西藏双须叶须鱼早期发育特征

通过双须叶须鱼(Ptychobarbus dipogon Regan)早期发育特征研究, 旨在为该鱼的科学保护和合理开发提供技术支撑。结果显示: 双须叶须鱼卵径3.7—3.9 mm, 吸水后的卵径可达5.1—5.3 mm。在水温10℃左右的条件下, 经历336.02h孵化出膜。根据胚胎的外部形态特征可将胚胎发育分为准备卵裂阶段、卵裂阶段、囊胚阶段、原肠阶段、神经胚阶段、器官分化阶段、孵化阶段共7个阶段34个时期。初孵仔鱼全长12.4 mm, 第1天体色素出现, 胸鳍上翘, 鳃盖骨出现, 下颌原基出现; 第2天鳃弓原基出现; 第3天消化道出现, 肝胰脏原基出现; 第4天鳃耙出现, 体表色素细胞带出现; 第5天口凹形成, 鳃丝形成; 第6天胸鳍褶, 背鳍褶, 腹鳍褶出现; 第7天鼻凹出现, 星芒状色素团出现; 第9天鳔前原基出现; 第11天尾鳍鳍条开始出现, 胸鳍开始颤动; 第13天鳔1室出现, 半规管形成; 第17天背鳍分化出来; 第21天腹部鳍褶变大, 舌颌骨清晰可见; 第28天脾脏出现; 第33天出现腹鳍鳍条; 第34天鳞片出现; 第85天稚鱼的形态与成鱼无异。双须叶须鱼是已报道裂腹鱼类卵径最大, 较四大家鱼卵周隙小, 是对高原隆起所导致的高寒自然环境的一种适应。     

重口裂腹鱼眼早期形态发生研究

采用组织学方法观察了实验室饲养的重口裂腹鱼眼在胚胎和早期仔鱼阶段的发生和形态变化过程。结果显示,重口裂腹鱼眼的发生开始于神经胚时期形成的眼原基,眼原基经过分化和内陷形成双层视杯,最终发育形成视网膜。晶状体和角膜来源于外胚层细胞,晶状体发育主要经历晶体板时期;角膜的发育时间较视网膜和晶状体晚,始于角膜上皮的形成。出膜后3 d仔鱼视网膜发育基本完成,眼色素沉积明显,基本具备眼的功能结构。本研究结果丰富了重口裂腹鱼早期发育的生物学资料,为苗种培育等生产实践提供了理论指导。     

雅砻江短须裂腹鱼胚胎和卵黄囊仔鱼的形态发育

当前短须裂腹鱼(Schizothorax wangchiachii)已被列为雅砻江和金沙江的增殖放流保护鱼类,为探讨两水系的环境差异对其早期发育产生的影响,本文以雅砻江短须裂腹鱼为研究对象,通过人工授精获得受精卵,对胚胎和早期仔鱼的形态发育特征进行了观察,并与已有报道的金沙江短须裂腹鱼胚胎与仔鱼早期发育研究进行比较。研究结果显示,雅砻江短须裂腹鱼卵径(2.70±0.02)mm,较金沙江短须裂腹鱼大0.34 mm;初孵仔鱼全长(11.36±0.22)mm,比金沙江短须裂腹鱼长2.7 mm;在水温(14±1)℃时,两水系的短须裂腹鱼胚胎发育时序基本一致,但听囊等部分功能器官的发育时序存在差异;胚胎发育历时181 h,积温2 539.98 h℃,分别比金沙江短须裂腹鱼早73 h和低1 025 h℃;出膜后1~9 d,仔鱼的鳃、口、胸鳍、尾鳍、鳔、肠道等功能器官先后形成,第9天卵黄囊吸收基本完全,与金沙江短须裂腹鱼一致。比较表明,两水系短须裂腹鱼早期发育特征基本相同,但卵径大小、孵化历时、部分器官发育时序存在一定差异,可能是二者为适应环境而做出不同的选择。     

大渡软刺裸裂尻鱼仔鱼形态发育及生长

通过人工干法授精获得大渡软刺裸裂尻鱼的受精卵,观察了实验室孵化培育条件下的仔鱼形态变化过程。结果表明:在平均水温为11.86℃(9.0~16.0℃)下胚胎历时9 d出膜。初孵仔鱼全长11.65 mm±0.27 mm,鳃弓、口凹和肛门原基明显,眼色素和胸鳍原基出现,肌节43对(12+20+11),心跳140~160次/min。出膜9 d,仔鱼肠道贯通,鳔雏形和背鳍原基出现。臀鳍原基出现和尾鳍分叉分别于出膜后13 d和16 d发生。出膜19 d,腹鳍原基出现,此时背鳍鳍条4~6枚,臀鳍鳍条2~4枚。出膜32 d,鱼体全长22.99 mm±0.65 mm,除存在少量鳍褶外,基本具备成鱼的形态特征。仔鱼卵黄于出膜第12天吸收完全,卵黄囊体积与出膜后天数呈显著的多项式相关(P0.01)。体长、全长、头长和肛后长的生长均呈明显的二项式关系。研究结果丰富了大渡软刺裸裂尻鱼早期发育生物学资料,为人工养殖研究等提供参考。     

齐口裂腹鱼鳞片发生及覆盖过程研究简

观察了实验室养殖条件下齐口裂腹鱼稚鱼鳞片的发生和覆盖过程。结果表明,稚鱼体长为30.7—32.3 mm时,鳞片最先出现在鳃盖后缘侧线处;体长为45.3—47.9 mm时,鳞片覆盖完毕,体长和日龄对鳞片覆盖均有显著影响。在鳞片覆盖过程中出现6个鳞片发生起始位置,依次是鳃盖后缘侧线处、尾柄部侧线处、臀鳍基部、腹鳍基部、背鳍基部和峡部。此外,组织切片的观察结果表明,齐口裂腹鱼鳞片发育主要经历了形态发生早期、形态发生晚期、分化早期、分化晚期和折叠期五个阶段。这些研究结果丰富了齐口裂腹鱼早期发育的生物学资料,将有助于了解其在系统学和功能形态学上的特征。     

异齿裂腹鱼仔鱼的黑色素分布

本文运用组织学方法对异齿裂腹鱼仔鱼发育过程中除眼睛以外的黑色素分布进行研究。结果表明: 异齿裂腹鱼孵化出膜后,黑色素在各个组织器官的出现顺序为: 脑颅外膜→围心腔、背部皮肤→腹腔内膜、脊髓腔。其中,出膜5 d时脑颅外膜处出现黑色素;7 d时围心腔和背部皮肤出现黑色素;10 d时腹腔内膜、脊髓腔出现黑色素。异齿裂腹鱼出膜10 d后,其皮肤和内脏器官(脑颅、围心腔、腹腔内膜、脊髓腔)均具有黑色素,且主要分布在背侧。黑色素在异齿裂腹鱼仔鱼发育过程中的出现时序和分布规律可能与其所处的强紫外辐射环境有关。本研究可为研究鱼类黑色素的紫外防护机制提供参考,并为今后高原鱼类仔鱼的培育条件优化提供理论支撑。     

乌江上游四川裂腹鱼的胚胎发育

观察了四川裂腹鱼胚胎发育过程中各个时期的形态特征。经人工授精获四川裂腹鱼的受精卵,其平均卵径2．65mm,吸水膨胀后达3．70mm,粘性。在水温11．0－21．℃,平均16．35℃条件下,受精后1小时形成胚盘,11小时进入囊胚期,23小时进入原肠胚期,41小时48分胚孔封闭,59小时肌肉开始收缩,83小时心脏开始搏动,130小时孵出。初孵鱼苗长7．8－8．5mm。孵化时间长、肌肉效应出现早,是其胚胎发育的显著特点。还就四川裂腹鱼与青海湖裸鲤胚胎发育的差异和温度对四川裂腹鱼胚胎发育的影响等进行了讨论。     

西藏两种裂腹鱼鱼肉质构特征比较分析

巨须裂腹鱼Schizothorax macropogon和双须叶须鱼Ptychobarbus dipogon是雅鲁藏布江特有的重要经济鱼类, 具有多种人体必需脂肪酸, 营养价值高, 但其组织结构和内部性状可直接影响口感。为明确西藏2种裂腹鱼鱼肉的质构特征差异, 保护西藏裂腹鱼资源及其合理开发利用, 采用质地多面剖析法(TPA)分析了西藏雅鲁藏布江日喀则江段和林芝江段的2种裂腹鱼(巨须裂腹鱼、双须叶须鱼)的12项鱼肉质构特征指标, 主成分分析(PCA)表明雅鲁藏布江林芝江段双须叶须鱼鱼肉质构特征较日喀则江段2种裂腹鱼及林芝江段巨须裂腹鱼存在较大差异。析因分析表明可将雅鲁藏布江2种裂腹鱼鱼肉质构特征归纳为硬度、克服鱼肉表面与接触物吸引力及收缩性等3大类4个主成分指标, 前4个主成分累计方差贡献率达81.472%, 可将这3大类4个主成分指标作为雅鲁藏布江裂腹鱼鱼肉质构特征的主要判定参数。研究为后续合理开发利用雅鲁藏布江不同江段的裂腹鱼类提供科学数据。     

齐口裂腹鱼鳞片发生及覆盖过程研究

观察了实验室养殖条件下齐口裂腹鱼稚鱼鳞片的发生和覆盖过程。结果表明,稚鱼体长为30.732.3 mm时,鳞片最先出现在鳃盖后缘侧线处;体长为45.347.9 mm时,鳞片覆盖完毕,体长和日龄对鳞片覆盖均有显著影响。在鳞片覆盖过程中出现6个鳞片发生起始位置,依次是鳃盖后缘侧线处、尾柄部侧线处、臀鳍基部、腹鳍基部、背鳍基部和峡部。此外,组织切片的观察结果表明,齐口裂腹鱼鳞片发育主要经历了形态发生早期、形态发生晚期、分化早期、分化晚期和折叠期五个阶段。这些研究结果丰富了齐口裂腹鱼早期发育的生物学资料,将有助于了解其在系统学和功能形态学上的特征。       

重口裂腹鱼鳞片发育和覆盖过程研究

为探讨重口裂腹鱼(Schizothorax davidi)鳞片发育规律,采用茜素红饱和中性水溶液染色法和组织学方法观察了实验室养殖的重口裂腹鱼稚鱼鳞片发生和覆盖过程。结果显示,重口裂腹鱼鳞片开始发生和覆盖完成的时间分别为出膜后第62天和第110天。鳞片覆盖过程中,出现的6个鳞片发生的起始位置(出现时间)依次为鳃盖后缘侧线处(出膜后62天)、尾柄中部侧线处(出膜后71天)、臀鳍基部(出膜后79天)、腹鳍基部(出膜后83天)、背鳍基部前缘(出膜后91天)和峡部(出膜后104天)。组织学观察结果表明,鳞片发育主要经历了形态发生早期、形态发生晚期、分化早期、分化晚期和鳞片折叠期5个阶段。鳞被覆盖过程中,鳞被覆盖率(CR,%)与日龄(D,d)和体长(L,mm)的关系分别为:CR=-0.001 4D3+0.357 3D2-28.408 0D+712.78(拟合度判定系数R2=0.980 5,n=77,P0.000 1),CR=0.007 7L3-0.944 4L2+43.092 0L-634.35(拟合度判定系数R2=0.508 4,n=77,P0.000 1),鳞被覆盖率与日龄显著相关(r=0.984,P0.000 1),与体长的相关性较低(r=0.771,P0.000 1),这表明重口裂腹鱼鳞片发生和覆盖与日龄关系密切。这些研究结果丰富了重口裂腹鱼早期发育生物学资料,有助于了解其在系统学和功能形态学上的特征。     

拟赤梢鱼的胚胎发育和仔稚鱼生长特性观察

为阐明拟赤梢鱼(Pseudaspius leptocephalus)胚胎发育和仔稚鱼发育特点,采用人工催产的方式获得受精卵,观察分析了拟赤梢鱼胚胎发育和仔稚发育的时序特征.结果表明:拟赤梢鱼成熟卵粒为黄色圆球形,平均卵径为(1.77±0.20)mm,遇水具微黏性;在水温23℃条件下,胚胎发育经历合子期、卵裂期、囊胚期、...     

胡子鲶的胚胎和幼鱼发育的研究

胡子鲶(Clarias fuscus)的胚胎和幼鱼的发育过程与蟾胡子鲶(C.batrachus)类似,器官分化时间和大小比例则有一定的差异。胡子鲶卵呈球形,富含卵黄,卵径1.7—1.9毫米;出膜仔鱼全长4.8—5.1毫米,比蟾胡子鲶约大1/3;幼鱼卵黄囊被吸收消失的时间比蟾胡子鲶迟1—2天。心脏的出现和搏动与开始出现血液循环的间隔时间只有3—5小时;耳石的出现几乎和心脏的出现处在同一时间内,与白鲢有较大的差异。在仔鱼前期居维氏管明显,但出现的时间比蟾胡子鲶稍迟些。仔鱼出膜形式与蟾胡子鲶不同,也与一般鱼类出膜形式不同。仔鱼是以腹部卵黄囊顶破卵膜,以卵黄囊先出膜,一般鱼类多数是以头部或尾部先出膜的。在水温28.5—31℃的条件下,从受精到孵化出膜的时间为28小时25分;幼鱼期共历时12—15天。       

美洲鲥胚胎及仔稚鱼的发育

对美洲鲥(Alosa sapidissima)早期生活史阶段的生长发育特征进行了观察和测量, 描述了胚胎和仔、稚鱼的生长发育特征。美洲鲥受精卵球形、无油球, 为沉性卵, 卵径2.85-3.28 mm。在水温20.3℃-21.9℃孵化条件下, 经过82h 孵化出膜, 根据其胚胎发育过程的形态特征, 胚胎发育分为受精卵、卵裂期、囊胚期、原肠胚期、神经胚期、器官形成期和出膜期7 个发育阶段。美洲鲥初孵仔鱼全长为(8.56±0.36) mm, 其卵黄囊体积为(4.57±0.77) mm3。1 日龄仔鱼脑部发育明显, 口张开, 肛门开通, 胸鳍形成。2 日龄仔鱼卵黄囊体积(0.71±0.23)mm3, 只有刚孵化的15.54%。3 日龄仔鱼经过1d 的混合营养期, 卵黄被完全吸收, 4 日龄仔鱼完全营外源性营养, 卵黄囊的体积(V)随孵化时间(h)的变化方程为V=4.1583e?0.0356h(R2=0.9901)。此后, 背鳍鳍条、尾鳍鳍条、臀鳍鳍条和腹鳍鳍条相继在晚期仔鱼出现, 9 日龄仔鱼尾椎开始弯曲, 21 日龄仔鱼尾椎弯曲完成。27 日龄鱼鳞开始形成, 到33 日龄稚鱼全身披鳞, 个体发育进入幼鱼期, 仔稚鱼期间的生长模型方程为: TL=0.0049D2+0.5091D+9.2578 (R2=0.9885, TL 为全长, D 为日龄)。       

Stages of normal development in the medaka Oryzias latipes

Unfertilized eggs of Oryzias latipes were artificially inseminated and incubated at 26+/-1 degrees C. Careful observation of the process of embryonic development by light microscopy allowed division of the process into 39 stages based on diagnostic features of the developing embryos. The principal diagnostic features are the number and size of blastomeres, form of the blastoderm, extent of epiboly, development of the central nervous system, number and form of somites, optic and otic development, development of the notochord, heart development, blood circulation, the size and movement of the body, development of the tail, membranous fin (fin fold) development, and development of such viscera as the liver, gallbladder, gut tube, spleen and swim (air) bladder. After hatching, development of the larvae (fry) and young can be divided into six stages based on such diagnostic features as the fins, scales and secondary sexual characteristics.     

北极茴鱼胚胎及仔鱼发育

研究对人工繁殖的北极茴鱼(Thymallus arcticus grubei)胚胎发育开展系统观察,记录分析其胚胎及仔鱼发育各时期的形态特征,旨在为北极茴鱼的人工繁育和种质资源保护提供必要的基础数据。结果显示,北极茴鱼受精卵呈圆球形,金黄色,沉性卵,未吸水卵径(2.46±0.14) mm,吸水卵径(3.14±0.18) mm,卵黄质内有多个油球。油球的数量和空间分布在胚胎发育过程中发生了规律性变化。在孵化水温(11.06±0.72)℃,溶氧8.3—9.8 mg/L条件下,历时301h完成整个胚胎发育过程,所需积温为3384.84h·℃,经历合子期、卵裂期、囊胚期、原肠胚期、神经胚期、器官形成期和孵化出膜7个阶段,共26个时期。北极茴鱼仔鱼尾鳍、胸鳍的分化和眼色素沉积在受精卵胚胎发育后期就已经完成,背鳍、腹鳍、臀鳍和脂鳍等在胚后发育过程中相继分化。其初孵仔鱼平均全长为(9.33±0.35) mm,仔鱼卵黄囊呈圆球形, 18日龄时卵黄囊和油球被完全消耗。其早期发育阶段(0—16日龄)的生长特性符合公式:y=0.0005x⁴–0.0201x³+0....     

The ontogenesis of catabolic abilities and energy metabolism during endogenous nutritional periods of tongue sole,Cynoglossus semilaevis

The ontogenesis of catabolic abilities and energy metabolism during endogenous nutritional periods of tongue sole was investigated. In this work, trypsin-like proteases (TRY) and triglyceride lipase (LIP) activities were measured to assess the capacities to catabolize proteins and lipids, respectively. Meanwhile, specific enzymes including pyruvate kinase (PK), glutamic oxalo acetic transaminase (GOT) and glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH), and hydroxyacyl CoA dehydrogenase (HOAD) as well as their ratios were assayed to evaluate the abilities to use energy substrates of carbohydrates, amino acids and fatty acids, respectively, for energy production. In addition, activities of citrate synthase (CS) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and LDH/CS ratio were calculated to analyse the evolution of aerobic and anaerobic pathways. The study found that hatching occurred at 38.8 h after fertilization (HAF), mouth-opening day of eleuteroembryo appeared at 3 days after hatching (DAH), and the most rapid embryonic growth was observed in blastula stage before hatching. Enzymatic assay revealed that except for PK which appeared in cleavage stage onwards, all the other enzymes functioned after fertilization, preparing well for the coming embryogenesis of tongue sole. By comparing the average specific activity of enzyme in each period, it can be found that the highest value occurred at 3 DAH (for TRY, LIP, PK and LDH), 2 DAH (for GDH), fertilized egg (for GOT) and segmentation stage (for HOAD and CS), and the lowest value occurred at fertilized egg (for HOAD, CS and GDH), cleavage stage (for TRY, PK and LDH), gastrula stage (for GOT) and hatching day (for LIP). Based on the changeable patterns of metabolic enzymatic activities and ratios, it is concluded that metabolic capacities on three energy substrates displayed stage-specific traits, and the dominant energy substrate was fatty acids before segmentation stage, amino acids until hatching day and carbohydrate during eleuteroembryo period. As for energy production mode, aerobic pathway appeared to increase greater in fertilized egg and gastrula stage, whereas anaerobic pathway played a predominant role during cleavage stage, blastula stage, segmentation stage and eleuteroembryo stage. These results are valuable to elucidate the nutritional requirements of embryonic stages in tongue sole and to further understand their energy metabolic mechanisms.     

长吻(鱼危)幼鱼发育的研究

长吻(鱼危)的幼鱼发育共分为仔鱼前期、仔鱼期和稚鱼期三个阶段。本文记述的是幼鱼发育各阶段外部形态的变化和内部器官的建成以及不同时期出现的集群、摄食、避光等生物学特性。对提高鱼苗成活率,培育出优质健壮的苗种有指导意义。       

Observation of the embryonic development in Pseudoplatystoma coruscans (Siluriformes: Pimelodidae) under light and scanning electron microscopy

Pseudoplatystoma coruscans is a very popular species for tropical fish culture as it has boneless meat of delicate taste and firm texture. Few studies on fish reproductive biology refer to the morphological features of eggs. The goal, therefore, of this present work was to perform a structural and ultrastructural analysis of fertilization and embryonic development in P. coruscans. The incubation period, from fertilization to hatching, lasts 13 h at 28/29 degrees C and 18 h at 27 degrees C. The oocytes had a mean diameter of 0.95 mm and hatched larvae were 2.55 mm in diameter. Analysing their development, we observed round, yellow oocytes that bore a double chorion membrane and a single micropyle. At 10 s after fertilization, several spermatozoa were detected attached to the oocyte surface. After 1 min of development, a fertilization cone that obstructed the micropyle could be observed. Segmentation started between 20 and 30 min after fertilization, when the egg cell was then formed. The first cleavage occurred between 30 and 45 min after fertilization, prior to reaching the morula stage (75 and 90 min after fertilization). The epiboly movement started at 120 and 180 min after fertilization and ended at 360 and 480 min after fertilization. Differentiation between cephalic and caudal region was detected after 420 and 600 min after fertilization and larvae hatched between 780 and 1080 min after fertilization. Seven main embryonic development stages were identified: egg cell, cleavage, morula, blastula, gastrula, segmentation with differentiation between cephalic and caudal regions, and hatching.     

Hatchery performance in a major rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss,Walbaum, 1792) seed production area of Turkey

This study aims to determine the production characteristics and performance of rainbow trout hatcheries in Seydikemer, Mu?la, Turkey where over half of the total production of eyed eggs and juveniles take place. For this purpose six hatcheries with different production scales were selected and coded A, B, C, D, E and F (with capacities of 60, 15, 5.6, 4, 0.95 and 0.6 million juveniles per year, respectively). From each hatchery, 20 females were selected and their egg qualities (egg number, diameter and weight, fertilization, eyed egg, hatching, swim‐up fry and survival rates at 120 days after hatching) and juvenile growth rates were monitored until the 120^th day after hatching under each farms own conditions. The sperm characteristics of 10 broodstock males from each hatchery were also examined. Although fertilization and eyed egg rates were similar among the farms, hatching, swim‐up fry, and survival rates at the 120^th day after hatching differed significantly. The average eyed egg, hatching and survival rates (calculated from selected 20 females) were 72, 55, and 32%, respectively. While sperm characteristics except duration of motility (s), were significantly different among the farms, average sperm concentration (per ml), motility (%) and duration of motility (s) in the region were 11.8 × 10⁹, 55.3, and 56.4, respectively. The best hatchery performance was observed in Farm A because of better records and management applications than in the other farms.