Orexin 和P物质对顺铂诱发大鼠异食癖的影响

目的:观察食欲素(Orexin)和P物质(SP)对顺铂诱发大鼠异食癖的影响。方法:雄性Wistar大鼠被随机分为对照组和顺铂处理组,顺铂处理组给予大鼠顺铂(3或6 mg/kg,腹腔注射),对照组给予等量生理盐水。记录顺铂大鼠摄食高岭土量、摄食量的改变;Real-time PCR法观察顺铂对大鼠下丘脑Orexin和延髓中SP前体-前速激肽原A(PPT-A)m RNA表达的影响;分别和联合应用SP受体(NK1受体)拮抗剂阿瑞匹坦和Orexin-A对顺铂大鼠异食癖和摄食量的作用。结果:皮下注射3 mg/kg(低剂量组)的顺帕后大鼠高岭土摄入量和摄食量与对照组相比无明显差异(P0.05),而注射6 mg/kg(高剂量组)顺铂后,大鼠高岭土摄入量与对照组和低剂量组相比显著增加(P0.05);高剂量的顺铂作用12 h时,大鼠延髓内PPT-A的m RNA表达有轻微增加,但无统计学差异(P0.05),24 h后,延髓内PPT-A的m RNA表达量显著增加(P0.05)。在此后持续观察的5天中,顺铂可持续引起延髓中PPT-A的mRNA表达增高,在第5天时PPT-A的m RNA仍维持166.23±16.92%的高表达。高剂量顺铂抑制大鼠下丘脑中Orexin的mRNA表达,24 h时Orexin降低幅度最明显,为对照组的34.81±7.22%(P0.05)。此后检测的5天,Orexin浓度均低于对照组;将阿瑞匹坦和orexin联合应用,大鼠高岭土摄入量较单独应用阿瑞匹坦或orexin明显减少,摄食量显著增加(P0.05)。结论:P物质和orexin通路对顺铂化疗大鼠的异食癖和摄食量调控具有协同作用。     

DVC orexin-A通过调控ghrelin受体信号通路改善顺铂所致大鼠胃功能紊乱

目的:探讨迷走神经复合体(Dorsal vagal complex,DVC)内orexin-A对顺铂所致胃功能紊乱的影响及可能机制。方法:随机选取30只大鼠并将其分为3组(n=10):对照组(NS组);24 h顺铂治疗组;48 h顺铂治疗组。24 h顺铂治疗组和48 h顺铂治疗组大鼠分别在腹腔注射顺铂后24 h和48 h处死大鼠,对照组大鼠腹腔注射生理盐水(Normal saline,NS)。采用定量实时PCR检测各组大鼠下丘脑orexin-A mRNA的表达,ELISA测量大鼠脑脊液中P物质水平;DVC内微量注射orexin-A和ghrelin受体拮抗剂后,检测大鼠食物和高岭土的摄入量。结果:顺铂可显著减少大鼠下丘脑orexin-A mRNA表达,增加其脑脊液内P物质的浓度。外源性orexin-A可改善顺铂引起的厌食症和异食癖。orexin-A以上的效应可被DVC内预先注射ghrelin受体拮抗剂部分逆转。结论:orexin-A可能通过ghrelin神经肽系统改善顺铂在化疗过程中诱导的胃功能紊乱。     

Ghrelin对大鼠摄食的影响及orexins信号通路的调控

目的:探究Ghrelin对大鼠摄食的影响及orexins信号通路的调控作用。方法:采用免疫组织化学染色的方法观察Ghrelin免疫阳性神经元轴突末梢与orexin神经元的突触联系以及下丘脑外侧区(LHA)内c-fos的表达。侧脑室注射抗-orexin-A IgG和抗-orexin-B IgG混合液、抗-黑色素浓集激素(MCH)IgG、NPY-1受体拮抗剂后测量大鼠摄食量,观察其对ghrelin诱导摄食的影响。结果:Ghrelin免疫阳性神经元轴突末梢与orexin神经元的突触相接触。侧脑室注射ghrelin可诱导orexin神经元内c-fos表达,但是没有引起MCH神经元内c-fos的表达。预先注射抗-NPY IgG抗体,ghrelin仍然可诱导orexin神经元内c-fos表达。侧脑室预先注射抗-orexin-A IgG和抗-orexin-B IgG抗体可减弱ghrelin促摄食作用,但是预先注射抗-MCH IgG抗体对ghrelin诱导的摄食作用没有明显影响。注射NPY受体拮抗剂可进一步加强抗-orexin-A IgG抗体和抗-orexin-B IgG抗体对ghrelin诱导摄食的抑制效应。结论:ghrelin可能与orexin系统相互作用共同参与摄食和能量平衡的调控。     

侧脑室注射orexin 对顺铂诱导大鼠异食癖的影响*

目的:研究化疗后止呕药联合侧脑室注射orexin能否改善顺铂诱导的异食癖与食欲减退,进一步探索吡嘧司特联合orexin抗呕吐的机制。方法:1腹腔注射止呕药并侧脑室置管给予orexin,观察大鼠高岭土摄取及摄食改变。2EIA法测量脑脊液中P物质含量。结果:1顺铂中高剂量组高岭土摄入增加、摄食和体重减少,呈量效依赖关系(P0.05~0.01)。2恩丹西酮早期抑制高岭土摄入(P0.05)。联合用药后延长该效应且晚期增加摄食(P0.05)。3阿瑞吡坦晚期抑制高岭土摄入,呈量效依赖关系(P0.05~0.01),联合用药后第4天,高岭土摄取减少、摄食增加(P0.05)。4吡嘧司特晚期抑制高岭土摄入,呈量效依赖关系(P0.05~0.01)。高剂量吡嘧司特晚期增加摄食(P0.05)。联合用药后第4、5天,高岭土摄入减少,第1、4、5天摄食增加(P0.05)。5注射顺铂脑脊液中P物质浓度升高(P0.05)。联合用药能够降低P物质浓度(P0.05)。结论:联合应用orexin能够延长止呕药作用期并改善顺铂引起的食欲减退。吡嘧司特通过减少P物质的含量,抑制高岭土摄入。     

Obestatin对血浆ghrelin和nesfatin-1水平及胃排空的影响

目的:探讨侧脑室注射obestatin对大鼠血浆酰基化ghrelin、去酰基化ghrelin、nesfatin-1水平的影响以及对胃排空的调控。方法:侧脑室注射obestatin,采用酶免疫测定(EIA)法检测血浆酰基化ghrelin、去酰基化ghrelin、nesfatin-1水平以及胃排空率的变化。结果:侧脑室分别注射0.1、0.3或1.0 nmol obestatin,大鼠血浆酰基化ghrelin、去酰基化ghrelin以及nesfatin-1水平无显著改变(P0.05),且酰基化ghrelin与去酰基化ghrelin比率无显著改变(P0.05);侧脑室注射obestatin,大鼠摄食量无显著改变,但胃排空率明显增加(P0.05);胃排空率明显延迟(P0.05)。与侧脑室注射1.0 nmol Obestatin组相比,注射1.0 nmol Obestatin+CRF,大鼠摄食量无显著改变,胃排空率明显延迟(P0.05)。各组摄食量及进入十二指肠内食物量无明显差异(P0.05)。结论:中枢obestatin促进大鼠的胃排空,可能与h/r CRF通路有关。     

大鼠延髓背侧迷走复合体注射ghrelin激活弓状核神经肽Y/刺鼠色蛋白相关蛋白神经元而诱发多食(英文)

Ghrelin是生长素促分泌受体的内源性配体,刺激摄食并增加体重。已有研究证实ghrelin刺激摄食的作用靶点主要是下丘脑弓状核(hypothalamic arcuate nucleus,ARC)内的神经肽Y(neuropeptide Y,NPY)/刺鼠色蛋白相关蛋白(agouti-related peptide,AgRP)神经元。除下丘脑外,脑干尾部迷走复合体具有ghrelin受体,是ghrelin调控摄食活动的另一靶点。本实验旨在验证ghrelin作用于脑干尾部所诱发的摄食增加是否需要下丘脑NPY/AgRP神经元参与。在大鼠延髓背侧迷走复合体(dorsal vagalcomplex,DVC)微量注射20pmol的ghrelin,用摄食自动分析仪测量大鼠的摄食反应,用荧光定量PCR技术测定ARC的NPY/AgRP mRNA的表达水平,同时利用免疫组化技术测定ARC的NPY阳性神经元数量及光密度。结果显示,与对照组(DVC微量注射生理盐水)相比,ghrelin微注射组大鼠摄食量增加,其累积摄食量在注射后2h达最高峰;ARC处NPY/AgRP mRNA的表达水平、NPY免疫阳性神经元的数量及光密度也明显增加,且均在ghrelin注射后2h增高达到高峰。以上结果提示,大鼠DVC注射ghrelin可能通过上行纤维激活弓状核NPY/AgRP神经元,介导大鼠的多食反应。     

中枢注射Nesfatin-1与Exendin(9-39)对大鼠摄食和胃肠动力调节的影响

目的:探讨下丘脑室旁核注射GLP-1R拮抗剂Exendin(9-39)对Nesfatin-1所致大鼠摄食和胃肠动力改变的影响及作用机制。方法:选择40只雄性Wistar大鼠,随机分成正常对照组(NC组)、Nesfatin-1组(NS组)、Exendin(9-39)组(ES组)、Nesfatin-1联合Exendin(9-39)组(NE组)。采用下丘脑室旁核(PVN)埋置套管并分别给予以上药物干预,干预前和干预后的12小时、24小时记录和比较各组大鼠的摄食、饮水及体重变化。2天后,采用甲基纤维素-酚红溶液灌胃法测各组大鼠胃排空率,实时荧光定量法(RT-PCR)检测下丘脑及胃组织GLP-1Rm RNA的表达。结果:与基础摄食量比较,NS组大鼠给药后12 h、24 h的摄食量减少(P0.05),NE组大鼠给药后12 h、24 h的摄食量减少(P0.05),但较NS组增加(P0.05);与基础饮水量比较,NS组、NE组给药后12 h饮水量减少(P0.05);与基础体重比较,NS组大鼠给药后12 h、24 h的体重降低(P0.05),NE组大鼠给药后12 h的体重降低(P0.05),但较NS组增加(P0.05);NS组大鼠给药后胃排空率较NC、NE组大鼠显著下降(P0.05),NS组大鼠下丘脑GLP-1Rm RNA的表达量较NC组增加(P0.05)。结论:中枢给予GLP-1R拮抗剂能减弱Nesfatin-1引起的摄食抑制、胃排空延迟及体重下降效应,Nesfatin-1可能通过与GLP-1的协同作用参与摄食及胃肠动力的调节。     

中枢反复注射ghrelin对大鼠摄食的影响

目的:Ghrelin是一种主要由胃粘膜产生的28氨基酸肽.因为血浆中的ghrelin完全依赖于摄食获得,所以这种激素对食欲和能量平衡有显著影响.本研究侧脑室注射ghrelin后两小时,通过检测食物容器内剩余食物及水的量,观察中枢应用ghrelin对进食的影响.方法:每天侧脑室注射一次ghrelin(0.4 μg),连续注射4天.每天测量体重,同时实验结束后检测腹膜后、附睾脂肪(WAT)含量以及血液中瘦素和胰岛素水平.结果:在第二次侧脑室注射ghrelin后,大鼠第一个和第二个30分钟时间段内进食与对照组相比显著增多(P＜0.05),分别为47.2％和63.8％.自第二次注射ghrelin直至治疗结束,大鼠体重显著增加(P＜0.05),食物和水的摄入量显著增多(P＜0.05).实验结束后,大鼠腹膜后和附睾WAT含量显著增加(231.4％,P＜0.01;84.1％,P＜0.05);血清胰岛素水平显著升高(42.3％,P＜0.05),而血清瘦素水平显著下降(74.1％,P＜0.05).结论:中枢多次注射ghrelin对自由摄食的成年大鼠摄食具有促进作用.     

大鼠发情期和间情期下丘脑ghrelin mRNA的表达

为探索下丘脑ghrelin mRNA及GnRH mRNA在大鼠(Rattus norregicus)发情期和间情期的表达特点,通过外部观察和阴道涂片相结合的方法确定发情期和间情期,将12只未经产SD雌性大鼠分为2组,即发情期组和间情期组,每组6只。取动物下丘脑,用实时荧光RT-PCR方法检测ghrelin mRNA和GnRH mRNA的表达丰度。结果表明,间情期组大鼠下丘脑ghrelin mRNA的表达丰度显著高于发情期组(P<0.01);间情期组大鼠下丘脑GnRH mRNA的表达丰度显著低于发情期组(P<0.01)。研究发现,下丘脑ghrelin mRNA和GnRH mRNA在发情期与间情期具不同的表达模式,提示ghrelin可能在下丘脑水平上对GnRH mRNA的表达具下调作用。     

侧脑室注射Orexins对大鼠摄食的影响及机制

目的:探讨侧脑室注射orexins(食欲素)、NPY(神经肽Y)、MCH(黑色素聚集激素)和甘丙肽对大鼠摄食的影响及其机制。方法:将成年雄性Wistar大鼠随机分为对照组、侧脑室注射组和室旁核(PVN)注射组。通过套管将orexin-A、orexin-B、NPY、MCH和甘丙肽分别注射至侧脑室和PVN内,随后测量大鼠食物摄入量,并检测PVN、弓状核(ARC)和VMH内c-fos的表达。结果:与对照组比较,侧脑室注射NPY、MCH和orexin-B 2 h后,大鼠摄食量显著增多(P0.05)。相较于orexin-B和MCH,NPY对摄食的影响更显著(P0.05)。与NS对照组比较,侧脑室注射甘丙肽和orexin-A 1 h后,大鼠摄食量显著增多(P0.05)。与NS对照组比较,侧脑室注射orexin-A可显著增加c-fos在PVN和ARC中的表达,在VMH中效应较弱(P0.05)。与NS对照组比较,PVN注射NPY能显著增加大鼠2 h摄食量(P0.05),PVN注射orexin-A能显著增加大鼠2 h和4 h摄食量(P0.05)。结论:orexins与可促进大鼠摄食,此效应可能通过下丘脑参与摄食调控中枢PVN和ARC而实现的。     

结节乳头体在小鼠运动和摄食中的作用及机制研究

目的:探讨结节乳头体在小鼠运动和摄食中的作用及机制。方法:选择雄性ddy小鼠,180-200 g,通过单侧植入电极损毁TMN-E2区。采用荧光金逆行追踪方法检测小鼠Me5与TMN之间的神经纤维联系;采用免疫组化方法检测小鼠TMN中组氨酸脱羧酶(HDC)免疫反应阳性细胞数;采用旷场试验箱记录小鼠全天、夜间以及白天的自主活动和摄食摄水;采用PCR检测小鼠穹窿周和下丘脑外侧区的orexin m RNA的表达。结果:荧光金逆行追踪实验显示小鼠Me5可向TMN-E2发出神经纤维投射。单侧TMN损毁,两侧TMN中HDC反应阳性细胞显著减少(P0.05),且损毁侧比未损毁侧HDC免疫反应阳性细胞数减少(P0.05)。TMN损毁对小鼠24 h自主活动和摄食摄水无明显影响。单侧TMN损毁,小鼠从暗期到光期的自主活动和摄食摄水显著减少(P0.05)。单侧TMN损毁,小鼠正常昼夜活动摄食节律无显著改变。单侧TMN损毁,小鼠穹隆周和下丘脑外侧区白天的orexin m RNA表达显著减少(P0.05)。结论:Me5与TMN之间存在神经通路,该通路可能通过调节穹隆周区或下丘脑外侧区的orexin神经元的激活从而调控摄食及相关行为的昼夜节律。     

针刺对术后胃肠功能紊乱大鼠胃肠传输功能及脑肠肽的影响

摘要 目的：探讨针刺三里穴、中脘对大鼠胃大部切除术后胃肠传输功能恢复的影响及可能的作用机制。方法：将60只 SD 大鼠随机分为空白组、模型组和针刺组,每组 20 只。造模成功后第3天开始,针刺组进行针刺足三里、中脘,连续治疗14天。于末次针刺结束后,各组记录进食量、体重等;后各组禁食24 h后进行胃残留率和小肠推进率测定,腹主动脉取血测定胃泌素、胃动素、食欲素A及食欲素1型受体。结果：造模前,三组大鼠体重和进食量差异无统计学意义,P>0.05。造模后3天,模型组及针刺组体重和进食量低于空白组,差异有统计学意义,P<0.05。针刺干预后,模型组体重和进食量低于空白组和针刺组,差异有统计学意义,P<0.05。针刺干预后,针刺组大鼠胃残留率、小肠推进率、胃泌素、胃动素、食欲素A及食欲素1型受体高于模型组,差异有统计学意义,P<0.05;模型组胃残留率、小肠推进率、胃泌素、胃动素、食欲素A及食欲素1型受体低于空白组,差异有统计学意义,P<0.05;针刺组与空白组胃残留率、小肠推进率、胃泌素、胃动素、食欲素A及食欲素1型受体差异无统计学意义,P>0.05。结论：针刺胃大部切除术后大鼠足三里穴、中脘穴,改善胃排空和小肠推进功能,促进术后胃肠功能的恢复,其作用机制可能为改变脑肠肽代谢,增加食欲素A水平,激活食欲素1型受体,促进胃泌素、胃动素分泌。     

Intracerebroventricular administration of ghrelin rapidly suppresses pulsatile luteinizing hormone secretion in ovariectomized rats.

Ghrelin, an endogenous growth hormone (GH) secretagogue, is shown to increase food intake, which action is similar to that of orexin, also a hypothalamic peptide. Since orexin suppresses pulsatile LH secretion in ovariectomized (OVX) rats, the present study was undertaken to investigate whether ghrelin also suppresses LH secretion. Effects of intracerebroventricularly injected ghrelin (0.1 nmol/0.3 microl) were examined in OVX rats treated with a small dose of 17beta-estradiol (E(2)). After ghrelin injection, pulsatile LH secretions which were ongoing in these E(2)-treated OVX rats were significantly suppressed for about 1 h, whereas GH secretion increased, peaking at 30 min. The main parameter suppressed by ghrelin was the pulse frequency, not the pulse amplitude, suggesting the hypothalamus as the site of ghrelin action. This study provides evidence that ghrelin acts not only in the control of food intake but also in the control of LH secretion.     

Ghrelin microinjection into forebrain sites induces wakefulness and feeding in rats

Ghrelin, a gut-brain peptide, is best known for its role in the stimulation of feeding and growth hormone release. In the brain, orexin, neuropeptide Y (NPY), and ghrelin are parts of a food intake regulatory circuit. Orexin and NPY are also implicated in maintaining wakefulness. Previous experiments in our laboratory revealed that intracerebroventricular injections of ghrelin induce wakefulness in rats. To further elucidate the possible role of ghrelin in the regulation of arousal, we studied the effects of microinjections of ghrelin into hypothalamic sites, which are implicated in the regulation of feeding and sleep, such as the lateral hypothalamus (LH), medial preoptic area (MPA), and paraventricular nucleus (PVN) on sleep in rats. Sleep responses, motor activity, and food intake after central administration of 0.04, 0.2, or 1 mug (12, 60, or 300 pmol) ghrelin were recorded. Microinjections of ghrelin into the LH had strong wakefulness-promoting effects lasting for 2 h. Wakefulness was also stimulated by ghrelin injection into the MPA and PVN; the effects were confined to the first hour after the injection. Ghrelin's non-rapid-eye-movement sleep-suppressive effect was accompanied by attenuation in the electroencephalographic (EEG) slow-wave activity and changes in the EEG power spectrum. Food consumption was significantly stimulated after microinjections of ghrelin into each hypothalamic site. Together, these results are consistent with the hypothesis that forebrain ghrelinergic mechanisms play a role in the regulation of vigilance, possibly through activating the components of the food intake- and arousal-promoting network formed by orexin and NPY.     

Impaired ghrelin signaling is associated with gastrointestinal dysmotility in rats with gastroesophageal reflux disease

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is often associated with decreased upper gastrointestinal motility, and ghrelin is an appetite-stimulating hormone known to increase gastrointestinal motility. We investigated whether ghrelin signaling is impaired in rats with GERD and studied its involvement in upper gastrointestinal motility. GERD was induced surgically in Wistar rats. Rats were injected intravenously with ghrelin (3 nmol/rat), after which gastric emptying, food intake, gastroduodenal motility, and growth hormone (GH) release were investigated. Furthermore, plasma ghrelin levels and the expression of ghrelin-related genes in the stomach and hypothalamus were examined. In addition, we administered ghrelin to GERD rats treated with rikkunshito, a Kampo medicine, and examined its effects on gastroduodenal motility. GERD rats showed a considerable decrease in gastric emptying, food intake, and antral motility. Ghrelin administration significantly increased gastric emptying, food intake, and antral and duodenal motility in sham-operated rats, but not in GERD rats. The effect of ghrelin on GH release was also attenuated in GERD rats, which had significantly increased plasma ghrelin levels and expression of orexigenic neuropeptide Y/agouti-related peptide mRNA in the hypothalamus. The number of ghrelin-positive cells in the gastric body decreased in GERD rats, but the expression of gastric preproghrelin and GH secretagogue receptor mRNA was not affected. However, when ghrelin was exogenously administered to GERD rats treated with rikkunshito, a significant increase in antral motility was observed. These results suggest that gastrointestinal dysmotility is associated with impaired ghrelin signaling in GERD rats and that rikkunshito restores gastrointestinal motility by improving the ghrelin response.     

Regulation of food intake in the goldfish by interaction between ghrelin and orexin

Intracerebroventricular (ICV) administration of ghrelin, orexin and neuropeptide Y (NPY) stimulates food intake in goldfish. Orexin and NPY interact with each other in the regulation of feeding, while ghrelin-induced feeding has also shown to be mediated by NPY in the goldfish model. To investigate the interaction between ghrelin and orexin, we examined the effects of a selective orexin receptor-1 antagonist, SB334867, and a growth hormone secretagogue-receptor antagonist, [D-Lys(3)]-GHRP-6, on ghrelin- and orexin-A-induced feeding. Ghrelin-induced food intake was completely inhibited for 1h following ICV preinjection of SB334867, while [D-Lys(3)]-GHRP-6 attenuated orexin-A stimulated feeding. Furthermore, ICV administration of ghrelin or orexin-A at a dose sufficient to stimulate food intake increased the expression of each other's mRNA in the diencephalon. These results indicate that, in goldfish, ghrelin and orexin-A have interacting orexigenic effects in the central nervous system. This is the first report that orexin-A-induced feeding is mediated by the ghrelin signaling in any animal model.