CHFR,PARP-1基因对B细胞淋巴瘤Raji细胞增殖和凋亡的影响（英文）

目的:探讨CHFR与聚(ADP-核糖)聚合酶1(PARP-1)基因对B细胞淋巴瘤Raji细胞增殖和凋亡的影响。方法:用5-Aza-d C处理Raji细胞,后通过qRT-PCR检测CHFR的mRNA表达水平,western blot评估CHFR、PARP-1的蛋白表达。经CHFR慢病毒转染Raji细胞后,用qRT-PCR和western blot评估RAJI细胞中的CHFR、PARP-1变化。通过CCK-8法测定细胞的增殖情况,流式细胞术检测细胞周期的变化。结果:与对照组相比,经5-Aza-d C处理Raji组的CHFR mRNA表达显著上调(P0.01),PARP-1mRNA水平和蛋白表达水平明显降低(P0.05)。与对照组相比,Sh RNA组CHFR的mRNA表达显着下调(均P0.01),PARP-1mRNA和蛋白表达水平升高(P0.05)。CCK结果显示CHFR Sh RNA组细胞活力明显低于对照组(P0.05)。流式细胞术结果显示CHFR沉默后细胞凋亡率降低(P0.05)。结论:CHFR可能通过PARP-1调控B淋巴细胞的增殖和凋亡。     

CHFR基因在B细胞淋巴瘤细胞中的表达及意义(英文)

目的:探讨CHFR基因在B细胞淋巴瘤Raji细胞中的表达,以及CHFR基因甲基化对Raji细胞增殖和凋亡中所产生的影响。方法:体外培养人B细胞淋巴瘤细胞株Raji细胞,用不同浓度的去甲基化试剂5-氮杂-2脱氧胞苷处理Raji细胞株,通过RT-PCR检测CHFR基因表达水平的变化,通过MS-PCR检测CHFR基因甲基化变化,CCK法及流式细胞术检测Raji细胞增殖及凋亡变化。结果:CHFR基因在Raji细胞中出现弱表达,经去甲基化试剂处理后CHFR基因表达水平增高,随药物浓度增加Raji细胞的抑制率及凋亡率增高。结论:5-氮杂-2脱氧胞苷可以恢复CHFR基因表达水平,抑制Raji细胞的增殖,促进凋亡。CHFR基因在细胞增殖起负向调控的作用。     

基因在B 细胞淋巴瘤细胞中的表达及意义

目的：探讨基因CHFR在B细胞淋巴瘤Raji 细胞中的表达,以及基因甲基化对Raji 细胞增殖和凋亡中所产生的影 响。方法：体外培养人B细胞淋巴瘤细胞株Raji 细胞,用不同浓度的去甲基化试剂5- 氮杂-2 脱氧胞苷处理Raji 细胞株,通过 RT-PCR 检测CHFR 基因表达水平的变化,通过MS-PCR 检测基因甲基化变化,CCK 法及流式细胞术检测Raji 细胞增殖 及凋亡变化。结果： 基因在Raji 细胞中出现弱表达,经去甲基化试剂处理后基因表达水平增高,随药物浓度增加Raji 细胞的抑制率及凋亡率增高。结论：5-氮杂-2 脱氧胞苷可以恢复基因表达水平,抑制Raji 细胞的增殖,促进凋亡。基 因在细胞增殖起负向调控的作用。     

7-二氟甲氧基-5,4'-二正辛烷氧基金雀异黄素对人卵巢癌裸鼠移植瘤生长的影响

目的:研究7-二氟甲氧基-5,4'-二正辛烷氧基金雀异黄素(7-difluoromethoxyl-5,4'-di-n-octylygenistein,DFOG)对人卵巢癌裸鼠移植瘤生长的影响。方法:建立人卵巢癌HO-8910细胞裸鼠皮下移植瘤,随机分为5组,每组5只,即生理盐水组(Saline),紫杉醇组(TAX),DFOG此处为3组(5、10、20 mg/kg)组,观察各组移植瘤的体积和重量变化,观察各组荷瘤裸鼠重量及其血清乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、肌酐值(Cr)、外周血白细胞计数(WBC)的变化。FCM检测移植瘤组织细胞的凋亡率,Western blot检测移植瘤组织细胞cortactin蛋白的表达变化。结果:DFOG各组显著抑制人卵巢癌HO-8910细胞裸鼠移植瘤生长,与Saline组比较,移植瘤体积明显减小(P均0.05),其中DFOG10mg/kg组对移植瘤抑制率与TAX组相当(P0.05);与Saline组比较,DFOG各组移植瘤重量明显减轻(P均0.05),其中DFOG10mg/kg组对移植瘤重量减少率与TAX组相当(P0.05)。与Saline组及DFOG各组比较,TAX组荷瘤裸鼠重量显著降低(P均0.05),而Saline组和DFOG各组之间荷瘤裸鼠重量比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05);与Saline组及DFOG各组比较,TAX组荷瘤裸鼠血清LDH、ALT、Cr值和外周血WBC计数显著降低(P均0.05),而Saline组与DFOG各组比较,荷瘤裸鼠血清LDH、ALT、Cr值和外周血WBC计数无明显差异(P0.05)。DFOG各组作用HO-8910细胞移植瘤16 d后,HO-8910细胞发生凋亡,与Saline组比较(P均0.05),其中DFOG10 mg/kg组凋亡率与TAX组相当(P0.05);同时cortactin蛋白表达降低,与Saline组比较(P均0.05),其中DFOG10 mg/kg组凋亡率与TAX组相当(P0.05)。结论:DFOG能抑制卵巢癌HO-8910细胞裸鼠移植瘤生长,下调cortactin蛋白表达和诱导HO-8910细胞凋亡。     

CHFR, PARP-1基因对B细胞淋巴瘤Raji细胞增殖和凋亡的影响

摘要 目的：探讨CHFR与聚(ADP-核糖)聚合酶1(PARP-1)基因对B细胞淋巴瘤Raji细胞增殖和凋亡的影响。方法：用5-Aza-dC处理Raji细胞,后通过qRT-PCR检测CHFR的mRNA表达水平,western blot评估CHFR、PARP-1的蛋白表达。经CHFR慢病毒转染Raji细胞后,用qRT-PCR和western blot评估RAJI细胞中的CHFR、PARP-1变化。通过CCK-8法测定细胞的增殖情况,流式细胞术检测细胞周期的变化。结果：与对照组相比,经5-Aza-dC处理 Raji组的CHFR mRNA表达显著上调(P <0.01),PARP-1 mRNA水平和蛋白表达水平明显降低(P <0.05)。与对照组相比,ShRNA组CHFR的mRNA表达显着下调(均P <0.01),PARP-1 mRNA和蛋白表达水平升高(P <0.05)。CCK结果显示CHFR ShRNA组细胞活力明显低于对照组(P <0.05)。流式细胞术结果显示CHFR沉默后细胞凋亡率降低(P <0.05)。结论：CHFR可能通过PARP-1调控B淋巴细胞的增殖和凋亡。     

木犀草素通过抑制肝癌细胞Sp1活性上调抑癌基因OPCML表达

抑癌基因OPCML的甲基化失活是肿瘤发生的重要机制,因此采用药物逆转抑癌基因的失活状态是肿瘤防治的重要策略。研究表明,Luteolin可在一定程度上抑制DNA的甲基化转移酶(methyltransferase)的活性,但木犀草素是否能逆转OPCML的失活状态目前尚不明确。本研究通过体外培养肝癌细胞系HepG2,用不同浓度木犀草素处理后,采用实时定量PCR和Western blotting分别检测OPCML、DNMT1的m RNA和蛋白表达;甲基特异性PCR(MSP)和DNA甲基转移酶(DNA methyltransferases)催化实验分析OPCML基因启动子区域甲基化及细胞核中甲基化活性;ELISA分析木犀草素处理前后对核转录因子Sp1活性的变化;RNA干扰及慢病毒转染等方法观察Sp1在介导甲基化及CPCML表达中的作用。最后建立裸鼠异种移植瘤动物模型,观察木犀草素对异种移植瘤生长的抑制作用。结果显示,Hep G2细胞基础状态下OPCML表达水平较低,其启动子区域甲基化水平较高,而经0~30μmol/L木犀草素处理后,能显著增强OPCML蛋白和m RNA的表达,并能降低其启动子甲基化水平以及细胞核中甲基化活性。同时,木犀草素也能抑制Hep G2细胞中Sp1的活性以及DNMT1的表达。si RNA干扰OPCML后,可逆转木犀草素对Hep G2细胞的生长抑制效应,上调细胞内Sp1表达后,同时伴有DNMT1表达增加及OPCML表达降低。此外,木犀草素也能上调裸鼠异种移植瘤中OPCML表达并抑制移植瘤生长的生长。以上结果表明木犀草素可能通过降低细胞内甲基化水平而上调OPCML基因表达,最终抑制Hep G2细胞生长增殖。     

雌激素对转STGC3基因CNE2细胞系生长增殖的影响

为探讨雌激素对STGC3基因抑瘤的促进作用,将重组的pcDNA3.1( )-STGC3真核表达载体导入鼻咽癌细胞系CNE2,经G418筛选,RT-PCR及蛋白质印迹检测STGC3的表达,获得稳定高表达STGC3基因的pcDNA3.1( )/STGC3/CNE2细胞系.采用细胞计数法,检测雌二醇(β-estradiol)对体外培养pcDNA3.1( )/STGC3/CNE2细胞生长增殖的影响.将pcDNA3.1( )/STGC3/CNE2细胞接种于裸小鼠前肢背部皮下,观察分析雌性与雄性裸鼠成瘤的差别.运用RT-PCR、免疫组织化学及蛋白质印迹方法,分别从mRNA及蛋白质水平,分析STGC3基因在裸鼠移植瘤组织中的表达状况.移植瘤组织病理切片检查,观察瘤细胞形态学变化.用流式细胞仪测定移植瘤组织的细胞周期分布.研究结果表明:细胞体外培养,pcDNA3.1( )/STGC3/CNE2细胞经β-estradiol处理后,其生长速度明显减缓(P<0.05);裸鼠体内研究,接种pcDNA3.1( )/STGC3/CNE2细胞实验组的移植瘤体积和重量均小于对照组,差异有显著性意义(P<0.05);实验组中,雌性裸鼠组移植瘤体积和重量均小于雄性组,差异有显著性意义(P<0.05),雌性裸鼠组移植瘤生长最慢,而对照组中雄性与雌性裸鼠组间瘤块的差异无显著性意义(P>0.05);接种pcDNA3.1( )/STGC3/CNE2细胞的雌性裸鼠组移植瘤,阻滞于G0/G1期细胞数大于其他各组(P<0.05).上述体内外研究结果显示,雌激素可能具有增强STGC3基因对CNE2细胞系的生长抑制作用.     

RNA干扰NRP2基因表达对胃癌细胞SGC7901裸鼠移植瘤的抑制作用

目的:探讨特异性抑制NRP2基因表达对人胃癌细胞SGC7901裸鼠移植瘤生长及淋巴管新生的影响。方法:采用小RNA干扰方法,构建shNRP2质粒,稳定转染入SGC7901细胞株,Westen blot检测转染前后NRP2蛋白的表达。建立人胃癌细胞SGC7901裸鼠移植瘤模型,随机分为shNRP2组(实验组)、shCon组(HK阴性对照组)和正常对照组,观察移植瘤的生长情况。6周后处死裸鼠,免疫组化检测NRP2蛋白的表达及微淋巴管密度(Micro-vessel density,MLD)。结果:成功构建shNRP2质粒,与另两组比较,shNRP2组细胞NRP2蛋白表达明显降低,且移植瘤组织生长、NRP2表达及MLD明显受抑制。结论:抑制NRP2基因的表达,可以抑制胃癌裸鼠移植瘤的生长及淋巴管的形成,NRP2基因有可能成为一个潜在的胃癌生物治疗靶点。     

人结肠癌SW480细胞裸鼠皮下移植瘤DcR3基因的RNA干扰及其作用

目的:观察DcR3基因小干扰RNA(siRNA)对人结肠癌SW480细胞裸鼠皮下移植瘤DcR3基因表达的影响。方法:建立结肠癌SW480细胞裸鼠皮下移植瘤模型,瘤体注射脂质体与DcR3siRNA混合物,转染DcR3siRNA,免疫组织化学及RT-PCR检测观察DcR3基因的表达。结果:建立了结肠癌SW480细胞裸鼠皮下移植瘤模型;治疗后,治疗组移植瘤明显减小,空白对照组、阴性对照组肿瘤体积显著大于治疗组(P<0.01);各组肿瘤组织中DcR3基因均有不同程度的表达,治疗组表达程度明显低于阴性对照组及空白对照组(RT-PCRP<0.05,免疫组化P<0.01)。结论:人结肠癌SW480细胞在裸鼠皮下有良好的成瘤性;脂质体与DcR3siRNA混合物可特异性抑制结肠癌裸鼠皮下移植瘤内DcR3基因的表达。     

斑蝥素酸镁对人肝癌细胞SMMC-7721裸鼠皮下移植瘤凋亡的影响

建立人肝癌细胞SMMC-7721裸鼠皮下移植瘤模型,实验组每只裸鼠瘤周注射斑蝥素酸镁6.26×10-5mmol,对照组给予相同容积的无菌生理盐水瘤周注射。给药22 d后,观察斑蝥素酸镁对皮下移植瘤增殖的影响,并在此基础上,利用HE染色观察药物对人肝癌裸鼠皮下移植瘤组织形态学特征的影响。实验发现斑蝥素酸镁组移植瘤细胞体积变小、胞浆固缩、嗜酸性变,细胞核固缩、碎裂。透射电镜观察人肝癌裸鼠皮下移植瘤组织超微结构的改变,镜下见斑蝥素酸镁组移植瘤细胞核膜基本消失、核染色质聚集成团等改变。免疫组化二步法检测人肝癌裸鼠皮下移植瘤组织中bcl-2、bax的表达水平,结果显示斑蝥素酸镁组瘤组织中bcl-2的表达低于生理盐水组,而bax的表达高于生理盐水组(P0.05)。本实验提示斑蝥素酸镁能明显抑制人肝癌裸鼠皮下移植瘤的增殖,并能诱导移植瘤细胞发生凋亡,其机制可能与上调bax和下调bcl-2表达有关。     

Effects of Cycloate on Development of Heterodera schachtii and Growth of Three Beta Species

Greenhouse tests were set up to evaluate the effects of the herbicide, cycloate (S-ethyl cydohexylethylthiocarbamate), oil development of Heterodera schachtii and growth of three Beta species. Cycloate added to infested soil enhanced cyst development/gm root on B. vulgaris and larvae/gm of root in B. patellaris and B. procumbens at 4, 16, and 16 μg(a.i.)/gm of soil, respectively. Total numbers of nematodes/individual root system decreased because of poor root growth of seedlings in cycloate-amended soil. Penetration and larval development through stage three did occur in the wild Beta species in any treatment. Thus, resistance of B. patellaris and B. pocumbens to development of H. schachtii was not altered by cycloate. Cycloate also retarded growth (P = 0.05) of the sugarbeet cultivars and B. patellaris at 4 μg(a.i.)/gm and B. procumbens at 16 μg(a.i.)/gm of soil. Higher concentrations of nematodes/gm root in plants growing in cycloate-amended soil may be attributed to factors such as fewer roots available for penetration, possible effects of cycloate on egg hatch, greater attraction of nematodes to roots, and increased susceptibility of roots to larval penetration. Suppression of seedling growth in cycloate-amended soil may be attributed in part to higher nematode density and in part to direct root damage from cycloate.     

操纵茶树类黄酮3′-羟基化酶生物合成B环-3′,4′-二羟基黄酮类化合物

【目的】操纵茶树类黄酮3′-羟基化酶,生物合成B环-3′,4′-二羟基黄酮类化合物圣草酚、二氢槲皮素和槲皮素。【方法】构建了4个茶树类黄酮3′-羟基化酶基因(CsF3′H)和拟南芥的P450还原酶基因(ATR)融合表达质粒:SUMO-CsF3'H[7-517]::ATR1[49-688]3 AA、SUMO-CsF3'H[28-517]::ATR1[49-688]3 AA、SUMO-CsF3'H[7-517]::ATR2[75-711]3 AA和SUMO-CsF3'H[28-517]::ATR2[75-711]3 AA,分别转化大肠杆菌菌株TOP10、DH5α和BL21,获得12个转化菌株S1–S12;构建了茶树类黄酮3′-羟基化酶基因CsF3′H表达质粒p YES-Dest52-CsF3′H,转化酵母菌株WAT11,得到转化菌株S13;构建了茶树类黄酮3′-羟基化酶基因CsF3′H表达质粒pES-URA-CsF3′H,及茶树黄烷酮3-羟基化酶基因CsF3H与拟南芥黄酮醇合成酶基因At FLS的融合表达质粒pES-HIS-CsF3H::At FLS 9AA,二者共转化酵母菌株WAT11,获得转化菌株S14。【结果】转化SUMO-CsF3'H[28-517]::ATR1[49-688]3 AA质粒的TOP10菌株S6在25°C条件下发酵,转化效率最高,能将1000μmol/L柚皮素、二氢山奈酚和山奈酚,分别转化生成287.93μmol/L圣草酚、131.76μmol/L二氢槲皮素和188.62μmol/L槲皮素。发酵菌株S13能分别将1000μmol/L柚皮素、二氢山奈酚和山奈酚,最多能转化生成734.32μmol/L圣草酚、446.07μmol/L二氢槲皮素和594.64μmol/L槲皮素。喂食S14发酵菌株5 mmol/L的底物柚皮素,在发酵36–48 h中,最多能生成1412.16μmol/L圣草酚、490.25μmol/L山奈酚、445.75μmol/L槲皮素、66.75μmol/L二氢槲皮素和73.50μmol/L二氢山奈酚。【结论】本研究首次将茶树类黄酮3′-羟基化酶基因应用于B环-3′,4′-二羟基黄酮类化合物圣草酚、二氢槲皮素和槲皮素的生物合成。     

Comparison of full-length genomics sequences between dengue virus serotype 3, parental strain,and its derivatives,and B-cell epitopes prediction from envelope region

Biological markers are normally used to evaluate the candidate of live-attenuated dengue vaccines. D3V 16562 Vero 23 and D3V 16562 Vero 33 which were derivatives of D3V 16562, parental strain, showed the similar biological data. We used molecular techniques and computational tools to evaluate these derivatives. The nucleotide and amino acid sequences of the derivatives were compared to their parent. The secondary structures of untranslated regions and B-cell epitopes were predicted. The results showed that nucleotide substitutions mostly occurred in NS5 and NS5 of V2 was unusual because of amino acid change at 3349 (tryptophan →stop codon). The nucleotide substitutions in 5''UTR, prM, E, NS1, NS2A, NS3, and 3''UTR were 4, 1, 2, 2, 1, 3, and 2, respectively. The secondary structure of 5''UTR of V2 was different from P and V1. The secondary structure of 3''UTR of V2 was similar to P and certainly distinct from V1. Furthermore, B-cell epitopes prediction revealed that there were 21 epitopes of envelope and the interesting epitope was at position 297-309 because it was in domain III in which the neutralizing antibody is induced. For this study, the attenuation of derivatives was caused by the nucleotide substitutions in 5''UTR, 3''UTR, and NS5 regions. The genotypic data and B-cell epitope make the derivatives attractive for the chimeric and peptide DENV vaccine development.     

两湖泊轮虫群落结构的时空动态对水体氮磷含量及“下行效应”的响应

为探讨氮和磷、"上行效应"和"下行效应"在轮虫群落结构时空变动调控中的相对重要性,于2011年7月至2012年6月每月两次采集了芜湖市九莲塘和汀棠湖中的轮虫样品,利用相关分析法和典范对应分析法(CCA)分析了轮虫群落结构的时空变动与水体理化因子及其潜在捕食者密度间的关系。卡尔森营养状态指数表明,两湖均处在富营养化初期。除了总氮和硝态氮的年均浓度、晶囊轮虫(Asplanchna)和剑水蚤(Cyclopoidea)无节幼体的年均密度存在显著差异外(P0.05),两湖泊的其他水环境因子间并未表现出明显的差异(P0.05)。实验室鉴定发现九莲塘中共有轮虫48种,隶属于15科21属;汀棠湖中共有轮虫55种,隶属于15科24属。两湖泊中,疣毛轮虫(Synchaeta)、臂尾轮虫(Brachionus)和异尾轮虫(Trichocerca)均是主要轮虫类群,而密度优势种分别有7种和4种。相关分析结果显示,P含量与九莲塘轮虫群落的均匀度和物种多样性指数间均呈现显著的负相关(P0.05),而N含量却与汀棠湖轮虫群落的物种多样性指数呈现显著的正相关(P0.05);两湖泊中的轮虫物种多样性指数均与水体中的TN∶TP(质量比)间呈现显著的正相关(P0.05)。CCA分析结果显示,九莲塘中桡足类和其无节幼体密度显著高于其他采样批次时的轮虫群落聚成Ⅰ类,汀棠湖中晶囊轮虫密度显著高于其他批次时的轮虫群落聚成Ⅱ类,而其他的轮虫潜在捕食者密度很低或未出现时的轮虫群落聚成Ⅲ类。研究结果表明,湖泊中的TN∶TP(质量比)可能是反映N和P含量对轮虫群落物种多样性影响程度的较为合适的指标。当水体中的轮虫潜在捕食者密度较高时,两湖泊轮虫群落结构的变动均主要取决于"下行效应";而当轮虫潜在捕食者密度很低时,"上行效应"可能是调控两湖泊轮虫群落结构变动的主要因素。     

Loss of Yme1L perturbates mitochondrial dynamics

Yme1L is an AAA protease that is embedded in the mitochondrial inner membrane with its catalytic domain facing the mitochondrial inner-membrane space. However, how Yme1L regulates mammalian mitochondrial function is still obscure. We find that endogenous Yme1L locates at punctate structures of mitochondria, and that loss of Yme1L in mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF) cells results in mitochondrial fragmentation and leads to significant increased ‘kiss-and-run'' type of mitochondrial fusion; however, Yme1L knockdown (shYme1L (short hairpin-mediated RNA interference of Yme1L)) cells still remain normal mitochondrial fusion although shYme1L mitochondria have a little bit less fusion and fission rates, and the shYme1L-induced fragmentation is due to a little bit more mitochondrial fission than fusion in cells. Furthermore, shYme1L-induced mitochondrial fragmentation is independent on optic atrophy 1 (OPA1) S1 or S2 processing, and shYme1L results in the stabilization of OPA1 long form (L-OPA1); in addition, the exogenous expression of OPA1 or L-OPA1 facilitates the shYme1L-induced mitochondrial fragmentation, thus this fragmentation induced by shYme1L appears to be associated with L-OPA1''s stability. ShYme1L also causes a slight increase of mitochondrial dynamics proteins of 49 kDa and mitochondrial fission factor (Mff), which recruit mitochondrial key fission factor dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1) into mitochondria in MEF cells, and loss of Drp1 or Mff inhibits the shYme1L-induced mitochondrial fragmentation. In addition, there is interaction between SLP-2 with Yme1L and shYme1L cells retain stress-induced mitochondrial hyperfusion. Taken together, our results clarify how Yme1L regulates mitochondrial morphology.     

Hamilton's rule meets the Hamiltonian: kin selection on dynamic characters

Many biological characters of interest are temporal sequences of decisions. The evolution of such characters is often modelled using dynamic optimization methods such as the maximum principle. A quantity central to these analyses is the ''Hamiltonian'' function, named after the mathematician William R. Hamilton. On the other hand, evolutionary models in which individuals interact with relatives are usually based on Hamilton''s rule, named after the evolutionary biologist William D. Hamilton. In this article we present a generalized maximum principle that includes the effects of interactions among relatives and we show that a time-dependent (dynamic) version of Hamilton''s rule holds involving the Hamiltonian. This result brings together the power and generality of both the maximum principle and Hamilton''s rule thereby providing a natural framework for understanding the evolution of ''dynamic'' characters under kin selection.     

喜盐鸢尾花色形成关键基因的克隆及表达分析

喜盐鸢尾(Iris halophila Pall.)及其变种蓝花喜盐鸢尾(I.halophila Pall.var.sogdiana(Bung)Grubov)因耐盐碱及其多种花色而具有盐碱地园艺开发价值。本文根据喜盐鸢尾内轮花被转录组测序结果,利用基因特异性引物从这2种植物中分别克隆了编码查尔酮合成酶(CHS)、查尔酮异构酶(CHI)、类黄酮-3',5'-羟基化酶类(F3'5'H-like)等基因的部分片段,并对它们在内轮花被中的表达水平进行实时定量PCR分析。序列分析结果确认在喜盐鸢尾中所克隆的CHS(311 bp)、CHI(457 bp)、F3'5'H-like(496 bp)3个基因(部分)未见文献报道与NCBI等数据库记录。其中F3'5'H-like基因与经典的属于细胞色素P450CYP75A亚家族的F3'5'H不同,而与万带兰的F3'5'H-like同属于CYP76AB亚家族,为一类新的蓝花相关基因。实时定量PCR表达分析结果表明,与黄花的喜盐鸢尾相比,蓝花喜盐鸢尾中CHS与F3'5'H-like显著上调表达,可能是其花色不同于喜盐鸢尾的主要原因。     

Effects of increasing the number of players and memory size in the iterated Prisoner's Dilemma: a numerical approach

The Prisoner''s Dilemma has become a paradigm for the evolution of altruistic behaviour. Here we present results of numerical simulations of the infinitely iterated stochastic simultaneous Prisoner''s Dilemma considering players with longer memory, encounters of more than two players as well as different pay-off values. This provides us with a better foundation to compare theoretical results to experimental data. We show that the success of the strategy Pavlov, regardless of its simplicity, is far more general by having an outstanding role in the iterated N-player N-memory Prisoner''s Dilemma. Besides, we study influences of increased memory sizes in the iterated two-player Prisoner''s Dilemma, and present comparisons to results of experiments with first-year students.