新型隐球菌合并鼻疽奴卡菌皮肤感染1例报道

<正>皮肤隐球菌感染在近年来逐渐受到重视,占隐球菌感染的10%~15%。长期使用糖皮质激素是皮肤隐球菌的主要病因之一[1]。但同时合并鼻疽奴卡菌感染少见。现报道1例新型隐球菌合并鼻疽奴卡菌皮肤感染的病例。经过氟康唑联合复方磺胺甲噁唑抗感染治疗,病情好转,出院后继续按医嘱巩固治疗。1资料与方法患者6个月前无明显诱因左足背起红肿结节,伴疼痛、低热38度,当地医院行脓肿切开引流术,真菌培养"阳性",口服伏立康唑治疗10d,红肿消     

特殊皮肤表现的奴卡菌病1例及文献回顾

目的探讨皮肤奴卡菌病的临床特征、诊断和治疗。方法临床诊断1例特殊皮肤表现的奴卡菌病,进行文献回顾。结果 22例患者中,健康者14例,8例有基础疾病者都有使用糖皮质激素或使用免疫抑制剂者。常见临床表现:脓肿、溃疡、包块、肿块可伴有发热、乏力等全身症状。感染途径:外伤3例,来源于肺部3例,医源性注射2例,感染途径不明14例。22例患者均通过组织培养确诊,治疗主要为单用磺胺类药物或联合其他药物治疗或联合外科切开引流治疗。结论皮肤奴卡菌病可能更多见于免疫功能正常者,临床表现无特异性,多数找不到明确的感染途径,其中医源性注射也是其感染途径之一,病原菌培养为主要确诊手段,治疗以磺胺类药物为主或联合手术切开引流。     

卡泊芬净联合复方磺胺甲噁唑治疗艾滋病合并肺孢子菌肺炎

目的探讨卡泊芬净联合复方磺胺甲噁唑(TMP-SMX)治疗艾滋病合并肺孢子菌肺炎(PCP)的疗效。方法回顾性总结分析9例艾滋病合并肺孢子菌肺炎的临床资料,包括临床特点及诊疗经过。结果 9例患者临床诊断PCP成立,经卡泊芬净联合TMP-SMX抗PCP治疗后,除1例死亡(老年患者合并慢性支气管炎病史)外,其余8例均得到满意疗效。结论卡泊芬净联合TMP-SMX治疗艾滋病合并PCP,可达到良好的治疗效果。     

星型奴卡菌感染两例并文献复习

目的:探讨星型奴卡菌感染的临床表现及诊断、治疗、预后,及星型奴卡菌细菌学鉴定、生化反应、及药敏实验的阳性所见。方法:报告广州军区总医院2例星型奴卡菌病的临床资料并复习相关文献,对其临床表现、诊断、治疗及预后进行回顾性分析。结果:两例星型奴卡菌病患者经治疗后痊愈出院,定期随访,未复发。结论:奴卡菌病属于严重的机会性感染,病原菌的分离和鉴定是诊断本病的首要条件,应及早使用磺胺类药物,必要时予外科辅助治疗。     

关于提高奴卡菌检出率的几点体会

奴卡菌病是由奴卡菌属引起的局限性或播散性化脓性疾病。该病在国外并非少见 ,但在国内少有报道。近来在我院发生 1例奴卡菌继发脑脓肿感染 ,分析临床该菌检出率低的原因主要有以下几点值得注意。1　因本病的临床表现、X线及实验室检查均无特异性 ,故对肺部的慢性感染经一般治疗无效或免疫功能低下患者 ,尤其是长期应用激素治疗的病人应排除本病 ,且其感染病灶的特殊检查与结核病类似 ,易导致误诊。2　对送检标本观察是否有色素颗粒 ,并涂片镜检观察是否存在抗酸性杆菌状 ,凡发现有部分抗酸的分支菌丝 ,且断裂成小棒状或球状者应提高警惕 ,…     

艾滋病合并卡氏肺孢菌性肺炎临床探讨

目的 探讨艾滋病患者中卡氏肺孢菌性肺炎的临床特征、诊断方法及治疗预防措施.方法 对36例艾滋病患者合并卡氏肺孢菌性肺炎病例资料进行回顾性描述和分析.结果 艾滋病患者CD4+T淋巴细胞低于200/μL时,易发生卡氏肺孢菌性肺炎机会感染.36例患者临床表现为发热、咳嗽、气促、低氧血症、呼吸衰竭,7例找到肺孢子菌包囊,确诊PCP,其余29例为临床诊断.通过复方磺胺甲恶唑联合卡泊芬净并辅以糖皮质激素治疗,取得较好疗效,9例痊愈,27例症状明显好转,无死亡病例.结论 艾滋病患者若出现快速进展的低氧血症伴CD4+T淋巴细胞低于200/μL及乳酸脱氢酶升高者应警惕卡氏肺孢菌性肺炎,早期诊断、早期应用以复方磺胺甲恶唑联合卡泊芬净为基础的综合治疗是提高生存率的关键.     

星状奴卡菌致脑脓肿1例报告

奴卡菌感染较少见,奴卡菌为革兰氏阳性菌,属放线菌目.主要是星状奴卡菌对人类致病,其次为巴西奴卡菌、象鼠奴卡菌.而星状奴卡菌主要引起原发性、化脓性肺部感染,出现类似结核症状.肺部病灶可转移至皮下组织,形成脓疡和多发性瘘管,也可扩散至其它脏器.本院曾接诊1例脑脓肿患者,疗效满意,现报告如下.     

星关奴卡菌致脑脓肿1例报告

奴卡菌感染较少见 ,奴卡菌为革兰氏阳性菌 ,属放线菌目。主要是星状奴卡菌对人类致病 ,其次为巴西奴卡菌、象鼠奴卡菌。而星状奴卡菌主要引起原发性、化脓性肺部感染 ,出现类似结核症状。肺部病灶可转移至皮下组织 ,形成脓疡和多发性瘘管 ,也可扩散至其它脏器。本院曾接诊 1例脑脓肿患者 ,疗效满意 ,现报告如下。1　临床资料　　患者 ,女 ,5 8岁 ,因反复头疼、头晕 1个半月 ,于 2 0 0 1年 9月 2 1日入院。查体 :体温 3 6.4℃、脉搏 76次 /分、呼吸 2 6次 /分、血压 1 5 / 1 0 .5 k Pa。血象 :WBC 9.1× 1 0 9/ L、 HGB 1 43 g/ L、 LCR…     

肺孢子菌肺炎诊治的研究进展

目的综述肺孢子菌肺炎(PCP)病原诊断和治疗的研究进展。方法通过文献检索和分析,总结PCP诊治研究进展。结果 PCP的临床诊断主要依据患者存在免疫缺陷或免疫功能低下的基础状况以及典型临床和影像学表现来进行,确诊有赖于病原学检查。近年来研究表明PCR技术和血清1,3-β-D葡聚糖检测(G试验)有助于PCP早期诊断以及区分肺孢子菌定植和感染。复方磺胺甲噁唑(SMZco)是治疗PCP的首选用药,卡泊芬净近年来也联合应用于PCP的治疗,但其应用价值仍待进一步研究。结论 PCP的诊断仍以临床诊断为主,治疗上仍以SMZco为首选,探索PCP早期诊断技术和提高重症患者救治成功率是今后研究的重点。     

米卡芬净单药或联合治疗肺孢菌肺炎7例疗效及安全性分析

<正>肺孢菌肺炎(PCP,Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia)是由耶氏(早前称为卡氏)肺孢子菌引起的一种机会性感染性真菌性肺病。复方磺胺甲噁唑/甲氧嘧啶(SMZ/TMP)由于价格低廉、疗效确切是PCP治疗的一线用药,但其胃肠道副作用大,肝肾功能损害和骨髓毒性等原因,有时导致治     

Clinical Evaluation of Co-trimoxazole and Furazolidone in Treatment of Shigellosis in Children

Co-trimoxazole (trimethoprim—sulphamethoxazole) was compared with furazolidone in the treatment of shigellosis in two groups of 33 and 30 patients respectively. Those treated with co-trimoxazole recovered more quickly; none had shigellae in the faeces four days after the start of treatment, whereas in the group given furazolidone eight still had positive stool cultures seven days after treatment.The susceptibility of 104 shigella strains to seven antimicrobial agents was studied by plate dilution technique. All agents but tetracycline and chloramphenicol were found highly effective against most of the strains tested. All shigella isolates were resistant to sulphamethoxazole, and 63% were sensitive to trimethoprim. Potentiation of trimethoprim by sulphamethoxazole was shown in that all strains tested became sensitive to the combination of trimethoprim and sulphamethoxazole in a ratio of 1:20.     

Brain abscess due to Nocardia

Cerebral Nocardiosis is a rare disease, usually occurring in immunocompromised hosts. We report here two cases of brain abscess due to Nocardia species-one due to usual N. asteroides and other by uncommon N. caviae. N. asteroides affected the brain in a post renal transplant patient, whereas N. caviae caused infection of brain in an apparently healthy individual. To the best of our knowledge, all the previous cases of brain abscess due to Nocardia caviae have been reported in compromised hosts. Agar dilution antimicrobial testing showed relatively higher resistant pattern in N. asteroides. In spite of antimicrobial therapy, both the patients succumbed, one within 4 days and other after an initial improvement for four weeks due to drainage of abscess.The technical assistance of Mr. R.K. Sapra and Mr. Pawan Kumar is greatfully acknowledged.     

Focus: Antimicrobial Resistance: Brain Abscess Caused by Nocardia asteroides in a Diabetic Patient: A Rare Case Report

Nocardial brain abscess is usually associated with immunodeficiency, but can sometimes emerge in healthy individuals. This infection can be acquired through inhalation or direct inoculation of the bacteria, followed by dissemination to various organs, including the brain, through blood circulation. Mortality rate due to nocardial cerebral abscess is three times higher than that associated with cerebral abscess caused by other types of bacteria. Moreover, patients with Nocardia asteroides-associated brain abscess show poorer prognosis compared to patients with brain abscess caused by other Nocardia species, which is probably due to the high tendency of N. asteroides to become resistant to numerous antibiotics. It is, therefore, of paramount importance to diagnose and treat N. asteroides cerebral abscess in patients as soon as possible. The current paper is a rare report of a brain abscess caused by N. asteroides in a diabetic patient who failed to respond to multiple antibiotics (trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole and amikacin), but improved by receiving imipenem and linezolid, and was finally successfully treated by surgical operation and long-term antibiotic therapy (imipenem and linezolid).     

Trimethoprim in the Treatment of Urinary Infections in Hospital

Success in the cure of urinary infections of hospital patients was compared for five-day courses of sulphamethoxazole alone, sulphamethoxazole plus one-tenth its weight of trimethoprim, and sulphamethoxazole plus one-fifth its weight of trimethoprim (Septrin). The cure rates were 65%, 84%, and 92% respectively. Fifty-four per cent. of 111 patients had urinary tract abnormalities. Forty-three per cent. of the causative organisms were sulphonamide-resistant in vitro. There were no major side-effects, though two patients had pruritus or a rash.The degree of potentiation of sulphamethoxazole activity by one-fifth the weight of trimethoprim was so great that its cure rate of infections due to sulphonamide-resistant organisms exceeded that of sulphamethoxazole alone used in infections due to sulphonamide-sensitive organisms. The degree of synergism between trimethoprim and sulphamethoxazole demonstrated in vitro against urinary organisms was directly related to the cure rate of the combination.     

Acute Brucellosis Treated with Trimethoprim and Sulphamethoxazole

Four patients with acute brucellosis are described, none of whom had any connexion with farming or milk industry, the source of infection being different in each case. The diagnosis was made by serological tests, and in three of the four cases was confirmed by positive cultures from bone marrow (one case) and liver biopsy (two cases). Treatment with the combination of trimethoprim/sulphamethoxazole was successful in three out of four cases, and in the fourth case failure may have been due to the development of trimethoprim resistance.     

Single-blind comparative trial of trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole and ampicillin in the treatment of exacerbations of chronic bronchitis

Fifty patients with exacerbations of chronic bronchitis were treated with either a combination of trimethoprim 320 mg. and sulphamethoxazole 1,600 mg. a day or ampicillin 2 g. a day. The trial, carried out as a single-blind procedure, showed that the combination was more effective as judged by clinical response and reduction in sputum volume and purulence, with eradication of pathogenic organisms. No appreciable side-effects were encountered with either treatment, and it is suggested that the trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole combination may be a safe and useful drug in the treatment of chronic bronchitis.     

Trimethoprim and Sulphamethoxazole in Typhoid

Six patients with proved typhoid fever were treated with a combination of trimethoprim and sulphamethoxazole; four others were treated with chloramphenicol. All ten patients made an uneventful recovery.Though the numbers are small it appears that the patients treated with the combined drugs did just as well as those treated with chloramphenicol, and fever seemed to subside quicker with the combined drugs.Trimethoprim and sulphamethoxazole have low toxicities, so further studies of their use in the treatment of typhoid are justified.     

Comparative Trial of Tetracycline,Chloramphenicol, and Trimethoprim Sulphamethoxazole in Eradication of Vibrio cholera El Tor

A comparison of tetracycline, chloramphenicol, and trimethoprim/sulphamethoxazole showed that all hasten the eradication of Vibrio cholerae from the stools of patients with cholera.A four-day period of tetracycline or trimethoprim/ sulphamethoxazole was adequate for eradicating V. cholerae from the stools of all patients, but three days, as suggested by the W.H.O. Expert Committee, was not. Four days of chloramphenicol therapy was sufficient for most patients, but a minority required up to seven days'' therapy.Purging produced reappearance of V. cholerae in the stools of one-eighth of the patients who had had three successive daily negative stool cultures; such patients are a potential danger to the population.     

Resistance of Haemophilus influenzae to Trimethoprim

Out of 210 isolates of Haemophilus influenzae obtained from the sputum of 63 patients with chronic respiratory infections 109 (52%) were resistant to trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole by the disc test. The minimal inhibitory concentrations of trimethoprim for 17 out of 18 strains recorded as resistant were 10 μg/ml or higher. Resistant strains were isolated from time to time from 32 (82%) out of 39 patients known to have been treated with trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole, compared with only 1 (12·5%) out of 8 patients known not to have been treated with this drug combination. Resistant strains were isolated most frequently from patients who had received long-term treatment. Since sulphamethoxazole penetrates from the blood into the bronchial secretions less readily than does trimethoprim it seems likely that the ratio of the two drugs in the bronchial tree is far from ideal. This may be an important factor in the use of these drugs for chest infections.     

Trimethoprim-Sulphamethoxazole: Comparative Study in Urinary Infection in Hospital

Trimethoprim is inhibitory for a wide range of bacteria, and when used in combination with a sulphonamide marked synergy has been reported.In order to test its value in the treatment of urinary infections 154 hospital patients with infections of varying severity and due to a wide range of organisms were treated with combinations of sulphamethoxazole and trimethoprim. Combinations of these substances in two different ratios (2:1 and 10:1) were used in 113 patients, and one week after the end of treatment about three-quarters were cured by both combinations. In a second study 106 patients were treated with a sulphamethoxazole-trimethoprim combination (5:1), ampicillin, or sulphadimidine. The cure rate with the 5:1 combination was higher than that found with ampicillin or sulphadimidine both one week after finishing treatment (sulphamethoxazole-trimethoprim 85%, ampicillin 70%, sulphadimidine 40%) and at the fourth- to fifth-week follow-up (sulphamethoxazole-trimethoprim 67%, ampicillin 52%, sulphadimidine 15%).The results obtained with the various sulphamethoxazole–trimethoprim combinations did not indicate that a particular ratio was superior for treating urinary infections in general or for those caused by any particular species of organism.Laboratory studies showed that many bacteria causing urinary infections in hospital were sensitive to trimethoprim, and the therapeutic results could have been largely predicted from a knowledge of the in-vitro sensitivity tests to trimethoprim alone. For example, sulphamethoxazole–trimethoprim in the treatment of Proteus mirabilis infections was less successful than in those due to Escherichia coli, and this finding was clearly reflected in the higher minimal inhibitory concentrations for trimethoprim of Pr. mirabilis.The sulphamethoxazole–trimethoprim combination was simple to administer, free from side-effects, and gave satisfactory results in the treatment of urinary infections that occurred in hospital patients.