胶原酶缓释微球的研究

目的:本实验旨在开发一种胶原酶缓释微球制剂,用以治疗手掌腱膜挛缩症,以减小现有水针剂的不足。方法:利用水相-水相乳化法和低温冷冻相分离法两种方法制备载药颗粒,分别将其包裹于PLGA微球内,制备成胶原酶微球,并用扫描电镜考察其表面形态,对其粒径进行统计学分析,测定体外释放行为并比较。结果:两种方法制备的微球表面光滑圆整,都可以达到缓释的效果,一个星期内释药完全。水相-水相乳化法制备的微球比低温冷冻相分离制备的微球粒径大,且具有统计学差异(P0.05)。水相-水相乳化法制备的微球粒径较均一,其体外释放更加平缓,突释较小。结论:本研究制得的胶原酶微球能实现理想的体外缓释效果,解决了现有技术中胶原酶粉针剂型快速释放并分散的问题。     

rhEGF缓释微球对糖尿病皮肤溃疡创面修复的 作用

采用W/O/W方法制备聚乳酸-羟基乙酸共聚物(PLGA)载重组人表皮生长因子(rhEGF)缓释微球, 表征了缓释微球形貌和粒径分布, 研究了体外释放行为, 进行了细胞实验和动物实验. 结果显示：微球形貌规则, 粒径均匀; 药物包封率达85.6%; 缓释时间达24 h. 细胞实验表明, 微球比rhEGF原液具有更好的促进细胞增殖作用; 通过观察动物实验中溃疡面积变化、组织病理切片和PCNA表达, 发现微球组治疗效果优于生长因子原液组和空白对照组, 并且具有显著性差异. 本研究为rhEGF缓释微球技术的临床应用提供了重要的科学依据.     

一种白细胞介素 -12 缓释微球制备及体外表征

目的:开发一种白细胞介素-12(IL-12)长效缓释微球剂型。方法:采用水包油-油包固(S/O/W)法制备了白介素-12因子多糖微粒的聚乳酸-聚羟基乙酸共聚物(PLGA-PLA)微球,研究了微球的表面形态和粒径大小,并且运用ELISA方法考察了微球的体外释放效果和免疫活性。结果:本方法制备的白介素-12因子微球光滑圆整,体外缓释达45天,累积释放率近90%。结论:本方法制备的白介素-12因子微球,不仅具有有效地保护IL-12蛋白活性,同时实现长效缓释的目标,是一种可行的IL-12缓释方案。     

制备复合生长因子的缓释微球并考察其对细胞的影响

目的:制备复合碱性成纤维细胞生长因子的可降解缓释微球,考察其生物活性保存情况,以及其对上皮细胞的作用。方法:采用改良的乳化冷凝法交联制备明胶缓释微球,将其加入上皮细胞的培养液中,用细胞计数法、四甲基偶氮唑盐微量反应比色法(MTT法)测定细胞增殖情况。结果:缓释微球平均粒径12.36±3.56μm;培养1 d后各组细胞计数、吸光度(D)值差异均无显著性意义;5d后,缓释微球组细胞计数、吸光度(D)值明显高于对照组;7 d后,缓释微球组值仍高于其它组,但差异无显著性意义。结论:复合生长因子的缓释微球制备工艺简便,成球性好;能较长时间持续释放活性生长因子,明显促进细胞增殖。     

一种白细胞介素-2缓释微球制备新方法及体外表征

目的：开发一种白细胞介素-2（m-2）长效缓释微球剂型。方法：采用S／O／W法制备了白介素-2因子多糖微粒的PLGA微球,考察了微球的表面形态、粒径分布等,并且运用ELISA方法考察了微球的体外释放效果。结果：本方法制备的白介素-2因子微球光滑圆整,粒径分布较均匀,体外缓释达32天,累积释放率近90％。结论：本方法制备的白介素-2因子微球,不仅具有有效地保护IL-2蛋白活性,同时实现长效缓释的目标,是一种可行的蛋白缓释方案。     

粒细胞-巨噬细胞集落刺激因子微球制剂的体外释放研究

目的：开发一种粒细胞-巨噬细胞集落刺激因子（GM—CSF）长效缓释微球剂型。方法：采用S／O／hO法制备了包裹粒细胞一巨噬细胞集落刺激因子多糖玻璃体颗粒的PLGA微球,考察了微球的表面形态、粒径分布等,并且运用ELISA方法考察了微球的体外释放效果。结果：本方法制备的粒细胞-巨噬细胞集落刺激因子微球光滑圆整,粒径分布均匀,体外可以缓释达32天,累积释放率接近90％。结论：本方法制备的粒细胞-巨噬细胞集落刺激因子微球能有效地保护蛋白活性,同时实现长效缓释的目标,是一种可行的蛋白缓释方案。     

干扰素α缓释微球的制备及体外释放研究

目的:开发一种有效地长效缓释干扰素α微球制剂。方法:利用S/O/W乳剂-挥发法制备了包裹干扰素α多糖颗粒的PLAG微球,对其外观形态进行了考察,并用ELISA方法考察了微球体外释放效果。结果:制备的干扰素α微球圆整光滑,粒径均匀;经24天体外释放,累计释放率达到80%以上。结论:通过包封包裹干扰素α的多糖颗粒进PLGA微球,有效地保护了干扰素α在微球中的活性,实现了长效缓释,是一种可行的缓释方案。     

载荷壳聚糖微球的海藻酸钠水凝胶的制备

目的:在支架材料上引入具有控释行为的微球,旨在通过微球包裹生长因子,通过生长因子的缓慢释放从而促进种子细胞的生长分化。方法:本实验通过在海藻酸钠水凝胶中负载具有控释功能的壳聚糖微球,并通过在微球中包载溶菌酶从而达到控制壳聚糖降解速率的功效。实验研究了不同搅拌速度下壳聚糖微球的形貌及粒径大小,通过扫描电镜对壳聚糖微球及复合支架的形貌进行了观察,通过紫外光吸收法测试了微球的载药量及包封率,并研究了壳聚糖微球在体外的降解行为等。结果:制备的壳聚糖微球表面较光滑,溶菌酶的包封率在25.78%-41.89%之间,载药量在15.20%-24.44%之间。包封溶菌酶的微胶囊在降解9天后壳聚糖分子量下降了70.40%,载荷微球的复合凝胶孔洞增多,孔洞大小均匀。结论:此复合材料有望作为载荷软骨相关生长因子的支架模型,从而解决软骨组织工程中种子细胞匮乏的问题。     

装载于PLGA中的5-氟尿嘧啶缓释微球的制备及其体外释放的研究

目的:研究装载于不同分子量的PLGA中的5-氟尿嘧啶微球的制备方法及其在体外条件下的缓释行为。方法:以水包油包固复乳法将5-氟尿嘧啶包裹在高分子聚乳酸-聚羟基乙酸共聚物(PLGA)中,形成缓释微球,考察其大小,外观,包封率等理化性质,以紫外分光光度法为检测方法研究其体外释放行为。结果:经扫描电子显微镜观察,所制备的微球形态完整,大小较均匀。具有一定得包封率和载药量,体外释放研究表明其处方1和处方2的缓释时间为8天和23天。结论:以水包油包固复乳法制备的PLGA 5-氟尿嘧啶微球能够达到缓释的目的。     

载荷壳聚糖微球的海藻酸钠水凝胶的制备

目的：在支架材料上引入具有控释行为的微球,旨在通过微球包裹生长因子,通过生长因子的缓慢释放从而促进种子细胞的生长分化。方法：本实验通过在海藻酸钠水凝胶中负载具有控释功能的壳聚糖微球,并通过在微球中包栽溶茵酶从而达到控制壳聚糖降解速率的功效。实验研究了不同搅拌速度下壳聚糖微球的形貌及粒径大小,通过扫描电镜对壳聚糖微球及复合支架的形貌进行了观察,通过紫外光吸收法测试了微球的载药量及包封率,并研究了壳聚糖微球在体外的降解行为等。结果：制备的壳聚糖微球表面较光滑,溶菌酶的包封率在25．78％41．89％之间,载药量在15．20％-24．44％之间。包封溶茵酶的微胶囊在降解9天后壳聚糖分子量下降了70．40％,载荷微球的复合凝胶孔洞增多,孔洞大小均匀。结论：此复合材料有望作为栽荷软骨相关生长因子的支架模型,从而解决软骨组织工程中种子细胞匮乏的问题。     

The effects of different crossing-linking conditions of genipin on type I collagen scaffolds: an in vitro evaluation

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the properties of fabricating rat tail type I collagen scaffolds cross-linked with genipin under different conditions. The porous genipin cross-linked scaffolds are obtained through a two step freeze-drying process. To find out the optimal cross-link condition, we used different genipin concentrations and various cross-linked temperatures to prepare the scaffolds in this study. The morphologies of the scaffolds were characterized by scanning electron microscope, and the mechanical properties of the scaffolds were evaluated under dynamic compression. Additionally, the cross-linking degree was assessed by ninhydrin assay. To investigate the swelling ratio and the in vitro degradation of the collagen scaffold, the tests were also carried out by immersion of the scaffolds in a PBS solution or digestion in a type I collagenase respectively. The morphologies of the non-cross-linked scaffolds presented a lattice-like structure while the cross-linked ones displayed a sheet-like framework. The morphology of the genipin cross-linked scaffolds could be significantly changed by either increasing genipin concentration or the temperature. The swelling ratio of each cross-linked scaffold was much lower than that of the control (non-cross-linked).The ninhydrin assay demonstrated that the higher temperature and genipin concentration could obviously increase the cross-linking efficiency. The in vitro degradation studies indicated that genipin cross-linking can effectively elevate the biostability of the scaffolds. The biocompatibility and cytotoxicity of the scaffolds was evaluated by culturing rat chondrocytes on the scaffold in vitro and by MTT. The results of MTT and the fact that the chondrocytes adhered well to the scaffolds demonstrated that genipin cross-linked scaffolds possessed an excellent biocompatibility and low cytotoxicity. Based on these results, 0.3 % genipin concentrations and 37 °C cross-linked temperatures are recommended.     

In situ forming chitosan hydrogels prepared via ionic/covalent co-cross-linking

In situ forming chitosan hydrogels have been prepared via coupled ionic and covalent cross-linking. Thus, different amounts of genipin (0.05, 0.10, 0.15, and 0.20% (w/w)), used as a chemical cross-linker, were added to a solution of chitosan that was previously neutralized with a glycerol-phosphate complex (ionic cross-linker). In this way, it was possible to overcome the pH barrier of the chitosan solution, to preserve its thermosensitive character, and to enhance the extent of cross-linking in the matrix simultaneously. To investigate the contributions of the ionic cross-linking and the chemical cross-linking, separately, we prepared the hydrogels without the addition of either genipin or the glycerol-phosphate complex. The addition of genipin to the neutralized solution disturbs the ionic cross-linking process and the chemical cross-linking becomes the dominant process. Moreover, the genipin concentration was used to modulate the network structure and performance. The more promising formulations were fully characterized, in a hydrated state, with respect to any equilibrium swelling, the development of internal structure, the occurrence of in vitro degradability and cytotoxicity, and the creation of in vivo injectability. Each of the hydrogel systems exhibited a notably high equilibrium water content, arising from the fact that their internal structure (examined by conventional SEM, and environmental SEM) was highly porous with interconnecting pores. The porosity and the pore size distribution were quantified by mercury intrusion porosimetry. Although all gels became degraded in the presence of lysozyme, their degradation rate greatly depended on the genipin load. Through in vitro viability tests, the hydrogel-based formulations were shown to be nontoxic. The in vivo injection of a co-cross-linking formulation revealed that the gel was rapidly formed and localized at the injection site, remaining in position for at least 1 week.     

Cross-linked guar gum microspheres: A viable approach for improved delivery of anticancer drugs for the treatment of colorectal cancer

In the present work, guar gum microspheres containing methotrexate (MTX) were prepared and characterized for local release of drug in the colon, which is a prerequisite for the effective treatment of colorectal cancer. Guar gum microspheres were prepared by the emulsification method using glutaraldehyde as a cross-linking agent. Surface morphological characteristics were investigated using scanning electron microscopy. Particle size, shape, and surface morphology were significantly affected by guar gum concentration, glutaral dehyde concentration, emulsifier concentration (Span 80), stirring rate, stirring time, and operating temperature. MTX-loaded microspheres demonstrated high entrapment efficiency (75.7%). The in vitro drug release was investigated using a US Pharmacopeia paddle type (type II) dissolution rate test apparatus in different media (phosphate-buffered saline [PBS], gastrointestinal fluid of different pH, and rat cecal content release medium), which was found to be affected by a change to the guar gum concentration and glutaraldehyde concentration. The drug release in PBS (pH 7.4) and simulated gastric fluids followed a similar pattern and had a similar release rate, while a significant increase in percent cumulative drug release (91.0%) was observed in the medium containing rat cecal content. In in vivo studies, guar gum microspheres delivered most of their drug load (79.0%) to the colon, whereas plain drug suspensions could deliver only 23% of their total dose to the target site. Guar gum microspheres showed adequate potential in achieving local release of drug in in vitro release studies, and this finding was further endorsed with in vivo studies. Published: September 8, 2006     

Cross-linked collagen sponges loaded with plant polyphenols with inhibitory activity towards chronic wound enzymes

Collagen sponges loaded with polyphenols from Hamamelis virginiana were investigated as active materials for chronic wound dressings, evaluating in vitro the inhibition of two major enzymes that impair the wound healing process - myeloperoxidase (MPO) and collagenase. Prior to polyphenols loading, collagen was cross-linked with genipin to improve its biostability. The effect of genipin cross-linking and polyphenol concentration in the development of mechanically and enzymatically stable sponges was studied. The tensile strength of the cross-linked collagen increased with the increase of the cross-linking degree, coupled to decrease in the elongation and the swelling capacity of the sponges. The stability of the sponges to collagenase digestion reached maximum when 1 mM genipin was used. However, the biostability decreased more than 10-fold after loading the sponges with polyphenols (0.5 mg/mL), nevertheless, this effect was partially overcome using higher concentration of polyphenols (1 and 2 mg/mL) to inhibit collagenase. Moreover, the polyphenols released from the sponges were sufficient for complete inhibition of MPO activity. No considerable cytotoxicity of the genipin cross-linked collagen loaded with polyphenols was observed evaluating the NIH 3T3 fibroblasts viability.     

Preparation and characterization of glutaraldehyde cross-linked O-carboxymethylchitosan microspheres for controlled delivery of pazufloxacin mesilate

O-carboxymethylchitosan (OCMC) microspheres containing an antibiotic drug pazufloxacin mesilate (PM) have been successfully prepared by emulsion cross-linking using glutaraldehyde (GA). Various manufacturing parameters, including amount of cross-linking agent and OCMC:PM ratios were altered to optimize process variables during the microspheres production. The structure and morphology were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WXRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The swelling and releasing behaviors of the microspheres at pH 1.2 and 7.4 media were investigated. The results revealed that the microspheres had a spherical, rough morphology and with a narrow size distribution. The degree of swelling of microspheres at pH 7.4 media was higher than that at pH 1.2 media. The microspheres proved to be successful in prolonging drug release. The release of PM was found to depend upon the extent of matrix cross-linking and drug loading. The release profiles of PM from OCMC microspheres were found to be biphasic with a burst release followed by a gradual release phase, and followed the Higuchi matrix model.     

Preparation of Chitosan Cryostructurates with Controlled Porous Morphology and Their Use as 3D-Scaffolds for the Cultivation of Animal Cells

The influence of the conditions of the formation of genipin cross-linked chitosan cryostructurates on the porous morphology and physicochemical properties of these cryostructurates and on the possibility of their use as biopolymer 3D scaffolds for tissue engineering was studied. The chitosan cryostructurates were obtained by freeze-drying a chitosan acetate solution, treating the resulting sponge with an alcohol solution of ammonia to transform the polyaminosaccharide from a salt into a chitosan-base, and then cross-linking the polymer with genipin (the molar ratios of genipin to the number of chitosan amino groups were 0.05, 0.033, and 0.02, respectively). The pore sizes, water-holding capacity, and in vitro biodegradation rate of the cryostructurates were shown to depend on the aforementioned ratio. The properties of the prepared chitosan cryostructurates, the hydrogels formed by chitosan cross-linking with genipin at positive temperatures, and the films cast from genipin-containing chitosan solutions after solvent evaporation were studied and compared. The biocompatibility of the obtained macroporous sponge materials was demonstrated using L929 mouse fibroblasts. Confocal laser microscopy showed that the cells in all of the 3D scaffolds obtained were evenly distributed; they grew and proliferated when cultured in vitro for seven days.     

静电纺丝制备担载神经生长因子的聚乳酸纤维的工艺研究

目的:研究担载神经生长因子(NGF)的聚乳酸纤维乳液法静电纺丝的制备工艺,从电压、溶液浓度等工艺条件进行探索,通过扫描电镜对纤维的形态结构进行观察,旨在找到最佳纺丝制备条件,并观察该条件下纤维的体外释放行为和细胞活性。方法:将NGF水溶液分散于聚乳酸(PLLA)溶液中,通过W/O乳液法制备静电纺丝纤维。分别从电压8 k V、10 k V、12 k V,浓度梯度90mg/m L、100 mg/m L、110 mg/m L进行静电纺丝纤维的制备,对纤维的形态等进行表征。使用ELISA对NGF体外释放动力学进行检测,用Alamer Blue试剂考察纤维释放液对于PC12悬浮细胞增殖的影响。结果:浓度和电压对电纺纤维制备影响很大。当浓度过大时,易堵塞纺丝喷头且纤维弯曲,过小时纤维粗细差异较大。电压过大或过小时纤维弯曲情况严重,甚至出现缠绕现象。当浓度为100 mg/m L,电压为10 k V时制备的乳液法静电纺丝聚乳酸纤维直径粗细均匀,具有较好形态。在该条件下的制备的纤维NGF体外有效释放13天,释放液可以促进PC12细胞的增殖。结论:担载NGF的聚乳酸纤维乳液法最佳静电纺丝制备条件为:PLLA溶液浓度100 mg/m L、电压10 k V,该条件下制备的担载NGF的聚乳酸纤维体外释放可累计释放13天,其释放液可有效促进PC12细胞的增殖,为进一步研究担载NGF的聚乳酸纤维导管奠定了一定的工艺基础。     

Characterization of 5-fluorouracil microspheres for colonic delivery

The purpose of this investigation was to prepare and evaluate the colon-specific microspheres of 5-fluorouracil for the treatment of colon cancer. Core microspheres of alginate were prepared by the modified emulsification method in liquid paraffin and by cross-linking with calcium chloride. The core microspheres were coated with Eudragit S-100 by the solvent evaporation technique to prevent drug release in the stomach and small intestine. The microspheres were characterized by shape, size, surface morphology, size distribution, incorporation efficiency, and in vitro drug release studies. The outer surfaces of the core and coated microspheres, which were spherical in shape, were rough and smooth, respectively. The size of the core microspheres ranged from 22 to 55 μm, and the size of the coated microspheres ranged from 103 to 185 μm. The core microspheres sustained the drug release for 10 hours. The release studies of coated microspheres were performed in a pH progression medium mimicking the conditions of the gastrointestinal tract. Release was sustained for up to 20 hours in formulations with core microspheres to a Eudragit S-100 coat ratio of 1∶7, and there were no changes in the size, shape, drug content, differential scanning calorimetry thermogram, and in vitro drug release after storage at 40°C/75% relative humidity for 6 months.     

Incorporation of Chitosan Microspheres into Collagen-Chitosan Scaffolds for the Controlled Release of Nerve Growth Factor

Background

Artifical nerve scaffold can be used as a promising alternative to autologous nerve grafts to enhance the repair of peripheral nerve defects. However, current nerve scaffolds lack efficient microstructure and neurotrophic support.

Methods

Microsphere–Scaffold composite was developed by incorporating chitosan microspheres loaded with nerve growth factor (NGF–CMSs) into collagen-chitosan scaffolds (CCH) with longitudinally oriented microchannels (NGF–CMSs/CCH). The morphological characterizations, in vitro release kinetics study, neurite outgrowth assay, and bioactivity assay were evaluated. After that, a 15-mm-long sciatic nerve gap in rats was bridged by the NGF–CMSs/CCH, CCH physically absorbed NGF (NGF/CCH), CCH or nerve autograft. 16 weeks after implantation, electrophysiology, fluoro-gold retrograde tracing, and nerve morphometry were performed.

Results

The NGF–CMSs were evenly distributed throughout the longitudinally oriented microchannels of the scaffold. The NGF–CMSs/CCH was capable of sustained release of bioactive NGF within 28 days as compared with others in vitro. In vivo animal study demonstrated that the outcomes of NGF–CMSs/CCH were better than those of NGF/CCH or CCH.

Conclusion

Our findings suggest that incorporation of NGF–CMSs into the CCH may be a promising tool in the repair of peripheral nerve defects.     

Nanoparticle mediated controlled delivery of dual growth factors

Peripheral nerve functional recovery after nerve injury generally requires multiple growth factors by synergistic effect.However,the optical combination of multiple synergistic growth factors for axonal regeneration has been scarcely considered up to now.Meanwhile,the use of growth factors in promoting nerve regeneration was limited by its short biological half-life in vivo,its vulnerability to structure disruption or hydrolyzation,leading to loss of bioactivity.Herein,a novel polymeric nanoparticle delivery system composed of heparin andε-poly-L-lysine(PL)was prepared for control release of nerve growth factor(NGF)and basic fibroblast growth factor(bFGF).The nanoparticles were synthesized by polyelectrolyte complexation in aqueous solution at room temperature,followed by cross-linking with biological genipin.The obtained nanoparticles had a spherical shape,with a mean diameter of about 246 nm,and high growth factors encapsulation efficiency as well as good stability.NGF and bFGF were encapsulated in the nanoparticles and showed a continuous and slow release behavior in vitro.The bioactivities of the released growth factors were evaluated,and exhibited the synergistic effect.The controlled release of the dual synergistic growth factors would improve the treatment of peripheral nerve injury to mimic the natural cellular microenvironments.