monkeys (Aotus azarai). In addition, using evidence from natal dispersal and first reproduction (mean: 74 mo) for 7 individuals of known age, we
assigned ages to categories: infant, 0–6 mo; juvenile, 6.1–24 mo; subadult, 24.1–48 mo; adult >48 mo. We compared von Bertalanffy
growth curves and growth rates derived from linear piecewise regressions for juvenile and subadult females and males. Growth
rates did not differ between the sexes, although juvenile females were slightly longer than males. Females reached maximum
maxillary canine height at ca. 2 yr, about a year earlier than males, and females’ maxillary canines were shorter than males’. Thus apart from canine eruption
and possibly crown–rump length, the development of Azara’s owl monkeys conforms to the prediction by life history that in
monomorphic species the sexes should develop at similar paces. 相似文献