重组腺病毒介导脂联素基因对ApoE~(-/-)小鼠动脉粥样硬化的作用机制

目的研究腺病毒介导的脂联素(APN)过表达对Apo E-/-小鼠动脉粥样硬化(AS)的抑制作用和对NF-κB信号通路的影响。方法将12周龄雄性Apo E-/-小鼠120只分为空载腺病毒对照组和脂联素干预组,每组60只。在3个不同时间点(0天、4周、8周)处死小鼠收集组织。全自动生化仪检测血脂指标;ELISA法测定血清APN浓度;油红O染色法检测小鼠主动脉血管组织的病理学变化;Masson染色法检测进展性斑块区的胶原含量和纤维帽厚度变化;免疫荧光法测定小鼠主动脉血管APN和NF-κB p65蛋白的表达;免疫印迹法检测主动脉血管APN、NF-κB p65核蛋白和炎症因子的表达。结果 APN过表达抑制了Apo E-/-小鼠动脉粥样硬化斑块形成。与对照组相比,脂联素干预组的动脉粥样硬化病理损伤面积减少(P0.01),动脉粥样硬化损伤程度降低(P0.001),总体油红O染色测定血管表面损伤百分比,4周时为(27.78±8.64)vs(33.02±5.18)%;8周时为(31.58±5.87)vs(52.16±5.79)%。脂联素减缓了高脂饮食导致的小鼠血清中TC(P0.001)、TG(P0.001)、LDL-C(P0.001)的浓度增加,使血脂水平趋向正常化。随着血清脂联素浓度增加,可以阻遏NF-κB通路的激活,抑制NF-κB p65核蛋白和炎症因子的表达。结论脂联素通过抑制NF-κB通路激活来减轻AS的炎症反应。     

脂联素改善阿尔茨海默病模型小鼠焦虑情绪及工作记忆

目的：探讨脂联素（APN）预处理对9月龄三转基因阿尔茨海默病（3xTg-AD）模型小鼠学习记忆能力和焦虑情绪的影响。方法：选取9月龄3xTg-AD小鼠及C57BL/6J小鼠,分为4组：WT+Saline组、3xTg-AD+Saline组、WT+APN组和3xTg-AD+APN组,每组8只。将全部小鼠进行侧脑室埋管术后,恢复7 d,在自由清醒状态下分别经侧脑室给予生理盐水或APN,采用旷场、新物体识别及Y-迷宫3种行为学手段检测小鼠的情绪及学习记忆能力。结果：①在旷场实验中,与WT+Saline组小鼠相比,3xTg-AD+Saline组小鼠在中央区域的活动时间明显缩短,在外周区域的活动时间明显延长,给予APN后可有效逆转3xTg-AD小鼠的该现象,表明脂联素可有效缓解3xTg-AD小鼠的焦虑情绪。②新物体识别实验中,3xTg-AD+Saline组小鼠的辨别指数为（-16.7±10.1）%,明显低于WT+Saline组的（18.0±8.2）%（P<0.01）和3xTg-AD+APN组的（15.7±8.8）%（P<0.01）,表明脂联素可明显改善3xTg-AD小鼠的识别记忆能力损伤。③Y-迷宫实验中,3xTg-AD+Saline组小鼠的自发交替正确率为（40.0±1.7）%,明显低于WT+Saline组的（56.6±4.6）%（P<0.01）和3xTg-AD+APN组的（53.9±5.6）%（P<0.01）,表明脂联素能够逆转3xTg-AD小鼠工作记忆能力的损伤。结论：脂联素可以改善9月龄3xTg-AD小鼠的焦虑情绪及识别记忆和工作记忆能力损伤,可能在AD的预防和治疗中发挥有效作用。     

不同亚型脂联素与非酒精性脂肪性肝病的关系

目的:探究总脂联素(total adiponectin,total APN)和高分子量脂联素(high-molecular-weight adiponectin,HMW APN)与非酒精性脂肪性肝病(Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease,NAFLD)的关系。方法:连续纳入50名男性健康男性及50名非酒精性脂肪性肝病男性患者,收集患者临床资料及其他临床生化数据,通过ELISA法检测总脂联素、支链氨基酸及可溶性晚期糖基化终末产物含量,Western blot法测定高分子量、中分子量和低分子量脂联素水平,进一步分析其相关性。结果:与对照组的健康受试者相比,NAFLD患者的总脂联素和三种不同形式的脂联素水平均显著降低。在NAFLD患者中,总脂联素与身高(R=-0.270, P=0.032)和羧甲基赖氨酸(R=-0.259, P=0.040)显著负相关;高分子量脂联素与空腹血糖(R=0.350, P=0.016)显著正相关,与丙氨酸氨基转移酶(R=-0.321, P=0.029)和天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(R=-0.295, P=0.045)显著负相关。结论:总脂联素和三种不同形式的脂联素水平均与NAFLD呈显著负相关。     

GLAST基因敲除对小鼠表型及听力功能的影响

目的:观察谷氨酸天冬氨酸转运蛋白(GLAST)缺失对小鼠正常听觉功能的影响。方法:我们选用C57BL/6J背景的GLAST^+/-小鼠进行杂交,用琼脂糖凝胶电泳进行后代小鼠基因型鉴定。我们选用9～10周龄雄性小鼠,用免疫荧光染色技术检测耳蜗中GLAST蛋白表达,对敲除结果进行验证(n=3)。比较雌雄小鼠出生后7d至30 d体重变化及30 d的体长(n=8)。听性脑干反应(ABR)测试9-10周龄雌性和雄性小鼠听觉阈值及其Ⅰ波振幅的变化(n=5)。结果:雄性GLAST^-/-小鼠与雄性GLAST^+/+和GLAST^+/-小鼠相比,体重及体长均显著降低(P<0.01),其中雄性GLAST^-/-小鼠与GLAST^+/+相比,在P7至P30统计时间里,均表现出明显差异;与雄性GLAST^+/-小鼠相比,P15后均表现出体重显著性降低。而雌性GLAST^-/-小鼠与雌性GLAST^+/+和GLAST^...     

尿毒症血透患者血清脂联素和血脂的相关性研究

目的:探讨血液透析患者血清脂联素水平与其血脂之间的相关性。方法:维持性血液透析病人72例(实验组)及健康体检合格者20人(对照组),用酶联免疫吸附法测定实验组血液透析前、后及对照组血清脂联素(APN)浓度,血清总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、高密度脂蛋白(HDL)及低密度脂蛋白(LDL)的含量。结果:实验组血清APN水平显著高于对照组[(28.526±18.780) mg/L vs(9.278±3.712)mg/L,p<0.01],并且在血液透析后血清APN水平反而增高;多元回归分析表明实验组血清APN与甘油三酯(TG)等呈负相关,与高密度脂蛋白(HDL)呈正相关。结论:血液透析患者血清APN水平明显高于正常人,血清APN水平与甘油三酯等呈负相关,与高密度脂蛋白呈正相关。     

链脲佐菌素诱导C57BL/6J小鼠2型糖尿病模型研究

目的建立与2型糖尿病(非胰岛素依赖型糠尿病、NIDDM)病人临床特征和发病过程相似的NIDDM动物模型.方法用高脂肪饲料喂养C57BL/6J雄性断乳小鼠3周,腹腔注射链脲佐菌素(STZ),继续喂养4周,测定给药前和给药后1、3、4周非空腹血糖、实验结束时非空腹胰岛素水平,观察胰腺形态学变化.结果喂养3周后(给药前)高脂饲料-STZ组及高脂饲料-柠檬酸组血糖浓度(7.0±0.39)mmol/L、( 6.8±0.45)mmol/L高于普通饲料-STZ组及普通饲料-柠檬酸组(5.3±0.40)mmol/L、(5. 4±0.39)mmol/L,P＜0.05;实验结束时,高脂饲料-STZ组血糖浓度(13 .1±2.01)mmo/L高于高脂饲料-柠檬酸(6.9±0.46)mmol/L、普通饲料-柠檬酸组(6.0± 0.46)mmol/L和普通饲料-STZ组(7.1±0.62)mmol/L(P＜0.05),各组间血浆胰岛素浓度、体重及饮水量差异无显著性,P＞0.05;实验过程中高脂饲料STZ组和柠檬酸组小鼠每天进食热量(64.49±9.2)kJ/只,(70.7±9.6)kJ/只, 显著高于普通饲料STZ组和柠檬酸组(52.7±7.9)kJ/只,(57.3±11.7)kJ/只;各组小鼠胰腺和胰岛细胞形态正常.结论高脂肪饲料和STZ是用C57BL/6J断乳幼鼠建立NIDDM模型所必须的,100mg/kg体重STZ对普通饲料小鼠血糖无影响;用高脂饲料和STZ 处理的小鼠血糖升高、胰岛素浓度正常,与NIDM病人临床特征和发病过程相似;C57BL/6J小鼠易得,建模方法简便,费用低,是在NIDDM实验研究中能广泛使用的较理想的非遗传性NID DM动物模型.     

Ⅰ型干扰素受体缺失小鼠体外受精实验研究

目的探索两种I型干扰素受体缺失对于小鼠体外受精的影响并对体外受精条件进行优化。方法对两种I型干扰素受体缺失小鼠(IFN-αR-/-、IFN-α/βR-/-)及背景野生型小鼠(C57BL/6)分别进行体外受精及胚胎移植,每组超排5只小鼠,3次重复,记录相关数据,分析干扰素受体缺失是否对小鼠体外受精存在影响。分别将两种I型干扰素受体缺失小鼠配子与C57BL/6小鼠配子进行体外受精杂交试验,每组5只小鼠,3次重复,探讨I型干扰素受体缺失对雌雄配子体外受精的影响。同时,优化体外受精条件,探索提高受精率技术方法,每组5只小鼠,三次重复。结果两种I型干扰素受体缺失小鼠平均体外受精率低于背景品系C57BL/6小鼠,组间差异具有显著性(P0. 05)。干扰素α受体缺失小鼠体外受精率高于干扰素α、β受体双缺失小鼠体外受精率,组间差异具有显著性(P0. 05)。两种I型干扰素受体缺失小鼠的精子与C57BL/6小鼠卵细胞体外受精率均高于其卵细胞与C57BL/6小鼠精子的体外受精率,组间差异具有显著性(P0. 05)。通过延长精子获能时间至1 h或在获能液及受精液中加入1 mmol/L还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)能够提高体外体外受精率,相应组间差异具有显著性(P0. 05)。结论 I型干扰素受体缺失可能导致相应品系小鼠体外受精率降低,而且对卵细胞的影响较精子的影响更为显著,通过适当延长精子获能时间或改变获能及受精液成分,能够提高体外受精率。     

神经鞘磷脂合成酶2基因的缺失有抗动脉粥样硬化及抗炎作用

本文以神经鞘磷脂合成酶2基因敲除(sphingomyelin synthase 2 knockout,SMS2-/-)小鼠为研究对象,旨在探讨神经鞘磷脂(sphingomyelin,SM)代谢与动脉粥样硬化(atherosclerosis,AS)发生之间的关系。雄性3月龄SMS2-/-小鼠为实验组,同性别同月龄C57BL/6J(wild-type,WT)小鼠为对照组。用高脂高胆固醇饮食喂养两组小鼠,并给予胆盐以促进AS斑块的形成。喂养3个月后解剖观察小鼠主动脉弓,剖开胸腹主动脉进行油红染色以观察AS斑块发生情况;同时收集小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞,用脂多糖刺激后,提取核蛋白用Western blot方法检测核因子κB(nuclear factor-κB,NFκB)p65含量;高脂饮食喂养前后,小鼠断尾取血,酶法测定血清SM水平,用血脂检测试剂盒检测血脂水平。结果显示,高脂饮食喂养3个月后,SMS2-/-小鼠的主动脉弓和胸腹主动脉很少形成AS斑块,而WT小鼠则产生了较多AS斑块;高脂饮食喂养前后,SMS2-/-小鼠血清SM水平均明显低于WT小鼠(P0.05),而血脂水平并无显著性差异(P0.05);高脂饮食喂养后,SMS2-/-小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞经过脂多糖刺激产生的NFκBp65含量明显低于WT小鼠。以上结果提示,SMS2基因的缺失有抗AS及抗炎作用,因而可能成为临床治疗的新策略。     

p18INK4C基因缺失增强造血干细胞在亚致死剂量照射小鼠体内长期植入能力

观察p18INK4C(p18)基因缺失对造血干细胞(HSC)在亚致死剂量照射小鼠体内长期植入的影响. 供体为p18基因缺失型(p18(/()纯系C57BL/6小鼠(CD45.2表型), 竞争性细胞来源于C57BL/6-Ly5.1(CD45.1/2)双表型小鼠, 受体为野生型(p18+/+)C57BL/6-Ly5.1(CD45.1)小鼠. 竞争性骨髓移植(cBMT)实验根据受体小鼠照射剂量的不同分为3个剂量组(10 Gy, 5 Gy和1 Gy). 供体细胞和竞争性细胞1:1混合后移植, 移植后采集外周血和骨髓细胞用流式细胞仪检测各细胞比例. 造血恢复移植实验: 移植后检测外周血白细胞计数评价移植后造血恢复速度. 10和5 Gy照射剂量组, 供体细胞和竞争性细胞成功植入, 而1 Gy照射剂量组无供体细胞植入. 无论在10 Gy或是5 Gy照射剂量情况下, 供体细胞在受体内的比例均高于竞争性细胞. 移植后6周, 10和5 Gy照射剂量时外周血中供体细胞比例分别为竞争性细胞的1.46±0.21倍和1.64±0.43倍, 14周时分别为竞争性细胞的1.84±0.25倍和2.00±0.49倍, 26周时分别为竞争性细胞的3.13±0.79倍和3.24±1.33倍. 移植后6个月, 10 Gy照射剂量时骨髓细胞中供体细胞比例为竞争性细胞的7.68±4.42倍, 5 Gy照射剂量时为竞争性细胞的10.83±2.98倍. 移植后6个月, 在10和5 Gy照射剂量组之间骨髓中造血细胞植入率相当, 分别为(85.53±8.71)%和(80.87±2.87)% (P = 0.457). p18(/(细胞与p18+/+细胞相比, 移植后造血恢复的速度相当. p18基因缺失可以显著增强HSC在亚致死剂量照射小鼠体内的长期植入能力.     

抗坏血酸、表皮生长因子和促卵泡素对绵羊卵巢皮质体外培养的影响

本研究旨在评估抗坏血酸(VC)、表皮生长因子(EGF)、促卵泡素(FSH)对绵羊原始卵泡体外培养的影响以及它们之间的相互关系。实验按照2×2×2因子试验设计分为8组,分别为:MEM(对照组),MEM+VC(50μg/mL),MEM+EGF(100ng/mL),MEM+FSH(50ng/mL),MEM+VC+EGF,MEM+VC+FSH,MEM+EGF+FSH,MEM+VC+EGF+FSH。在培养0(未培养对照组)、2、6、12d后,对培养的卵巢皮质薄片进行组织学和增殖细胞核抗原(PCNA)检测以及透射电镜(TEM)观察。结果表明,与未培养组(发育卵泡比例15.4%±1.9%,正常卵泡比例88.2%±4.6%)比较,所有培养组中发育卵泡比例显著增加(P0.05),正常卵泡比例下降(P0.05)。培养12d后,与对照组(卵泡直径(34.5±3.3)μm,卵泡存活比例(38.9%±3.9%))比较,MEM+VC+FSH和MEM+EGF+FSH组中卵泡直径(分别为(39.7±3.4)μm和(42.5±5.1)μm)和卵泡存活比例(分别为58.5%±4.3%和59.3%±3.7%)都显著提高(P0.05);各处理组中,培养12d后,MEM+VC+EGF组中发育卵泡比例(49.3%±3.2%)和卵泡直径((32.3±2.3)μm)最低,颗粒细胞PCNA阳性卵泡比例(26.4%±1.2%)也最少,而MEM+VC+EGF+FSH组中卵泡存活率(59.7%±6.1%)和卵泡直径((42.5±5.1)μm)都显著增加(P0.05),颗粒细胞PCNA(43.5%±4.1%,P0.05)表达增加。电镜结果表明,VC+EGF+FSH组能够维持与正常卵泡类似的超微结构,而在MEM和MEM+VC+EGF组却显示不同程度的退化特征。本研究结果提示在培养中联合添加VC与EGF抑制卵泡的发育和生长,而联合添加VC、EGF和FSH可能是促进绵羊原始卵泡体外激活和生长,维持卵泡存活以及结构完整的最有效的处理手段之一。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.