异甘草酸镁联合熊去氧胆酸治疗自身免疫性肝炎及原发性胆汁性肝硬化的临床观察

目的:探讨异甘草酸镁联合熊去氧胆酸治疗自身免疫性肝炎及原发性胆汁性肝硬化的临床疗效。方法:选取2013年7月到2014年7月于我院就诊的自身免疫性肝炎及原发性胆汁性肝硬化患者68例,将患者随机分为两组,观察组和对照组患者各34例,对照组进行熊去氧胆酸治疗;观察组联合熊去氧胆酸和异甘草酸镁治疗,比较两组患者的治疗效果。结果:观察组34例患者有效率88.2%,对照组患者总有效率为52.9%,观察组治疗效果明显高于对照组。结论:联合异甘草酸镁和熊去氧胆酸治疗自身免疫性肝炎及原发性胆汁性肝硬化有良好效果,治疗可起到抗炎、调节免疫作用,改善患者肝功能生化指标。     

血清GP73、hs-CRP联合APRI对慢性乙型肝炎患者肝纤维化和抗病毒治疗应答的评估价值

摘要 目的：探讨血清高尔基体蛋白73（GP73）、超敏C反应蛋白（hs-CRP）、天冬氨酸转氨酶/血小板比值指数（APRI）对慢性乙型肝炎（CHB）患者肝纤维化和抗病毒治疗应答的评估价值。方法：选择2019年1月至2022年1月我院收治的初诊CHB患者187例,根据肝穿刺活检分为无纤维化组41例、纤维化S1期组43例、纤维化S2期组39例、纤维化S3期组36例、纤维化S4期组28例;肝纤维化≥S2期患者给予抗病毒治疗,根据治疗应答情况分为应答组（n=76）和无应答组（n=27）。比较不同肝纤维化程度组、不同疗效组治疗前血清GP73、hs-CRP及APRI,采用受试者工作特征（ROC）曲线分析血清GP73、hs-CRP联合APRI对CHB抗病毒治疗无应答的预测价值。结果：血清GP73、hs-CRP水平及APRI纤维化S4期组高于纤维化S3期组,纤维化S3期组高于纤维化S2期组,纤维化S2期组高于纤维化S1期组,纤维化S1期组高于无纤维化组,不应答组高于应答组,各组比较差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。血清GP73、hs-CRP、APRI及联合预测CHB抗病毒治疗无应答的曲线下面积（AUC）分别为0.803、0.731、0.785和0.903,联合检测的预测准确率大于各指标单独检测。结论：血清GP73、hs-CRP及APRI与CHB患者肝纤维化程度及抗病毒治疗应答情况有关,联合检测对CHB肝纤维化患者抗病毒治疗无应答具有较高预测价值。     

熊去氧胆酸联合非诺贝特对原发性胆汁性胆管炎的临床疗效及安全性

摘要 目的：分析熊去氧胆酸联合非诺贝特对原发性胆汁性胆管炎无熊去氧胆酸生化反应的临床疗效及安全性。方法：151例原发性胆汁性胆管炎无熊去氧胆酸患者按随机数表法分为73例对照组和78例研究组。对照组在常规治疗基础上给予安慰剂联合熊去氧胆酸治疗,研究组在常规基础上给予非诺贝特联合熊去氧胆酸治疗,两组均持续治疗12个月。比较两组临床疗效,肝功能,血脂指标,肝纤维化指标,免疫球蛋白G（IgG）、免疫球蛋白M（IgM）,瘙痒及乏力评分,不良反应发生情况。结果：治疗后,研究组总有效率高于对照组,比较差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。治疗后,两组肝功能指标均降低,研究组低于对照组,比较有统计学意义（P<0.05）。治疗后,两组总胆固醇（TC）、甘油三酯（TG）均降低,研究组低于对照组,比较有统计学意义（P<0.05）,两组治疗前后低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL-C）、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL-C）比较无统计学意义（P>0.05）。治疗后,两组肝纤维化指标均降低,研究组低于对照组,比较有统计学意义（P<0.05）。治疗后,两组IgG、IgM均降低,研究组低于对照组,比较有统计学意义（P<0.05）。治疗后,两组瘙痒、乏力评分均降低,研究组低于对照组,比较有统计学意义（P<0.05）。两组不良反应发生率比较差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。结论：熊去氧胆酸联合非诺贝特对原发性胆汁性胆管炎无熊去氧胆酸生化反应的疗效较好,能够改善肝功能,且未明显增加药物不良反应。     

超声弹性成像评价肝纤维化程度的探讨

目的:运用实时组织弹性成像(RTE)对肝脏弹性图像进行评分,并通过与实验室指标的比较,探讨RTE评分诊断肝纤维化程度的可行性与准确性。方法:选取我院收治的慢性病毒性肝炎患者90例作为研究对象,行RTE以及肝功能、血常规和凝血五项等实验室检查,随后肝活检获得病理学证据。比较RTE评分与实验室指标诊断肝纤维化程度的准确性。结果:90例患者中,S0期21例,S1期31例,S2期31例,S3期20例,S4期7例。RTE评分与肝纤维化程度呈正相关(r=0.79,P<0.05)。同样,门冬氨酸氨基转移酶/血小板比例指数(APRI)与肝纤维化程度也呈正相关(r=0.57,P<0.05)。RTE评分只与APRI呈相关性(r=0.667,P=0.000)。RTE评分诊断明显肝纤维化的敏感度为94.31%、特异度为78.65%、准确率为85.22%、阳性预测值为76.63%、阴性预测值为94.58%,均高于APRI。结论:实时组织弹性成像技术在诊断肝纤维化方面有广泛的临床研究价值和前景。     

熊去氧胆酸联用思美泰对妊娠期肝内胆汁淤积症重症患者瘙痒程度、妊娠结局及肝功能的影响

目的:探讨熊去氧胆酸联用思美泰对妊娠期肝内胆汁淤积症(ICP)重症患者瘙痒程度、妊娠结局及肝功能的影响。方法:选取2016年6月到2017年12月期间在我院接受治疗的ICP重症患者76例,根据随机数字表法将患者均分为研究组(n=38)和对照组(n=38)。对照组采用熊去氧胆酸进行治疗,研究组采用熊去氧胆酸联用思美泰进行治疗。比较两组患者治疗前、治疗7d后的Ribaha皮肤瘙痒程度评分、天冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)、丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)、总胆汁酸(TBA)、血清总胆红素(TB)的水平,比较两组患者的妊娠结局。结果:治疗7d后两组患者的瘙痒程度评分均明显降低,且研究组低于对照组(P0.05)。治疗7d后两组患者的AST、ALT、TBA、TB水平均明显降低,且研究组患者的AST、ALT、TBA、TB水平低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。两组患者的新生儿窒息发生率和新生儿体质量比较无统计学差异(P0.05),研究组患者早产、胎儿窘迫、羊水胎粪污染的发生率低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:熊去氧胆酸联用思美泰可有效缓解ICP重症患者的瘙痒程度,改善肝功能和妊娠结局,临床疗效显著,具有积极的临床意义。     

原发性胆汁性肝硬化的药物治疗进展

原发性胆汁性肝硬化(Primary Biliary Cirrhosis,PBC)是一种以胆汁淤积及慢性非化脓性破坏性胆管炎为特点的自身免疫介导的慢性肝脏病。熊去氧胆酸(UDCA)作为PBC患者的首选治疗药物可使患者的生化指标、存活指标以及组织学等都得以改善。尽管如此,PBC的治疗仍是临床医师的一大难题,大约40%的PBC患者对UDCA的治疗仅获得了不完全应答,而肝移植则为晚期PBC患者治疗之首选。本文简要介绍近些年治疗PBC药物的新进展,包括熊去氧胆酸、布地奈德、免疫抑制剂、贝特类、6α-乙基鹅去氧胆酸、利妥昔单抗以及抗逆转录病毒药物等,期望为PBC的治疗提供帮助。     

熊去氧胆酸对肝硬化大鼠血清IL-6、MMP-3、TIMP-1 及胃肠Cajal 细胞c-kit 表达的影响

目的:探讨熊去氧胆酸对肝硬化大鼠血清IL-6、MMP-3、TIMP-1水平及胃肠Cajal细胞c-kit表达的影响。方法:选取72只大鼠,随机分为四组,每组18只。空白组给予正常饲养,其余三组均注射CCl_4予酒精和高蛋白饮食,熊去氧胆酸组大鼠注射熊去氧胆酸1.5 mg/Kg·d;吗丁啉组给予吗丁啉0.85 mg/Kg·d;模型组仅给予注射生理盐水。治疗结束后,对比各组血清IL-6、MMP-3、TIMP-1水平及胃肠Cajal细胞c-kit含量。结果:与空白组比较,模型组大鼠血清IL-6、MMP-3、TIMP-1水平均明显升高(P0.01),胃肠Cajal细胞c-kit含量显著降低(P0.01)。与模型组相比,熊去氧胆酸组与吗丁啉组大鼠血清IL-6、MMP-3、TIMP-1水平均显著降低(P0.01),小肠推进率增高(P0.01),胃肠Cajal细胞c-kit含量显著升高(P0.01);与吗丁啉组相比,熊去氧胆酸组血清IL-6、MMP-3、TIMP-1水平较低(P0.01),小肠推进率、胃肠Cajal细胞c-kit含量显著升高(P0.01)。结论:熊去氧胆酸对肝硬化具有较好疗效,可改善肝纤维化和胃肠功能,这可能与其降低血清IL-6、MMP-3、TIMP-1水平及提高胃肠Cajal细胞C-kit含量有关。     

思美泰联合熊去氧胆酸对妊娠期肝内胆汁淤积症患者的影响

目的:探讨思美泰联合熊去氧胆酸对妊娠期肝内胆汁淤积症患者的影响。方法:选取我院2015年2月至2016年2月收治妊娠期肝内胆汁淤积症患者共94例,按随机法分为观察组(47例)对照组(47例)。对照组采用思美泰+地塞米松,观察组采用思美泰+熊去氧胆酸。观察两组患者治疗前后血清总胆汁酸(TBA)、总胆红素(TB)、丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT)、门冬氨酸转氨酶(AST)、瘙痒评分及妊娠结局、围生儿情况。结果:治疗后,两组患者TBA、TB、ALT及AST、瘙痒评分水平均较治疗前下降,观察组下降更明显,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);观察组患者早产率19.15%(9/47)、剖宫产率27.66%(13/47)、羊水污染率10.64%(5/47)及胎儿窘迫率12.77%(6/47)均分别显著低于对照组40.43%(19/47)、57.45%(27/47)、21.28%(10/37)、19.15%(9/47),其中早产率及剖宫产率比较差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:思美泰联合熊去氧胆酸能明显改善妊娠期肝内胆汁淤积症患者胆汁酸、肝酶水平及妊娠结局。     

丁二磺酸腺苷蛋氨酸联合熊去氧胆酸对妊娠期肝内胆汁淤积症患者肝功能及妊娠结局的影响

目的:探讨丁二磺酸腺苷蛋氨酸联合熊去氧胆酸对妊娠期肝内胆汁淤积症(ICP)患者肝功能及妊娠结局的影响。方法:选取2016年1月至2017年10月我院接诊的96例ICP患者,按照随机数字表法分为观察组和对照组,每组各48例,两组患者均给予常规基础治疗,对照组在此基础上给予熊去氧胆酸治疗,观察组在对照组基础上给予丁二磺酸腺苷蛋氨酸治疗,比较两组患者瘙痒、黄疸改善时间及治疗前后胆酸和肝功能指标检测结果,观察并对比两组母婴预后情况。结果:观察组瘙痒改善时间及黄疸改善时间均低于对照组(P0.05)。两组患者治疗前总胆汁酸(TBA)、甘胆酸(CG)、谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、谷草转氨酶(AST)、总胆红素(TBiL)、直接胆红素(DBiL)水平对比差异无统计学意义(P0.05);两组患者治疗后TBA、CG、ALT、AST、TBiL、DBiL水平均低于治疗前,且观察组低于对照组(P0.05)。观察组羊水污染、胎儿窘迫、早产、剖宫产及新生儿Apgar评分7分发生率均低于对照组(P0.05),两组患者产后出血、死胎发生率对比差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:丁二磺酸腺苷蛋氨酸联合熊去氧胆酸能够有效改善ICP症状和肝功能,降低不良母婴预后发生风险,可作为优选治疗方案。     

熊去氧胆酸对婴儿肝炎综合征患儿血清炎症因子和肝功能的影响*

目的:探讨熊去氧胆酸对婴儿肝炎综合征患儿血清炎症因子和肝功能的影响。方法:选取我院自2013年5月-2015年5月收治的婴儿肝炎综合征患儿91例,随机分为对照组(n=47)和观察组(n=44),对照组患儿给予常规护肝、利胆等治疗,观察组患儿在对照组的基础上给予熊去氧胆酸治疗,两组均治疗3周。比较两组患儿治疗前后的血清炎症因子及肝功能指标水平,观察两组患儿用药后的临床治疗效果及不良反应发生情况。结果:治疗后,所有患儿的血清肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、总胆红素(TBil)、直接胆红素(DBil)、丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT)、谷氨酰转肽酶(GGT)、总胆汁酸(TBA)水平均低于治疗前,且观察组低于对照组(P0.05)。观察组患儿治疗后总有效率高于对照组(P0.05)。两组患儿总不良反应发生率比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:熊去氧胆酸可以减轻婴儿肝炎综合征患儿的炎症反应,改善其肝功能,疗效显著且安全性好。     

“Sicca Complex” in Liver Disease

Sixty-three patients with liver disease were studied for the presence of the components of Sjögren''s syndrome. The “sicca complex” (that is, patients without arthritis) was detected in 42% of patients with active chronic hepatitis, 72% with primary biliary cirrhosis, and 38% with cryptogenic cirrhosis. One patient with active chronic hepatitis and one with primary biliary cirrhosis had rheumatoid arthritis. No evidence of Sjögren''s syndrome was detected in seven patients with alcoholic cirrhosis. It is suggested that the sicca complex and autoimmune liver disease may be part of a systemic disorder in which immunological mechanisms are concerned in the pathogenesis.     

Contribution of Zinc Deficiency to Insulin Resistance in Patients with Primary Biliary Cirrhosis

The relationship between metabolic abnormalities of trace elements and insulin resistance has been established. Recent studies have revealed that insulin resistance is associated with autoimmune responses. The purpose of this study was to examine the correlation between zinc or copper metabolism and insulin resistance in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC). Sixteen patients with PBC were divided into two groups: early and advanced stage disease. The overall value of the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) in patients with advanced stage PBC was significantly higher than that in patients with early stage PBC, although the mean value in advanced stage PBC was significantly lower than that in hepatitis C virus (HCV)-related liver cirrhosis. There was an inverse correlation between serum zinc concentrations and HOMA-IR values in patients with PBC, while we found no correlation between serum copper levels and HOMA-IR values. HOMA-IR values were inversely associated with peripheral platelet counts, indicating the relationship between insulin resistance and hepatic fibrosis. These results suggest that zinc deficiency plays important roles of insulin resistance and subsequent hepatic fibrosis in patients with PBC, although insulin resistance in advanced stage PBC was significantly milder than that in HCV-related liver cirrhosis.     

Visceral leishmaniasis mimicking autoimmune hepatitis, primary biliary cirrhosis, and systemic lupus erythematosus overlap

Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a life-threatening infection caused by Leishmania species. In addition to typical clinical findings as fever, hepatosplenomegaly, and cachexia, VL is associated with autoimmune phenomena. To date, VL mimicking or exacerbating various autoimmune diseases have been described, including systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis, and autoimmune hepatitis (AIH). Herein, we presented a patient with VL who had overlapping clinical features with SLE, AIH, as well as antimitochondrial antibody (AMA-M2) positive primary biliary cirrhosis.     

Autoimmune liver disease 2007

Autoimmune liver disease (ALD) includes a spectrum of diseases which comprises both cholestatic and hepatitic forms: autoimmune hepatitis (AIH), primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC), primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) and the so called "overlap" syndromes where hepatitic and cholestatic damage coexists. All these diseases are characterized by an extremely high heterogeneity of presentation, varying from asymptomatic, acute (as in a subset of AIH) or chronic (with aspecific symptoms such as fatigue and myalgia in AIH or fatigue and pruritus in PBC and PSC). The detection and characterization of non organ specific autoantibodies plays a major role in the diagnostic approach of autoimmune liver disease; anti nuclear reactivities (ANA) and anti smooth muscle antibodies (SMA) mark type 1 AIH, liver kidney microsomal antibody type 1 (LKM1) and liver cytosol type 1 (LC1) are the serological markers of type 2 AIH; antimitochondrial antibodies (AMA) are associated with PBC, while no specific marker is found in PSC, since anticytoplasmic neutrophil antibodies with perinuclear pattern (atypical p-ANCA or p-ANNA) are also detected in a substantial proportion of type 1 AIH cases. Treatment options rely on immunosoppressive therapy (steroids and azathioprine) in AIH and on ursodeoxycholic acid in cholestatic conditions; in all these diseases liver transplantation remains the only therapeutical approach for the end stage of liver disease.     

Increased incidence of menstrual abnormalities and hysterectomy preceding primary biliary cirrhosis.

A study was performed to assess the incidence of previous hysterectomy and dilatation and curettage among women with primary biliary cirrhosis. In 87 patients with primary biliary cirrhosis hysterectomy or dilatation and curettage had been performed significantly more often than among 100 age matched normal controls and 80 age matched patients with chronic active hepatitis or alcoholic liver disease. Among the 47 patients with primary biliary cirrhosis who had undergone hysterectomy or dilatation and curettage operations had been performed at a mean of 10.7 years and 13.2 years, respectively, before the onset of disease. The main indication for hysterectomy among patients with primary biliary cirrhosis and controls was menorrhagia. These menstrual disorders may be a consequence of high concentrations of oestrogens in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis.     

免疫球蛋白在原发性胆汁性肝硬化与自身免疫性肝炎组织中的表达及意义

目的:原发性胆汁性肝硬化(PBC)与自身免疫性肝炎(AIH)的临床表现存在相似性,因而不易鉴别及诊断。本研究对免疫球蛋白在PBC和AIH中的表达情况进行比较并分析其意义,为两种疾病的鉴别和诊断积累临床资料。方法:选取2011年10月-2012年10月在我院接受治疗的原发性胆汁性肝硬化患者20例作为PBC组,另选取20例同期入院治疗的自身免疫性肝炎患者作为AIH组。利用免疫组化法检测两组患者病变组织中免疫球蛋白IgM和IgG的表达水平,比较两组细胞的阳性表达率,并对阳性细胞含量进行评分。结果:PBC组:17例患者显示IgM阳性(85%),3例患者显示IgG阳性(15%),IgM与IgG比值1,IgM评分为3.2±0.8,IgG评分为1.5±0.6;AIH组:18例患者显示IgG阳性(90%),2例患者显示IgM阳性(10%),IgM与IgG比值1,IgM评分为1.2±0.7,IgG评分为2.4±0.9。PBC组的IgM评分明显高于AIH组,而AIH组的IgG评分则明显高于PBC组,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:检测IgG和IgM的表达水平对原发性胆汁性肝硬化与自身免疫性肝炎的临床诊断具有较高的敏感性和特异性,可作为鉴别两种疾病的依据之一,值得进一步推广应用。     

Characterization of serum and urinary bile acids in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis by gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry: effect of ursodeoxycholic acid treatment

We have studied the effect of ursodeoxycholic acid on the serum and urinary bile acids in seven patients with moderate to severe primary biliary cirrhosis. Bile acids were characterized by gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and quantified by capillary gas-liquid chromatography. Serum bile acids were elevated 26-fold over control values, with 2.2 times more cholic acid than chenodeoxycholic acid. Urinary bile acid output was elevated 22-fold over control values with a cholic acid:chenodeoxycholic acid ratio of 1.6. In addition, lithocholic acid, deoxycholic acid, ursodeoxycholic acid, 1 beta-hydroxycholic acid, 1 beta-hydroxydeoxycholic acid, and hyocholic acid were identified in both serum and urine; the proportions of the 1- and 6-hydroxylated bile acids were much higher in urine than in serum of the patients (32.1% versus 4.2%). Three months of placebo administration did not change the serum and urinary bile acid composition. In contrast, ursodeoxycholic acid feeding (12-15 mg/kg body weight per day) for 6 months resulted in a 25% decline in the total serum bile acid concentration from the pretreatment values. The proportion of ursodeoxycholic acid increased from 2.1 to 41.2% of total bile acids, so that total fasting serum endogenous bile acid levels decreased 62.4%. Ursodeoxycholic acid feeding substantially increased urinary bile acid output, with ursodeoxycholic acid comprising 58.1%. The proportion of 1- and 6- hydroxylated endogenous bile acids was reduced by 45.5% from pretreatment levels and approximately 4.5% of the urinary bile acids were omega-muricholic acid, 1 beta-hydroxyursodeoxycholic acid, and 21-hydroxyursodeoxycholic acid. These results demonstrate significant changes in the serum and urinary bile acid pattern in primary biliary cirrhosis during ursodeoxycholic acid treatment. The beneficial effect of ursodeoxycholic acid may be due to reduction of the hydroxylated derivatives of endogenous bile acids together with the appearance of hydroxylated derivatives of ursodeoxycholic acid or it may be due to displacement of the more hydrophobic endogenous bile acids by the hydrophilic ursodeoxycholic acid.     

Modulation of bile acid profile by gut microbiota in chronic hepatitis B

Chronic hepatitis B (CHB) is a global epidemic disease that may progress to fibrosis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. The role of the liver‐bile acid‐microbiota axis in CHB remains unclear. The aims of this study are to elucidate the alteration of the gut microbiota and its functions in bile acid homeostasis in CHB patients with different degrees of fibrosis. In the present study, we evaluated serum and faecal bile acid profiles in healthy controls and CHB patients with biopsy‐proven diagnosis: patients had stage 0‐1 fibrosis were classified as mild CHB and patients had stage 2‐4 fibrosis were classified as moderate/advanced CHB. The levels of serum total bile acids (BAs) and primary BAs were increased in CHB patients with moderate/advanced fibrosis, whereas faecal total and secondary BAs levels were significantly lower. Analyses of gut microbiota exhibited a trend of decreased abundance in bacteria genera responsible for BA metabolism in CHB patients with moderate/advanced fibrosis. CHB is associated with altered bile acid pool which is linked with the dysregulated gut microbiota. The higher level of FGF‐19 may act in a negative feedback loop for maintaining the bile acid homeostasis.     

Cell-mediated Immune Responses in Chronic Liver Diseases

Studies of the cell-mediated response to liver antigens, using the leucocyte migration test, in 163 patients with various liver disorders showed that abnormal responses were almost confined to active chronic hepatitis (53% abnormal), primary biliary cirrhosis (64%), and cryptogenic cirrhosis (29%). The test was also abnormal in five out of seven patients with jaundice due to drug hypersensitivity and in one patient with acute infectious hepatitis at a time when mitochondrial antibodies were present in the serum. More of those with active chronic hepatitis on prednisone or azathioprine had normal tests than of those who were untreated, and in 8 out of 10 examined serially during therapy there was an accompanying improvement in leucocyte migration. Abnormal responses to salivary gland or kidney antigens were also found in nearly half of those with features of Sjögren''s syndrome or renal tubular acidosis as part of a multisystem involvement—this, though occurring in cryptogenic cirrhosis, was found with greater frequency in active chronic hepatitis and primary biliary cirrhosis. These cell-mediated immune responses, perhaps triggered by the initial damage to the liver from viral or other agents, may be responsible both for the perpetuation of the liver disease and, because of common surface antigens, for the damage to other organs.