糖尿病低血糖昏迷急诊救治的临床效果

目的探讨糖尿病低血糖昏迷患者采用急诊系统干预方案实施救治的临床效果。方法对我院收治的糖尿病低血糖昏迷患者120例,按随机分组方案分为对照组和观察组,每组60例。对照组采用常规急诊干预方案进行救治,观察组采用急诊系统干预方案进行救治,比较两组糖尿病低血糖昏迷患者的急诊救治效果、救治后苏醒时间和治疗总时间、急诊救治期间不良事件发生情况。结果观察组糖尿病低血糖昏迷的急诊救治总有效率达91.7%,高于对照组的71.7%,组间比较差异有显著统计学意义(P0.05);救治后苏醒时间和治疗总时间比较,观察组均短于对照组,差异均具统计学意义(P0.05);观察组急诊救治期间发生不良事件1例,对照组发生不良事件8例,差异亦有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论糖尿病低血糖昏迷患者采用急诊系统干预方案实施救治,能促使患者短时间内苏醒,维持血糖稳定,改善患者预后。     

昏迷患者一体化救治模式探讨

目的探讨昏迷患者的院前急救→院内急诊(抢救室→各专科病房或ICU)一体化救治模式及效果。方法对我院出诊收治的166例昏迷患者由急诊急救人员于院前采用呼吸与循环管理、镇静、脱水降颅压、途中转运及监护等措施急救,并与院内急诊、ICU或各专科急救的无缝衔接等急救措施。结果 166例患者抢救成功137例,抢救成功率82.53%。结论昏迷患者实施院前院内一体化救治模式,可明显缩短就诊时间;院内积极配合开通绿色通道,各病区急救无缝衔接,可显著提高院内的抢救成功率。规范院前处置、途中转运、监护与院内急救无缝衔接一体化救治是提高昏迷患者抢救成功率、降低死亡率的关键。     

急诊分诊标准的制定和实施进展

<正>急诊分诊是指急诊护士对每一位来诊病人进行简单迅速的评估,了解其医疗需求,判断就诊的紧急程度,使其在恰当的时机、恰当的治疗区域获得恰当的治疗与护理的过程[1]。急诊分诊是急救医疗服务体系中的重要环节,是抢救急危重症病人的关键环节。现代急诊分诊已不再是简单的"分科分诊",而是根据患者的病情为患者安排就诊的"病情分诊"[2]。1国外急诊分诊标准实施模式国外的急诊科有当地卫生机构统一制定的急诊分诊标     

老年低血糖昏迷急诊患者的救治和护理

目的探讨老年低血糖昏迷急诊患者的临床救治及护理措施。方法对我院2016年8月~2017年7月收治的老年低血糖昏迷急诊患者40例的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果 40例低血糖昏迷患者经过有效的急救和护理后,37例患者在静脉输注足量葡萄糖后意识清醒,3例合并脑水肿患者经糖皮质激素及甘露醇治疗后症状得到有效改善,并逐步恢复意识,无死亡病例发生。结论老年低血糖昏迷患者的病情严重而复杂,科学合理的临床急救及护理能有效改善患者的低血糖症状,提高患者的抢救成功率,提高患者的预防效果及生存质量,值得临床推广应用。     

纳洛酮辅助治疗急性酒精中毒的临床疗效观察

目的:观察纳洛酮(naloxone,NLX)辅助治疗急性酒精中毒(acute alcohol intoxication,AAI)的临床疗效,探讨提高急性酒精中毒急诊救治水平的有效措施。方法:选择同期内急诊治疗的60例AAI患者,在患者家属知情同意的情况下将以上患者均分为对照组(n=30例)和观察组(n=30例),对照组患者施行常规的急诊治疗措施,观察组患者在常规急诊治疗措施基础上加行NLX治疗,比较两组患者治疗后的平均有效时间、平均显效时间、平均治愈时间和不良反应的发生情况。结果:两组中兴奋期和共济失调期患者平均有效时间、平均显效时间和平均治愈时间比较,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05);昏迷期患者平均有效时间、平均显效时间和平均治愈时间比较,差异具有显著统计学意义(P<0.01),观察组均优于对照组。两组患者不良反应的发生率比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),且发生不良反应的患者症状轻微,无需特殊处理即可缓解。结论:在AAI患者的急诊治疗过程中,特别是对较重的AAI患者,加用NLX辅助治疗可显著缩短患者的临床转归时间,且安全可靠。     

肝癌破裂出血行肝动脉栓塞治疗的护理

目的:探讨肝癌自发性破裂出血行急诊肝动脉栓塞治疗手术前后的护理方法。方法:回顾性分析17例原发性肝癌自发性破裂出血患者的急救及护理措施的临床资料。结果:17例患者入院后均有失血性休克表现,经肝动脉栓塞治疗后,治愈出院14例,死亡1例,放弃治疗2例,治疗总有效率为82.4%,死亡率为5.9%。结论:急诊肝动脉栓塞治疗肝癌破裂出血简单、有效,手术前后的护理非常重要,术前应密切注意患者病情变化,做好术前准备,术后常规止血、止吐,加强支持护理,及时观察手术并发症及疗效,积极预防和治疗各种并发症,是降低患者死亡率的关键。     

急性腹痛急诊分诊流程及护理

目的总结急性腹痛急诊分诊流程和护理措施。方法根据我院急诊科急性腹痛的病理特点制订相应的分诊工作流程,对547例急性腹痛患者经接诊护士快速评估判断病情的严重性、快速获得病史、进行必要的护理体检和针对性的辅助检查后,按危、重、一般患者进行分诊。结果 547例急性腹痛患者内科分诊准确率92.23%,外科分诊准确率95.04%,妇产科分诊准确率90.91%。结论对急性腹痛患者制订急诊分诊流程,迅速接诊和正确分流是护理工作中不可缺少的部分。可确保患者获得及时正确的诊治,减少漏诊误诊,保护患者的生命安全。     

竹叶青蛇伤的治疗策略研究

目的探讨竹叶青蛇伤后的救治策略,为毒蛇咬伤程序化急诊急救方案提供依据。方法选择55例竹叶青蛇咬伤患者的资料进行分析临床及治疗措施。结果 55例竹叶青蛇咬伤患者按临床分型,血液学变化有统计学意义(P0.01),其中血小板(PLT)、白细胞(WBC)各型比较均有统计学意义(P0.05);竹叶青蛇伤致血液功能障碍主要表现为PLT、纤维蛋白原(Fg)降低,凝血酶原时间(PT)、活化部分凝血活酶时间(APTT)、D-二聚体(DD)和凝血酶时间(TT)延长,甚至出现类DIC。本组危重型患者全部出现类DIC,轻型患者在应用抗蛇毒血清与血液学恢复时间上无统计学意义(P0.05);2例患者在院外行伤口切开排毒出现出血不止,1例在院外诊为"DIC"行肝素抗凝治疗而出现消化道及伤口出血不止。经规范化治疗全部患者均治愈出院。结论按毒蛇伤程序化急诊急救方案治疗竹叶青蛇伤,禁止伤口切开排毒;对重及危重型病例应用同亚科五步蛇、蝮蛇的抗蛇毒血清治疗;对于轻型患者可暂时不用抗蛇毒血清,但应留观,动态观察血液学变化情况;出现类DIC不行抗凝治疗,而是止血、抗纤溶治疗。     

Rockall危险性积分对急性上消化道出血患者临床预后的预测价值

目的:探讨Rockall危险性积分对急性上消化道出血(AUGIH)患者临床预后的预测价值。方法:选择2012年1月至2014年1月我院收治的120例AUGIH患者,依据Rockall评分标准对患者相关临床资料进行收集,并计算其Rockall危险性积分评分,记录患者再出血率及死亡率。结果:120例AUGIH患者中,低危组39例(32.5%)、中危组72例(60.0%)、高危组9例(7.5%)。高危组患者再出血率及死亡率分别为33.3%和22.2%,均明显高于中危组16.7%和15.3%,比较差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:Rockall评分系统可作为AUGIH患者预后预测的重要指标,对急诊AUGIH预后的判断具有重要临床意义。     

实施急诊分诊标准,提高急诊分诊质量

目的探讨急诊分诊标准在急诊分诊工作中的应用,提高急诊分诊准确率。方法制定急诊分诊标准并进行培训与实施。结果实施急诊分诊标准后,提高了急诊患者的分诊准确性。结论实施急诊分诊标准可提高急诊分诊质量,保障急危重症患者能得到及时救治,保障患者安全。     

Evaluation of nurse triage in a British accident and emergency department.

OBJECTIVE--To compare formal nurse triage with an informal prioritisation process for waiting times and patient satisfaction. SETTING--Accident and emergency department of a district general hospital in the midlands in 1990. DESIGN--Patients attending between 8:00 am and 9:00 pm over six weeks were grouped for analysis according to whether triage was operating at time of presentation and by their degree of urgency as assessed retrospectively by an accident and emergency consultant. PATIENTS--5954 patients presenting over six weeks. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES--Time waited between first attendance in the department and obtaining medical attention, and patient satisfaction measured by questionnaire. RESULTS--Complete data on waiting time were collected on 5037 patients (85%). Only 1213 of the 2515 (48%) patients presenting during the triage period were seen by a triage nurse. Patients in the triage group waited longer than those in the no triage group in all four retrospective priority categories, though differences were significant for only the two most urgent categories (difference in median waiting time 10.5 (95% confidence interval 3.5 to 14) min for category 1 and 8.5 (3 to 12) min for category 2). Responses to the patient satisfaction questionnaire were similar in the two groups except for the question relating to anxiety relating to pain. CONCLUSIONS--This study fails to show the benefits claimed for formal nurse triage. Nurse triage may impose additional delay for patient treatment, particularly among patients needing the most urgent attention.     

Improving the care of patients with major trauma in the accident and emergency department.

OBJECTIVE--To determine whether improvement in the care of victims of major trauma could be made by using the revised trauma score as a triage tool to help junior accident and emergency doctors rapidly identify seriously injured patients and thereby call a senior accident and emergency specialist to supervise their resuscitation. DESIGN--Comparison of results of audit of management of all seriously injured patients before and after these measures were introduced. SETTING--Accident and emergency department in an urban hospital. PATIENTS--All seriously injured patients (injury severity score greater than 15) admitted to the department six months before and one year after introduction of the measures. RESULTS--Management errors were reduced from 58% (21/36) to 30% (16/54) (p less than 0.01). Correct treatment rather than improvement in diagnosis or investigation accounted for almost all the improvement. CONCLUSIONS--The management of seriously injured patients in the accident and emergency department can be improved by introducing two simple measures: using the revised trauma score as a triage tool to help junior doctors in the accident and emergency department rapidly identify seriously injured patients, and calling a senior accident and emergency specialist to supervise the resuscitation of all seriously injured patients. IMPLICATIONS--Care of patients in accident and emergency departments can be improved considerably at no additional expense by introducing two simple measures.     

Triage: a working solution to overcrowding in the emergency department

Recently, emergency departments across the continent have become crowded with patients requiring non-urgent care. To alleviate this situation at The Hospital for Sick Children in Toronto, receptionists in the emergency department direct patients requiring urgent care to the emergency room and those requiring non-urgent care to a screening clinic (triage). During a two-month period, 13,551 patients visited the emergency department. The triage receptionist sent 8368 patients to the emergency room and 5183 to the screening clinic. About 45% of patients visiting the emergency room had suffered accidents and injuries, and 19% had respiratory illness; 15% of patient visits resulted in admission to hospital. In contrast to this, 49% of patients sent to the screening clinic had respiratory illness and 18% had infective disease; less than 1% of patients needed hospitalization.     

Wait times in the emergency department for patients with mental illness

Background:

It has been suggested that patients with mental illness wait longer for care than other patients in the emergency department. We determined wait times for patients with and without mental health diagnoses during crowded and noncrowded periods in the emergency department.

Methods:

We conducted a population-based retrospective cohort analysis of adults seen in 155 emergency departments in Ontario between April 2007 and March 2009. We compared wait times and triage scores for patients with mental illness to those for all other patients who presented to the emergency department during the study period.

Results:

The patients with mental illness (n = 51 381) received higher priority triage scores than other patients, regardless of crowding. The time to assessment by a physician was longer overall for patients with mental illness than for other patients (median 82, interquartile range [IQR] 41–147 min v. median 75 [IQR 36–140] min; p < 0.001). The median time from the decision to admit the patient to hospital to ward transfer was markedly shorter for patients with mental illness than for other patients (median 74 [IQR 15–215] min v. median 152 [IQR 45–605] min; p < 0.001). After adjustment for other variables, patients with mental illness waited 10 minutes longer to see a physician compared with other patients during noncrowded periods (95% confidence interval [CI] 8 to 11), but they waited significantly less time than other patients as crowding increased (mild crowding: −14 [95% CI −12 to −15] min; moderate crowding: −38 [95% CI −35 to −42] min; severe crowding: −48 [95% CI −39 to −56] min; p < 0.001).

Interpretation:

Patients with mental illness were triaged appropriately in Ontario’s emergency departments. These patients waited less time than other patients to see a physician under crowded conditions and only slightly longer under noncrowded conditions.In a 2008 report, the Schizophrenia Society of Ontario recommended adding a psychiatric wait times component to the Ontario government’s Emergency Room Wait Times Strategy.¹ They suggested that patients who present to the emergency department in psychiatric distress wait longer for care than other patients and that they are given a low priority triage score² (all patients are assigned a triage score when they first arrive at the emergency department, which may determine when and where they are seen by a physician).³ The Kirby Report, a senate report on mental illness and addiction in Canada, also decried differential emergency care for patients with mental illness.⁴A recent study found that patients with acute myocardial infarction are given lower priority care in the emergency department if they have a charted history of depression.⁵ However, whether patients who present to the emergency department for mental illness receive slower care than other patients is not known. In this study, we compared the emergency department wait times and triage scores for patients with affective and psychotic disorders to those for other patients, both in noncrowded conditions and during periods of crowding. Because we believe that triage nurses apply triage principles consistently to all emergency patients while physicians may be less likely to adhere to the guidelines, we hypothesized that there would be no “down-triage” (assigning a lower priority triage score) of these patients, but that patients with mental illness would have longer delays to see a physician, relative to other patients.     

Value of emergency toxicological investigations in differential diagnosis of coma.

Out of 208 cases of coma of unknown aetiology referred to the poisons unit of this hospital during 1978 for emergency toxicological investigations, 108 were found to be due to self-poisoning medical conditions, mainly neurological, accounted for coma in 90 patients; the cause was not ascertained in the remaining 10 cases. More than one preparation had been ingested by 58 (54%) of the poisoned patients, although barbiturates were the drugs most commonly encountered in the severe cases. Toxicological investigations should be considered in the differential diagnosis of coma when history, physical examination, and emergency biochemical measurements yield little diagnostic information.     

急诊内科医生和外科医生对急性颅脑损伤患者院前急救效果探讨

目的探讨急诊内科医生和外科医生对颅脑损伤患者的院前救治效果。方法将我院120例急性颅脑损伤患者随机分为内科救治组和外科救治组各60例,比较两组的救治效果。结果两组患者的院前急救时间、急诊科救治时间、救治成功率比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论经过专业培训的急诊内科医师能胜任急性颅脑损伤患者的院前急救和急诊救治工作。     

黑龙江省辖区内“120”急救中心调度员工作量及职业压力现状研究

目的:调查黑龙江省辖区内的120急救调度中心调度员的工作量与职业压力情况,为在120急救中心进行人力资源优化配置提供支持。方法:通过基础工作量问卷与工作内容量表(JCQ)问卷对黑龙江省内8家"120"急救调度中心内共计62名急救中心调度员进行调查和统计分析,并对调度科室主任进行访谈。结果:调度员的通话量呈现明显的地区差异性并异常地高于调度量,调度员的工作属于积极型的工作状态,但是决策自主度的分数较低,而技术自主度则与通话量和调度量具有明显线性关系(P0.05),调度时间与上司支持和同事支持有显著相关性(P0.05)。结论:黑龙江省辖区内的急救调度中心依旧处于组织结构复杂化、资源分配不均的情况,需要对调度员缩短调度时间进行训练以及对市民进行急救知识教育以减少无用通话的数量。     

脑内谷氨酸、乳酸以及葡萄糖对中重型脑外伤患者病情的评价意义

目的:应用微透析技术对于中重型脑外伤患者进行持续脑内谷氨酸、乳酸以及葡萄糖,分析结果以评价以上因素与患者病情的关系。方法:选择我院2006年3月-2009年11月颅脑外科和ICU收治的急性颅脑损伤患者32例,根据GCS分为重度昏迷组和中度昏迷组,均行急诊手术治疗,并在手术直视下置入微透析探针,置入后第4天拔除,定时收集透析液约10μl,于术前以及术后第1、2、3、4天收取标本并立即送检,分别检测患者标本中的谷氨酸、乳酸和葡萄糖含量,并结合患者预后进行分析。结果:中度昏迷组乳酸与谷氨酸值在手术后呈进行性下降,与术前比较,术后第2、3、4天差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),乳酸值的变化与谷氨酸变化趋势相近,与术前比较,在术后第3、4天差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),葡萄糖值与术前比较,术后第2、3、4天差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);重度昏迷组谷氨酸、乳酸和葡萄糖与术前比较,三者均在第4天出现有统计学意义的变化。重度昏迷组谷氨酸测量值在各个观察点均高于中度昏迷组测量值(P<0.05),乳酸值亦明显高于中度昏迷组测量值(P<0.05),葡萄糖测量值两组术前测量值差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),自术后第1天始,中度昏迷组各个时间点测量值明显高于重度昏迷组。结论:结合患者的GCS评分,应用微透析技术实时监测患者脑内谷氨酸、乳酸以及葡萄糖的含量变化,能很好的把握患者的病情,有效指导临床治疗。     

急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死介入手术时间窗与血清FGF-21水平的相关性

摘要 目的：探究急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死介入手术时间窗与血清FGF-21水平的相关性。方法：选取2019年3月-2021年5月在我院接受PPCI手术并住院治疗且符合STEMI诊断标准的73例患者,根据FGF-21水平高低,将73例患者分为FGF-21低水平组（>140.41 ng/L,n=54例）和FGF-21高水平组（<140.41 ng/L,n=19例）。对比分析两组患者的一般临床资料、急救时间窗和SO-to-FMC时间差异,再通过Spearson法判断急救时间窗与FGF-21水平的相关性。结果：FGF-21低水平组患者的急救时间窗SO-to-FMC、FMC-to-B、D2B和STB均较FGF-21高水平组患者时间长,且SO-to-FMC时间>120 min是导致FGF-21水平变低的危险因素,介入手术时间窗指标与FGF-21水平均呈正相关（r=0.235、0.462、0.298、0.337）。高血压史、糖尿病史、首次医疗接触方式（急诊）和SO-to-FMC均是FGF-21水平变化的独立危险因素,且差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论：SO-to-FMC时间和STB时间延长可能促进STEMI患者FGF-21水平异常,故应严格把握好院外的急救时间。