自噬在TXNIP过表达诱导的INS-1胰岛细胞凋亡中的作用

硫氧还蛋白相互作用蛋白(thioredoxin interacting protein,TXNIP)是内源性硫氧还蛋白结合抑制蛋白,在糖尿病患者血清和组织中均高表达。本研究观察TXNIP过表达对正常糖脂浓度下培养的INS-1细胞自噬水平的影响,并分析自噬在TXNIP诱导的细胞凋亡中的作用。常规培养的INS-1胰岛细胞分为正常培养组、空病毒(Ad-eGFP)组和TXNIP过表达(Ad-TXNIP-eGFP)组,后两组转染相应腺病毒,48 h后测定TXNIP mRNA和蛋白的表达情况;用Western blot检测各组自噬相关的Beclin-1、LC3和P62的蛋白表达情况,以cleaved caspase 3/caspase 3比值和流式细胞术检测各组细胞凋亡情况;用IF/ICC法检测各组细胞内自噬体数量的变化。结果显示,与Ad-eGFP组相比,Ad-TXNIP-eGFP组TXNIP mRNA和蛋白表达量均明显升高;与Ad-eGFP组相比,Ad-TXNIP-eGFP组LC3-II/LC3-I比值和Beclin-1蛋白表达水平升高,P62蛋白表达降低,自噬体荧光强度增强,细胞凋亡率升高,cleaved caspase 3/caspase 3比值上升。使用自噬抑制剂3-MA干预后,与TXNIP过表达组相比,TXNIP过表达+3-MA组自噬明显受到抑制,同时凋亡明显减轻。以上结果提示,在正常糖脂浓度培养下的INS-1细胞过表达TXNIP可以通过诱导自噬促进细胞凋亡。     

Notch1对糖尿病肾小管间质细胞外基质沉积的影响

本文旨在明确糖尿病肾小管间质中Notch1和自噬水平的变化对细胞外基质沉积的影响,并探讨其机制。取db/m小鼠(正常对照组)和db/db小鼠(糖尿病组)各8只,饲养12周后测定相应的生化指标;同时,体外在正常糖(normal glucose, NG)和高糖(high glucose, HG)条件下培养大鼠肾小管导管上皮细胞(NRK52E细胞),用Western blotting检测各组细胞中Notch1和LC3蛋白表达变化;在NG和HG条件下过表达和敲低Notch1,用共聚焦显微镜观察自噬流变化,用细胞免疫荧光化学法观察肾小管上皮细胞中Notch1、I型和III型胶原蛋白(Collagen-I和III)变化。结果显示,与db/m小鼠比较,db/db小鼠肾组织中Notch1和Collagen-III表达增加(P <0.01),而LC3表达降低(P <0.05);体外实验结果显示,HG组与NG组比较,NRK52E细胞Notch1蛋白表达增加(P <0.01),LC3表达明显降低(P <0.01),高渗组与NG组比较,以上蛋白表达无明显变化;高糖条件下敲低Notch1...     

自噬在熊果酸诱导前列腺癌PC3细胞凋亡中的作用机制研究

为了探讨自噬在熊果酸抑制前列腺癌PC3细胞凋亡中的作用机制,PC3细胞培养至对数生长期后,以无糖、无氨基酸培养液代替原培养液培养细胞,并用不同浓度的熊果酸进行干预。72 h后收集细胞,采用透射电镜和免疫荧光技术观察PC3细胞自噬情况;Western Blot检测ATG5和Beclin-1蛋白表达;Elisa法测定Caspase-3、Caspase-8和Caspase-9含量;流式细胞技术检测PC3细胞凋亡情况。结果表明,PC3细胞饥饿72 h后,细胞自噬明显增强。与对照组比较,熊果酸作用后的细胞自噬程度明显减弱;ATG5和Beclin-1蛋白表达显著减少(P0.05);Caspase-3、Caspase-8和Caspase-9含量显著增加(P0.05);PC3细胞凋亡率极显著升高(P0.01)。实验初步揭示,熊果酸可通过抑制饥饿状态的前列腺癌PC3细胞自噬,并进一步通过促进凋亡因子的分泌诱导其凋亡。     

Trx通过Sirt3-P53通路促进自噬并改善高糖诱发的CMECs损伤

目的:明确硫氧还蛋白(Thioredoxin,Trx)通过自噬调节对大鼠心脏微血管内皮细胞损伤的保护作用及相关机制。方法:分离成年大鼠心脏微血管内皮细胞并分为:(1)正常对照组;(2)高糖组;(3)高糖+Trx组;(4)高糖+Trx+Ad-sh Sirt3组;(5)高糖+Trx+Ad-sh P53组;(6)高糖+DMSO空载组。通过In Vitro Vascular Permeability Assay Kit检测单层心脏微血管内皮细胞通透性,TUNEL染色检测细胞凋亡,Western blot法检测Sirt3、P53、Atg5、LC3BI/II等相关自噬相关信号通路关键蛋白的表达水平。结果:与正常对照组相比,高糖引起单层心脏微血管内皮细胞通透功能损伤,增加细胞凋亡,抑制自噬,且Sirt3、Atg5、LC3BI/II表达下降而P53表达上升;给予Trx可以上调Sirt3、Atg5、LC3BI/II蛋白表达水平,抑制P53表达,并显著减轻上述高糖引起的细胞损伤;但是,分别干扰Sirt3和P53表达后,Trx的作用明显减弱。结论:Trx通过Sirt3-P53信号通路促进心脏微血管内皮细胞自噬,降低细胞凋亡,改善高糖诱发的大鼠心脏微血管内皮细胞损伤。     

谷氧还蛋白1调节高糖诱导的心肌细胞自噬

谷氧还蛋白1（Grx1）在体内具有广泛的抗氧化、抗凋亡作用,与氧化应激损伤导致的糖尿病和心肌病等多种疾病的发病机制密切相关. 研究表明,糖尿病心血管病与自噬调节异常密切相关,但糖尿病心血管病变时自噬水平如何调节才能够保护受损的心肌还尚未定论.为研究自噬在高糖诱导心肌细胞凋亡中的作用及其与Grx1的关系,以明确Grx1对高糖诱导的心肌细胞凋亡的抑制作用及相关机制,本研究以高糖诱导大鼠心肌细胞H9c2建立高糖损伤模型,采用氧化还原蛋白免疫印迹法检测蛋白质的氧化水平.免疫印迹检测活性caspase 3蛋白和自噬蛋白Beclin1和LC3以及抗凋亡蛋白Bcl 2的表达水平.研究发现,高糖可诱导蛋白质的氧化水平增加,而Grx1可拮抗高糖诱导的H9c2细胞中蛋白质的氧化.并且含血清的高糖（25和50 mmol/L）作用H9c2心肌细胞后,自噬蛋白Beclin 1表达水平在6～48 h显著上调.同时发现,活性caspase 3水平也呈时间依赖性表达上调,caspase 3和自噬蛋白表达水平的同趋势增加,说明升高的自噬水平与心肌细胞凋亡的调节有关.Grx1保护组的自噬蛋白及活性caspase 3表达水平均显著下调,Grx1抑制剂镉组可拮抗Grx1调节的自噬蛋白和凋亡蛋白水平,说明Grx 1通过抑制自噬及caspase 3水平抑制高糖诱导的心肌细胞凋亡.以上研究结果提示,通过提高Grx1/GSH抗氧化系统功能,调节氧化还原稳态,可以有效减少高糖诱导的心肌损伤,保护糖尿病心脏功能.     

SIRT3抑制线粒体自噬并减轻高糖加重的神经元缺氧再灌注损伤*

目的:探讨SIRT3调控的线粒体自噬对高糖加重神经元缺氧再灌注损伤的影响及机制。方法:高糖(50 mmol/L)干预HT22细胞后,构建细胞缺氧/复氧模型,利用SIRT3抑制剂3-TYP抑制SIRT3表达。倒置显微镜观察细胞形态改变,CCK8法检测细胞存活率,流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡率,TMRE荧光试剂盒检测细胞线粒体膜电位,RT-qPCR、Western blot检测相关分子的基因和蛋白质表达。结果:高糖使神经元缺氧再灌注后的细胞碎片进一步增加,细胞存活率降低,细胞凋亡率升高(P<0.05)。此外,高糖降低了神经元缺氧再灌注后的线粒体膜电位(P<0.05)。进一步研究发现,高糖上调神经元缺氧再灌注后线粒体分裂相关蛋白DRP1的表达水平,降低了线粒体融合相关蛋白OPA1和线粒体外膜蛋白TOM20的表达;并且增加了自噬相关蛋白LC3Ⅱ、Beclin-1和线粒体自噬相关蛋白PINK1、Parkin的表达;同时,高糖升高了SIRT3的基因和蛋白质表达(P<0.05)。而SIRT3抑制剂3-TYP使神经元高糖缺氧再灌注损伤加重,同时进一步上调DRP1、LC3Ⅱ和PINK1的蛋白质表达(P<0.05)。结论:高糖可显著加重神经元缺氧再灌注损伤,破坏细胞线粒体功能,激活细胞线粒体自噬;SIRT3可抑制PINK1-Parkin通路介导的线粒体自噬并减轻神经元高糖缺氧再灌注损伤。     

自噬在高压氧预处理预防脊髓缺血再灌注损伤中 的作用机制研究*

目的:研究自噬在高压氧预处理预防脊髓缺血再灌注损伤中的机制。方法:新生大鼠脊髓神经元原代培养,分为对照组(氧糖剥夺)和高压氧(HBO)预处理组。通过应用免疫组织化学、Western blot分析两组LC3-Ⅱ与凋亡相关分子Beclin-1,Bcl-2,Casp-ase-3的表达变化。结果:发现重复高压氧预处理对氧糖剥夺诱导原代培养的脊髓神经元损伤具有明显的保护作用。免疫组化和Western blot显示与对照组相比高压氧预处理显著增加脊髓神经元细胞Bcl-2的表达,降低Beclin-1,Caspase-3以及自噬的特异性标记蛋白LC3-Ⅱ的表达。氧糖剥夺后对照组与高压氧组相比,LDH释放量明显增多(P<0.05)。结论:HBO预处理通过调节自噬减轻缺血再灌注损伤,为HBO预处理神经保护提供一条新的作用机制。     

TXNIP在高糖诱导的小鼠视网膜Müller细胞自噬中的作用及相关机制

目的:探讨硫氧还蛋白相互作用蛋白(thioredoxin interacting protein,TXNIP)对高糖诱导的小鼠视网膜Müller细胞自噬的影响及其可能机制。方法:采用高糖诱导体外培养的小鼠视网膜Muller细胞,通过RNA干扰降低TXNIP的表达,免疫荧光、Western blot和Real-time PCR检测自噬相关蛋白及丝氨酸/苏氨酸激酶/雷帕霉素靶蛋白(serine/threonine kinase 1/mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase,AKT/m TOR)的表达。结果:高糖诱导的Muller细胞中TXNIP、微管相关蛋白1轻链3α(microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3 alpha,LC3Ⅱ)、Sequestosome1(p62/SQSTMl)的表达均显著增加(P<0.05);而TXNIP敲降的Muller细胞中自噬相关特征性蛋白(LC3Ⅱ、P62)的表达则显著降低(P<0.05)。结论:TXNIP可能通过AKT/m TOR信号通路来抑制糖尿病性视网膜病变中Müller细胞自噬活性,并引起细胞发生凋亡。     

lncRNA BANCR 在晶体上皮细胞上皮-间质转化，增殖、凋亡及自噬的作用

目的:探索长链非编码RNA BANCR(lncRNA BANCR)在人晶状体上皮细胞FHL24中对上皮-间质转化的作用,并进一步探究了其调控晶体上皮细胞增殖、凋亡及自噬的作用及相关分子机制。方法:运用qReal-time PCR检测TGF-β诱导对FHL24细胞内EMT相关标志物α-SMA,E-cadherin,Coll I,ZO1及BANCR m RNA相对表达量。细胞中转染BANCR。Western印迹检测各组细胞中EMT相关标志蛋白及LC3Ⅱ/Ⅰ的蛋白表达。MTT法检测各组细胞的增殖,凋亡情况。结果:与正常对照组比较,TGF-β诱导组细胞中BANCR,α-SMA, Coll I,ZO1 m RNA的相对表达量明显增加,而E-cadherin m RNA显著下降,差异均有统计学意义(t=-5.031,-7.145,-9.023,-6.012, 5.097均P0.05),以上因子的蛋白表达趋势相同,差异均有统计学意义(均P0.05)。si RNA-BANCR TGF-β诱导组细胞中E-cadherin m RNA相对表达量比si RNA TGF-β诱导组显著增加(t=-9.98, P0.05);α-SMA,Coll I及ZO1 m RNA相对表则显著减少(t=9.003; 27.738; 19.620, P0.05)。抑制BANCR后细胞增殖活力48、72 h时细胞活性显著降低(t=5.032, 9.041,均P0.05),细胞凋亡率显著升(t=16.772,P0.001)。自噬标志蛋白LC3-II/LC3-I比例增加(P 0.05)。结论:长链非编码BANCR参与了晶体上皮细胞的抑制其上皮-间质转化,抑制BANCR可抑制晶体上皮细胞增殖、增加凋亡及自噬的发生。     

澳洲茄碱诱导胆管癌QBC939细胞凋亡及作用机制

研究澳洲茄碱对人胆管癌上皮细胞系QBC939凋亡的诱导与作用机制。采用MTT法检测不同浓度澳洲茄碱对QBC939细胞的增殖抑制作用;流式细胞术检测澳洲茄碱对QBC939细胞的凋亡诱导情况;Western blot检测澳洲茄碱对QBC939细胞中凋亡相关蛋白(Bax、Bcl-2、caspase3、caspase7、PARP、cleaved PARP)的表达影响。结果发现澳洲茄碱以浓度依赖方式能够抑制QBC939细胞的增殖;澳洲茄碱能够显著诱导QBC939细胞的凋亡;澳洲茄碱可以上调Bax、caspase3、caspase7和cleaved PARP蛋白表达,下调Bcl-2和PARP蛋白表达。表明澳洲茄碱能够通过改变凋亡相关蛋白表达,诱导胆管癌QBC939细胞的凋亡,这对于研发和治疗胆管癌相关药物具有一定的潜在价值。     

Protective effect of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) on renal ischemia/reperfusion injury through Nrf2 signaling pathway

Abstract

The aim of this study was to investigate whether N-acetylcysteine (NAC), a known antioxidant, can protect kidney against ischemic injury through regulating Nrf2 signaling pathway. The expression of Nrf2, HO-1 and cleaved caspase 3 were analyzed by Western blot analysis. Apoptosis of renal tubular epithelial cells was assessed by the TUNEL method. Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were measured by the thiobarbituric acid reaction. Blood serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen levels were measured with an Olympus automatic multi-analyzer. We found that NAC significantly increased Nrf2 and downstream HO-1 expression. Furthermore, NAC significantly decreased cleaved caspase 3, p53 and renal epithelial tubular cell apoptosis. In addition, NAC reduced the MDA level. These findings suggest that the protective action of NAC on ischemia renal injury is associated closely with Nrf2 signaling pathway.     

Activating Nrf-2 Signaling Depresses Unilateral Ureteral Obstruction-Evoked Mitochondrial Stress-Related Autophagy,Apoptosis and Pyroptosis in Kidney

Exacerbated oxidative stress and inflammation may induce three types of programmed cell death, autophagy, apoptosis and pyroptosis in unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) kidney. Sulforaphane activating NF-E2-related nuclear factor erythroid-2 (Nrf-2) signaling may ameliorate UUO-induced renal damage. UUO was induced in the left kidney of female Wistar rats. The level of renal blood flow, cortical and medullary oxygen tension and reactive oxygen species (ROS) was evaluated. Fibrosis, ED-1 (macrophage/monocyte) infiltration, oxidative stress, autophagy, apoptosis and pyroptosis were evaluated by immunohistochemistry and Western blot in UUO kidneys. Effects of sulforaphane, an Nrf-2 activator, on Nrf-2- and mitochondrial stress-related proteins and renal injury were examined. UUO decreased renal blood flow and oxygen tension and increased renal ROS, 3-nitrotyrosine stain, ED-1 infiltration and fibrosis. Enhanced renal tubular Beclin-1 expression started at 4 h UUO and further enhanced at 3d UUO, whereas increased Atg-5-Atg12 and LC3-II expression were found at 3d UUO. Increased renal Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, caspase 3 and PARP fragments, apoptosis formation associated with increased caspase 1 and IL-1β expression for pyroptosis formation were started from 3d UUO. UUO reduced nuclear Nrf-2 translocation, increased cytosolic and inhibitory Nrf-2 expression, increased cytosolic Bax translocation to mitochondrial and enhanced mitochondrial Cytochrome c release into cytosol of the UUO kidneys. Sulforaphane significantly increased nuclear Nrf-2 translocation and decreased mitochondrial Bax translocation and Cytochrome c release into cytosol resulting in decreased renal injury. In conclusion, sulforaphane via activating Nrf-2 signaling preserved mitochondrial function and suppressed UUO-induced renal oxidative stress, inflammation, fibrosis, autophagy, apoptosis and pyroptosis.     

缺血预处理通过激活自噬保护肾缺血-再灌注损伤

目的:探讨缺血预处理对缺血-再灌注所致急性肾损伤的保护作用与可能机制。方法:将健康雄性SD大鼠18只随机分为三组:假手术组(Sham组)、肾缺血组(I/R组)、实验组,Sham组大鼠开腹后游离左侧肾蒂血管,不夹闭,观察60 min关闭腹部。I/R组大鼠开腹后切除右肾,左肾蒂血管分离,观察15 min后用无损伤动脉夹持续夹闭左肾蒂血管45 min后,关闭腹部,恢复左肾血流。实验组开腹后切除切除右肾,左肾蒂血管分离,行4个循环夹闭左肾蒂血管1 min/再灌注4 min预处理后,无损伤动脉持续夹闭45 min,关闭腹部,恢复左肾血流。比较各组大鼠术后尿素氮值(Burea nitrogen,BUN)与肌酐值(Serum creatinine,SCR)水平,肾组织病理学评分及微管相关蛋白轻链3(Microtubule-associated protein l light chain 3,LC3)和自噬基因Beclin-1的表达。结果:所有大鼠在实验过程无死亡。I/R组、实验组再灌注后4 h、24 h的BUN与SCr值显著高于Sham组(P0.05),肾脏组织病理学评分显著高于Sham组(P0.05),实验组以上指标均显著低于I/R组(P0.05);I/R组LC3-Ⅱ/LC3-Ⅰ比值、Beclin-1相对表达量显著高于Sham组(P0.05),实验组以上指标均显著低于I/R组(P0.05)。实验组大鼠再灌注后24h LC3-Ⅱ/LC3-Ⅰ比值、Beclin-1相对表达量与肾组织病理学评分、BUN、SCr值呈显著相关性(P0.05)。结论:缺血预处理可能通过激活自噬,减轻缺血-再灌注所致急性肾损伤,并改善肾功能。     

Autophagy delays apoptosis in renal tubular epithelial cells in cisplatin cytotoxicity

One of the major side effects of cisplatin chemotherapy is toxic acute kidney injury due to preferential accumulation of cisplatin in renal proximal tubule epithelial cells and the subsequent injury to these cells. Apoptosis is known as a major mechanism of cisplatin-induced cell death in renal tubular cells. We have also recently demonstrated that autophagy induction is an immediate response of renal tubular epithelial cell exposure to cisplatin. Inhibition of cisplatin-induced autophagy blocks the formation of autophagosomes and enhances cisplatin-induced caspase-3, -6, and -7 activation, nuclear fragmentation, and apoptosis. The switch from autophagy to apoptosis by autophagic inhibitors suggests that autophagy induction was responsible for a pre-apoptotic lag phase observed on exposure of renal tubular cells to cisplatin. Our studies provide evidence that autophagy induction in response to cisplatin mounts an adaptive response that suppresses and delays apoptosis. The beneficial effect of autophagy has a potential clinical significance in minimizing or preventing cisplatin nephrotoxicity.

Addedum to: Yang C, Kaushal V, Shah SV, Kaushal GP. Autophagy and apoptosis are associated in cisplatin injury to renal tubular epithelial cell injury. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2008; 294:F777-87.     

p38 MAPK介导高糖诱导的肾小管上皮细胞向间充质细胞转变

本文旨在观察p38MAPK与高糖诱导的肾小管上皮细胞向间充质细胞转变之间的关系。将雄性Sprague—Dawley（SD）大鼠随机分为对照组、糖尿病组、胰岛素治疗组,用免疫组织化学、Western blot检测p38MAPK和磷酸化p38MAPK（P—p38MAPK）蛋白表达。采用机械分离和酶消化获取SD大鼠肾小管节段,进行肾小管上皮细胞培养,将肾小管上皮细胞分为对照组、高渗组（20mmol／L D—mannitol）、高糖组（20mmol／L D—glucose）和SB202190（p38MAPK特异性抑制剂）＋高糖组,处理72h后收集细胞,用免疫细胞化学检测α-平滑肌肌动蛋白（α—smooth muscleactin,α-SMA）、p-p38MAPK和Snaill蛋白表达,Western blot检测p38MAPK、p-p38MAPK、Snaill、转化生长因子β1（transforming growth factor—β1,TGF-β1）、α-SMA和E-cadherin的表达,RT-PCR检测α-SMA和E-cadherin mRNA的表达。体内和体外结果均显示,高糖状态激活了p38MAPK,这种活化作用在体内可因胰岛素控制血糖而被消除,在体外可被p38MAPK特异性抑制剂SB202190显著抑制;高糖组α-SMA蛋白和mRNA在原代培养肾小管上皮细胞的表达较对照组分别增加12倍和8倍（P〈0．01）,SB202190处理组其表达则较高糖组分别减少67％和50％（P〈0．01）。SB202190不影响TGF—β1蛋白表达,但下调Snaill蛋白表达,并部分恢复高糖组E—cadherin蛋白和mRNA的表达。上述结果提示,p38MAPK可能通过转录因子Snaill介导高糖诱导的肾小管上皮细胞向间充质细胞转变。     

Caspase 3/GSDME-dependent pyroptosis contributes to chemotherapy drug-induced nephrotoxicity

Chemotherapy drug-induced nephrotoxicity limits clinical applications for treating cancers. Pyroptosis, a newly discovered programmed cell death, was recently reported to be associated with kidney diseases. However, the role of pyroptosis in chemotherapeutic drug-induced nephrotoxicity has not been fully clarified. Herein, we demonstrate that the chemotherapeutic drug cisplatin or doxorubicin, induces the cleavage of gasdermin E (GSDME) in cultured human renal tubular epithelial cells, in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. Morphologically, cisplatin- or doxorubicin-treated renal tubular epithelial cells exhibit large bubbles emerging from the cell membrane. Furthermore, activation of caspase 3, not caspase 9, is associated with GSDME cleavage in cisplatin- or doxorubicin-treated renal tubular epithelial cells. Meanwhile, silencing GSDME alleviates cisplatin- or doxorubicin-induced HK-2 cell pyroptosis by increasing cell viability and decreasing LDH release. In addition, treatment with Ac-DMLD-CMK, a polypeptide targeting mouse caspase 3-Gsdme signaling, inhibits caspase 3 and Gsdme activation, alleviates the deterioration of kidney function, attenuates renal tubular epithelial cell injury, and reduces inflammatory cytokine secretion in vivo. Specifically, GSDME cleavage depends on ERK and JNK signaling. NAC, a reactive oxygen species (ROS) inhibitor, reduces GSDME cleavage through JNK signaling in human renal tubular epithelial cells. Thus, we speculate that renal tubular epithelial cell pyroptosis induced by chemotherapy drugs is mediated by ROS-JNK-caspase 3-GSDME signaling, implying that therapies targeting GSDME may prove efficacious in overcoming chemotherapeutic drug-induced nephrotoxicity.Subject terms: Apoptosis, Acute kidney injury