A new point mutation affecting the fourth transmembrane domain of PMP22 results in severe,de novo Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease

A novel TG mutation in exon 4 of the PMP22 gene was identified heterozygously in a girl with severe, de novo CMTIA disease. Duplication of the chromosomal 17p11–12 region, encompassing the PMP22 gene, was ruled out. This is the only known mutation that specifically affects the human fourth transmembrane (TM) domain of PMP22. It results in a substitution of a non-polar amino acid by a polar one (Leu¹⁴⁷4Arg), similar to the nearby Gly¹⁵⁰Asp substitution, underlying the severe Trembler phenotype in the mouse. These mutations suggest that the fourth TM domain plays a crucial role in the normal function of PMP22. The new mutation also augments previous observations that diseases caused by mutations in PMP22 are more severe than those caused by the duplication of 17p11–12.     

Identification of mutations in two families with sporadic hemophilia A

Summary Direct sequencing of segments of the factor VIII gene in 30 hemophiliacs with sporadic disease (32+ kb of sequence in total) revealed two missense transitions: glutamate 1704 to lysine (E¹⁷⁰⁴K) in a patient with severe hemophilia A and proline 2300 to serine (P²³⁰⁰S) in a patient with mild hemophilia. Both transitions are likely to be causative mutations because the amino acids affected were evolutionarily conserved. Haplotype and sequence analysis of the mother and grandparents of patient HA12 (E¹⁷⁰⁴K) indicate that the mutation arose in the grandfather who was 27 years old when his daughter was conceived. The origin of mutation in patient HA39 (P²³⁰⁰S) could not be determined. As mutations that cause mild disease can be found in seemingly unrelated families, 96 unrelated hemophiliacs were screened rapidly for the P²³⁰⁰S mutation with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of specific alleles (PASA). None of these patients had the mutation. PASA was also used to conveniently assess a polymorphic site in intron 7. The polymorphism is estimated to be informative in 13% of Korean females and in 23% of Western European females.     

Temporal asymmetry of sex interconversion in a strain of the homothallic fission yeastSchizosaccharomyces pombe

In the homothallic P/d sex interconversion system in a strain of a fission yeast (Schizosaccharomyces pombe), Pd is apparently twice as frequent as dP. This is interpreted to mean that Pd occurs before DNA replication, whereas dP occurs after. But the probabilities of their occurrence within a cell cycle are about the same (1 in 2⁷ cell divisions).     

Recurrence of osteogenesis imperfecta because of paternal mosaicism: Gly862→Ser substitution in a type I collagen gene (COL1A1)

We determined that two siblings with type III osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) had the same single base substitution that converted the codon for glycine (Gly) 862 to a codon for serine (Ser) in exon 44 of the 1 chain of the type I ( 1(I)) collagen gene (COL1A1). The mutation was also detected in various paternal tissues; the mutant allele accounted for approximately 11% of the COL1A1 alleles in blood, 24% of those in fibroblasts, and 43% of those in sperm determined by allele-specific colony hybridization using amplified genomic sequences. These findings demonstrate that germ-line mosaicism in the phenotypically normal father is responsible for the recurrence. There is a cluster of serine substitutions for Gly (Gly⁸³², Gly⁸⁴⁴ and Gly⁹⁰¹) which is associated with nonlethal phenotypes and which is located between two lethal clusters. In the cases studied here, a Gly⁸⁶²Ser mutation was identified that is located inside the nonlethal cluster.     

A Pro → Leu substitution in codon 369 of the alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency variant PI MHeerlen

Summary The molecular defect has been elucidated in the alpha-1-antitrypsin (PI) gene of a patient with a serum level of only 5 mg/100 ml and a PI M-like phenotype, designated PI MHeerlen. The restriction fragment patterns obtained by probes covering the whole gene and flanking sequences were normal, suggesting no major rearrangements. The nucleotide sequence of the exons, intron/exon junctions, and a part of the promoter region is similar to that of a PI M1(Ala²¹³) gene except for an CT mutation in codon 369, causing a ProLeu substitution. Haplotype analysis and oligonucleotide hybridization studies demonstrated the homozygous state of the mutation in the index case. It is most likely that the Pro³⁶⁹Leu substitution is responsible for the low serum alpha-1-antitrypsin concentration of the patient because this mutation is solely confined to the PI MHeerlen allele and no other relevant mutations could be revealed. As proline is important for the secondary and tertiary structure of proteins, the mutation may cause an abnormal processing of the nascent polypeptide. The same mutation was observed in two unrelated subjects known to carry a PI allele giving a low serum alpha-1-antitrypsin level.     

New genetic variants identified in donkey's milk whey proteins

Novel genetic variants for donkey milk lysozyme and -lactoglobulins I and II have been identified by the combined use of peptide mass mapping and sequencing by tandem mass spectrometry in association with database searching. The novel donkey lysozyme variant designated as lysozyme B (Mr 14,631 Da) differed in three amino acid exchanges, N⁴⁹ D, Y⁵² S, and S⁶¹ N, from the previously published sequence. Three novel genetic variants for donkey -lactoglobulins were identified. One of them is a type -lactoglobulin I with three amino acid exchanges at E³⁶ S, S⁹⁷ T, and V¹⁵⁰ I (-lactoglobulin I B, Mr 18,510 Da). The two others are type -lactoglobulins II with two amino acid exchanges at C¹¹⁰ P and M¹¹⁸ T (-lactoglobulin II B, Mr 18,227 Da) and with three amino acid exchanges at D⁹⁶ E, C¹¹⁰ P, and M¹¹⁸ T (-lactoglobulin II C, Mr 18,241 Da). All these primary structures are closely related to those of homologous proteins in horse milk (percent identity >96%).     

Detection and characterization of new mutations in the human angiotensinogen gene (AGT)

As part of the multicenter project entitled Pathobiological Determinants of Atherosclerosis in Youth (PDAY), we are testing polymorphisms in candidate genes of atherosclerosis and hypertension for associations with arterial lesions in autopsied young persons. In this study, we used temperature gradient gel electrophoresis (TGGE) to type the Met²³⁵Thr polymorphism in exon 2 of the angiotensinogen gene (AGT) that is associated with essential hypertension in some human populations. In addition to Met²³⁵Thr, we detected and sequenced four other TGGE variants in exon 2 of AGT. These included two new amino acid substitutions (Thr²⁰⁹ Ile and Leu²¹¹Arg) that were found only among black PDAY cases. The frequency of the Ile²⁰⁹ mutation was 0.002 and the frequency of the Arg²¹¹ was 0.006 in 260 black PDAY cases. The other two TGGE variants were Tyr²⁴⁸Cys and a TC substitution at nucleotide position 171 that had been identified in previous studies. We also developed restriction isotyping for rapid typing of each AGT variant using PCR amplification and digestion with diagnostic restriction enzymes.     

Tyrosinemia type 1 — complex splicing defects and a missense mutation in the fumarylacetoacetase gene

Two mutations are reported in six tyrosinemia type 1 patients from northern Europe. In four patients, a G to A transition at nucleotide position 1009 (G¹⁰⁰⁹A) of the fumarylacetoacetase (FAH) coding sequence caused aberrant splicing by introducing an acceptor splice site within exon 12, thereby deleting the first 50 nucleotides of this exon. The following exon-intron boundary was frequently missed, and a cryptic donor splice site within intron 12 caused a partial intron 12 retention of 105 bp. This point mutation alternatively gave a glycine 337 to serine substitution in instances of correct splicing. The mutation is rapidly detected by PvuII digestion of polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-amplified genomic DNA. Another mutation, g⁺⁵a in the intron 12 donor splice site consensus sequence (IVS12 g⁺⁵a), was found in five of the patients. This caused alternative splicing with retention of the first 105 nucleotides of intron 12, exon 12 skipping, and a combined deletion of exons 12 and 13. Rapid detection of this mutation is achieved by restriction digestion of PCR-amplified genomic DNA; a mismatch primer combined with the point mutation creates a Tru9I restriction site. One patient who was homozygous for the G¹⁰⁰⁹A mutation had a chronic form of tyrosinemia. Three patients were combined heterozygotes for G¹⁰⁰⁹A and TVS12 g⁺⁵a. Their clinical phenotypes varied from acute to chronic, indicating the impact of background genes and/or external factors on the presentation of typrosinemia type 1.     

Haplotype analysis of familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy

Summary Familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy (FAP) is an autosomal dominant genetic disease characterized by systemic accumulation of amyloid fibrils. A major component of FAP anyloid has been identified as variant transthyretin (TTR, also called prealbumin). In particular, a variant with the substitution ³⁰ValMet has been commonly found in FAP of various ethnic groups. To understand the origin and spread of the ValMet mutation, we analyzed DNA polymorphisms associated with the TTR gene in six Japanese FAP families and several Portuguese FAP patients. Three distinct haplotypes associated with the ValMet mutation were identified in Japanese FAP families, one of which was also found in Portuguese patients. On the other hand, it was found that the ValMet mutation can be explained by a C-T transition at the C_pG dinucleotide sequence of a mutation hot spot. Thus, our findings indicate that the ValMet mutation has probably recurred in the human population, to generate FAP families of independent origin.     

Characterization of four monosialo and a novel disialo Asn N-glycosides from the urine of a patient with aspartylglycosaminuria

We previously reported for the first time two Japanese patients with aspartylglycosaminuria (AGU). A novel disialo Asn N-glycoside (AG-5) has been isolated from the urine of one of the patients in addition to four known monosialo Asn N-glycosides (AG-1 to AG-4) by gel filtration and anion exchange chromatography in this study. Final purification of AG-5 was achieved by an electrochemical chromatographic method, high performance liquid chromatography with pulsed amperometric detector (HPLC-PAD). The yield of AG-5 was approximately 1 mg l^–1 urine. The chemical structures of AG-1 to AG-5 were characterized by gas-liquid chromatography, a permethylation study, fast atom bombardment-mass spectrometry (FAB-MS), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Based on the structural analysis, AG-5 had the following novel structure: NeuAc2 8NeuAc2 3Gal1 4GlCNAc1 Asn.     

Synthesis of N-linked pentasaccharides with isomeric glycosidic linkage

As part of a program to explore the structural requirement of N-glycans in the carbohydrate-mediated biological interactions, N-linked pentasaccharide core structure was stereochemically modified in terms of glycosidic linkage. Three isomers, -D-Man-(13)-[-D-Man-(16)]--D-Man-(14)--D-GlcNAc-(14)--D-GlcNAc-L-Asn, -D-Man-(13)-[-D-Man-(16)]--D-Man-(14)--D-GlcNAc-(14)--D-GlcNAc-L-Asn, and -D-Man-(13)-[-D-man-(16)]--D-Man-(14)--D-GlcNAc-(14)--D-GlcNAc-L-Asn, were synthesized. Synthesis of the pentasaccharide with natural linkage is also described.     

Over-expression of the gene (bglBC1) from Bacillus circulans encoding an endo-β-(1→ 3),(1→ 4)-glucanase useful for the preparation of oligosaccharides from barley β-glucan

An endo--(13),(14)-glucanase gene (bglBC1) from Bacillus circulans ATCC21367 was modified by substituting its native promoter with a strong promoter, BJ27X, to increase expression of the gene when cloned into B. subtilis RM125 and B. megaterium ATCC14945. A 771-bp endo--(13),(14)-glucanase open reading frame was inserted into a new shuttle plasmid, pBLC771, by ligating the ORF and pBE1, the latter of which contained the strong promoter, BJ27X. B. subtilis, transformed with the recombinant plasmid pBLC771, produced an extracellular endo--(13),(14)-glucanase that was 130 times (7176 mU ml^–1) more active than that of the gene donor cells (55 mU ml^–1), while the enzyme from the transformed B. megaterium was 7 times (378 mU ml^–1) more active than that of the gene donor cells. M _r of the enzyme was 28 kDa, with proteolytic processing of the enzyme being observed only in B. subtilis cells. The major products of water-soluble -glucan hydrolyzed by over-produced endo--(13),(14)-glucanase were tri- and tetra-oligosaccharides which can be developed as useful products such as anti-hypercholesterolemic, anti-hypertriglyceridemic, and anti-hyperglycemic agents.     

The identification of two mis-sense mutations at the PAH gene locus in a Turkish patient with phenylketonuria

Summary DNA sequence analysis of the 13 exons and intron/exon boundaries of the phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) gene has detected two base transitions, resulting in mis-sense mutations, in the genomic DNA of a Turkish patient (E1) with phenylketonuria (PKU). The Leu⁴⁸Ser amino acid substitution was associated with the mutant haplotype 3 allele and the Glu²²¹Gly amino acid substitution with the mutant haplotype 4 allele of this family. Allele-specific oligonucleotide (ASO) dotblot analysis subsequently detected the Leu⁴⁸Ser mutation in the haplotype 4 PKU alleles of nine (18.8%) of the 48 unrelated Caucasian PKU families investigated. This mutation results in mild PKU in the homozygous state. The Glu²²¹Gly mutation has only been detected within patient E1 and his father.     

Variation in N-linked carbohydrate chains in different batches of two chimeric monoclonal IgG1 antibodies produced by different murine SP2/0 transfectoma cell subclones

Two chimeric human/murine monoclonal antibodies were constructed by substitution of the murine constant regions with human 1 and constant regions for heavy and light chains, respectively. The chimeric human/murine molecules are anti-idiotypic antibodies, meaning that they were directed against the antigen binding site in the variable region of another antibody. Antibody batches were produced under identical production conditions, using two selected SP2/0 myeloma cell subclones, which produce chimeric antibodies with different variable regions, but identical constant regions. Several samples were collected during the production of the antibodies in hollow-fibre reactors. The heavy chain, but not the light chain, of the two different chimeric IgG1 antibodies is glycosylated. Structural analysis of the enzymically released N-linked carbohydrate chains by¹H-NMR spectroscopy, as well as by chromatographic profiling, demonstrated that the collection of N-glycans comprises a small amount of monoantennary, and for the greater part diantennary structures. The N-glycans are completely (1 6)-flucosylated at the innermost GlcNAc residue. The antennae of the neutral diantennary N-glycans are built up from GlcNAc12, Gal1 4GlcNAc1 2 or Gal1 3G11 4GlcNAc1 2 elements, whereas the antennae of the neutral monoantennary carbohydrate chains have only (1 2)-linked GlcNAc residues. Galactosylation of the GlcNAc1 2Man1 6 branch occurs four times more frequently than that of the GlcNAc1 2Man1 3 branch, independently of the production batch. A small amount of the diantennary N-glycans are mono- or disialylated, carryingN-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac) orN-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc), exclusively (2 6)-linked to Gal. Analysis of the different production batches demonstrates that the structures of the N-linked carbohydrate chains are identical in the two chimeric antibodies, but that the relative amounts of the major oligosaccharide components, the degree of sialylation and the molar ratio of Neu5Ac to Neu5Gc varies with the SP2/0 cell subclone, and only slightly with cell age.     

Electron transport-linked proton translocation at nitrite reduction inCampylobacter sputorum subspeciesbubulus

Campylobacter sputorum subspeciesbubulus contains a membrane-bound nitrite reductase which catalyses the six-electron reduction of nitrite to ammonia. Formate andL-lactate are used as hydrogen donors. Cells ofC. sputorum grown with nitrate or nitrite contain cytochromes of theb-andc-type and a carbon monoxide-binding cytochromec. In addition, a special membrane-bound carbon monoxide-binding pigment is found. Nitrite reduction with formate orL-lactate as a hydrogen donor is strongly inhibited by 2-n-heptyl-4-hydroxyquinoline-N-oxide (HQNO). Nitrite reduction by bacterial suspensions with lactate as a hydrogen donor is strongly inhibited by carbonylcyanide-m-chlorophenyl-hydrazone (CCCP) whereas nitrite reduction with formate as a hydrogen donor is not inhibited at all. H⁺/O values and H⁺/NO ₂ ^- values were measured with ascorbate + N,N,N,N-tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine (TMPD), formate (in the absence and presence of carbonic anhydrase) andL-lactate as a hydrogen donor. The results are summarized in a scheme for electron transport from formate or lactate to oxygen or nitrite which shows a periplasmic orientation of formate dehydrogenase and nitrite reductase and a cytoplasmic orientation of lactate dehydrogenase and oxygen reduction, and which shows proton translocation with a H⁺/2e value of 2.0. The H⁺/O and H⁺/NO ₂ ^- values predicted by this scheme are in good agreement with the experimental values.Abbreviations CCCP carbonylcyanide-m-chlorophenylhydrazone - HQNO 2-n-heptyl-4-hydroxyquinoline-N-oxide - MTPP⁺ methyltriphenylphosphonium cation - TMPD N,N,N,N-tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine; H⁺/O (H⁺/NO ₂ ^- ), number of protons liberated in the outer bulk phase at the reduction of one atom O (one ion NO ₂ ^- ); H⁺/2e (q⁺/2e), number of protons (charges) translocated across the cytoplasmic membrane during flow of two electrons to an acceptor     

A new translocation t(1;4;11) in congenital acute nonlymphocytic leukemia (acute myeloblastic leukemia)

Summary A new translocation t(1;11;4)(1pter1p32::11q23 11q13::4p164qter) was found in the peripheral blood of a patient with congenital acute myeloblastic leukemia (AML). It was concluted that this translocation may represent a new mutation, which caused the leukemia with very high leukocytosis, hepatosplenomegaly, leukemic infiltration of the majority of the organs, and a very poor prognosis.     

Conformational analysis of a Chlamydia-specific disaccharide α-Kdo-(2→8)-α-Kdo-(2→O)-allyl in aqueous solution and bound to a monoclonal antibody: Observation of intermolecular transfer NOEs

The disaccharide -Kdo-(28)--Kdo (Kdo: 3-deoxy-d-manno-oct-2-ulosonic acid) represents a genus-specific epitope of the lipopolysaccharide of the obligate intracellular human pathogen Chlamydia. The conformation of the synthetically derived disaccharide -Kdo-(28)--Kdo-(2O)-allyl was studied in aqueous solution, and complexed to a monoclonal antibody S25-2. Various NMR experiments based on the detection of NOEs (or transfer NOEs) and ROEs (or transfer ROEs) were performed. A major problem was the extensive overlap of almost all ¹H NMR signals of -Kdo-(28)--Kdo-(2O)-allyl. To overcome this difficulty, HMQC-NOESY and HMQC-trNOESY experiments were employed. Spin diffusion effects were identified using trROESY experiments, QUIET-trNOESY experiments and MINSY experiments. It was found that protein protons contribute to the observed spin diffusion effects. At 800 MHz, intermolecular trNOEs were observed between ligand protons and aromatic protons in the antibody binding site. From NMR experiments and Metropolis Monte Carlo simulations, it was concluded that -Kdo-(28)--Kdo-(2O)-allyl in aqueous solution exists as a complex conformational mixture. Upon binding to the monoclonal antibody S25-2, only a limited range of conformations is available to -Kdo-(28)--Kdo-(2O)-allyl. These possible bound conformations were derived from a distance geometry analysis using transfer NOEs as experimental constraints. It is clear that a conformation is selected which lies within a part of the conformational space that is highly populated in solution. This conformational space also includes the conformation found in the crystal structure. Our results provide a basis for modeling studies of the antibody–disaccharide complex.     

Stimulation of Chloride In→Out Permeation Across the Deiters' Neuron Membrane by Pentobarbital on the Cytoplasmic Side: Additional Evidence of GABAA Receptors Acting as Chloride Extrusion Pumps

Pentobarbital stimulates ³⁶Cl^– permeation across single Deiters' membranes in a microchamber system, acting on classical, extracellularly facing, GABA_A receptors. However, when applied on the membrane cytoplasmic side it activates per se labeled chloride inout permeation. No effect was found on chloride outin permeation. Similarly, at lower concentrations it facilitates the increase of ³⁶Cl^– inout permeation by application of GABA on the membrane inside, again via asymmetric chloride channels allowing inout but not outin passage. These data confirm that on the Deiters' membrane cytoplasmic side there are structures behaving pharmacologically as GABA_A receptors whose function is that of a Cl^– extrusion pump. This mechanism involves a cycle of activation-phosphorylation/desensitization-reactivation of the receptor complexes     

Leukotriene-related gene polymorphisms in ASA-intolerant asthma: an association with a haplotype of 5-lipoxygenase

A recent study has demonstrated the possible involvement of a leukotriene C4 synthase (LTC4S) gene polymorphism in ASA-intolerant asthma (AIA) in a Polish population, whereas no significant association was noted in other populations. To investigate the role of genetic polymorphism in AIA development, we screened single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the key enzymes involved in arachidonate metabolism, and the cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 1 (CYSLTR1) in a large Korean population with AIA: 93 AIA and 181 ASA-tolerant asthma (ATA) patients, and 123 normal controls. The single-base extension method was used to genotype SNPs in 5-lipoxygenase (ALOX5, –1708GA, 21CT, 270GA, 1728GA), ALOX5-activating protein (ALOX5AP, 218AG), prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (PTGS2, COX2, –162CG, 10TG, R228H, V511A), LTC4S (–444AC), and CYSLTR1 (927TC). Haplotype analyses were undertaken for the SNPs in ALOX5. No significant differences in allele and genotype frequencies of single SNPs were observed between the patient groups (P>0.05). However, the frequency of the ALOX5-ht1[G-C-G-A] haplotype in the AIA group was significantly higher than its frequency in the ATA group with a probability (P) of 0.01, odds ratio (OR) of 5.0, and 95% confidence interval (95%CI) of 1.54–17.9, and in the normal controls (P=0.03, OR=4.5, 95%CI=1.1–18.4), by using a dominant model. These results suggest a lack of association between the ALOX5AP, PTGS2, LTC4S, and CYSLTR1 gene polymorphisms and the AIA phenotype in the Korean population. However, the possible involvement of ALOX5-ht1[G-C-G-A] in AIA development is suggested.J.-H. Choi and H.-S. Park contributed equally to this work as first authors