针刺穴位对脑缺血再灌注大鼠脑内NMDA R1 mRNA的影响

采用大鼠大脑中动脉栓塞为局灶性脑缺血模型,以针刺穴位为治疗手段,用原位杂交技术显示NMDAR1 mRNA,探讨单纯缺血,缺血加电针治疗后脑内NMDAR1mRNA的变化,并用谷氨酸或MK－801兴奋或桔抗NMDA受体。观察对便塞灶的影响。探讨NMDA受体在脑缺血脑损伤中的作用。结果显示：（1）谷氨酸能显著增大脑梗塞面积,电针能明显缩小梗塞面积,MK－801与电针作用相似,也能缩小梗塞面积,与对照组相比,谷氨酸组,电针组和MK－801组均有显著性差异;（2）缺血侧海马及大脑皮层NMDAR1 mRNA阳性细胞明显高于对照侧,两者间有显著性差异（P＜0.01）;经电针治疗后,NMDAR1 mRNA无过表达现象,海马及大脑皮层缺血侧NMDAR1 mRNA阳性细胞数与对照侧相比无显著性差异,但明显低于单纯缺血组（P＜0.01）。以以结果表明,谷氨酸介导的缺血性脑损伤的机制之一是通过NMDAR1 mRNA的过表达而实现的,电针对脑缺血性神经元损伤的保护作用可通过抑制NMDAR1 mRNA的过表达而实现。     

右美托咪定对脑缺血/再灌注大鼠海马兴奋性氨基酸含量及NMDA受体亚单位NR1表达的影响

目的：观察右美托咪定预处理对全脑缺血/再灌注大鼠海马细胞外谷氨酸（Glu）、天门冬氨酸（Asp）含量及N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸（NMDA）受体1（NR1）表达的影响,探讨右美托咪定脑保护作用及其神经递质机制。方法：雄性Wistar大鼠54只,随机分为3组（n=18）：假手术组、脑缺血/再灌注组和右美托咪定预处理组。用四血管闭塞法建立大鼠全脑缺血模型。收集清醒、缺血15 min及再灌注0~1 h微透析标本。于全脑缺血15 min再灌注1 h后,迅速断头取脑,采用免疫组化法和蛋白免疫印迹法检测海马NMDA受体NR1亚单位的表达情况。结果：与脑缺血/再灌注组相应时点比较,右美托咪定预处理组大鼠海马微透析液中Glu、Asp含量明显降低（P<0.05, 0.01）;免疫组化和Western-blot法检测显示右美托咪定预处理组大鼠海马组织NMDA受体亚单位NR1表达明显受抑制（P<0.05, 0.01）。结论：右美托咪定预处理不仅减少脑缺血/再灌注时兴奋性氨基酸释放,还能抑制NMDA受体亚单位NR1的高表达而产生脑保护作用。     

盐酸戊乙奎醚（长托宁）抑制脑缺血／再灌注时谷氨酸的释放及受体机制研究

目的：观察盐酸戊乙奎醚对全脑缺血／再灌注大鼠易损区海马谷氨酸（Glu）及其受体（NMDAR1）的影响,探讨盐酸戊乙奎醚脑保护作用机制。方法：雄性Wistar大鼠60只,随机分为3组（n=20）：假手术组（A组）;缺血再灌注对照组（B组）;盐酸戊乙奎醚干预组,采用Pulsinelli-Brierley四血管阻断法制备全脑缺血模型,实验分两部分进行,各组随机选择10只大鼠于全脑缺血15min再灌注1h、3h、6h,采用脑微透析技术结合高效液相色谱（HPLC）检测大鼠海马细胞外Glu水平的变化,其余10只大鼠于再灌注3h后灌流固定断头取脑,采用免疫组织化学方法,检测海马CA1区NMDAR1蛋白表达。结果：与缺血／再灌注组各对应时点相比较,盐酸戊乙奎醚干预组大鼠海马细胞外Glu含量明显降低,统计结果差异均有显著性（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）;海马CA1区NMDAR1表达明显受抑制,积分光密度、阳性细胞面积、平均灰度值均存在显著性差异（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）。结论：脑缺血／再灌注早期应用盐酸戊乙奎醚不仅减少兴奋性氨基酸释放,还能抑制NMDAR1的高表达而产生脑保护作用。     

NMDA受体的结构及其生理作用

N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸（NMDA）受体是离子型兴奋性谷氨酸受体的一种亚型,生物体内已发现了3种NMDA受体亚基,且通过选择性剪接至少存在7种亚型,形成具有功能的多结合位点的大分子复合物。NMDA受体在中枢神经系统的突触传递、突触可塑性、学习记忆等生理过程中发挥着重要作用,且NMDA受体的异常会导致-些精神疾病及认知功能的障碍。     

大蒜素对全脑缺血/再灌注诱导的海马神经元凋亡的影响

目的:观察大蒜素对全脑缺血/再灌注诱导的海马神经元凋亡的影响。方法:采用大鼠全脑缺血/再灌注模型;应用DNA琼脂糖凝胶电泳、透射电镜和流式细胞仪检测海马神经元凋亡情况。结果:缺血/再灌注大鼠海马DNA电泳呈现细胞凋亡特有的"梯状条带",大蒜素预处理组未出现"梯状条带";透射电镜观察到缺血/再灌注海马部分神经元超微结构呈现明显的凋亡特征,大蒜素预处理可改善神经元超微结构;缺血/再灌注海马神经元凋亡率较假手术组明显增加,大蒜素预处理可明显降低缺血/再灌注大鼠海马神经元凋亡率。结论:大蒜素可抑制全脑缺血/再灌注诱导的海马神经元凋亡。     

NMDA受体与Ⅰ组代谢型谷氨酸受体的相互作用

谷氨酸是哺乳动物中枢神经系统重要兴奋性神经递质,参与学习、记忆、药物依赖成瘾及神经系统退行性疾病等多种病理生理过程。谷氨酸通过激活离子型（iGluRs）和代谢型谷氨酸受体（mGluRs）发挥作用。业已有研究提示iGluRs和mGluRs之间存在相互作用,但具体机制尚待阐明。本文从蛋白分子结构、突触可塑性、相互作用可能涉及的信号分子和通路等方面综述了NMDAR与Ⅰ组mGluRs之间的相互作用,旨在为深入研究谷氨酸受体之间的相互作用提供线索。     

大蒜素抑制脑缺血再灌注诱导细胞凋亡机制的研究进展

脑缺血再灌注损伤的主要机制是多种因素诱导的神经元凋亡。近些年来,大蒜素以其脂溶性好,可通过血脑屏障,并具有多种生物功效比如被用于抗细菌、病毒和真菌的感染,尤其是其对于脑保护的作用日益受到重视。本文主要对大蒜素抑制脑缺血再灌注诱导的细胞凋亡的作用及其机制方面做一综述。     

Claudin-5介导的BBB功能障碍在脑缺血再灌注中的作用

Claudin-5为一种跨膜蛋白,是脑内皮细胞间紧密连接的重要黏附分子,参与血脑屏障的组成并调节其通透性和紧密性,参与介导了脑缺血再灌注损伤的发生发展.该文综述了Claudin-5的结构与功能及其在脑缺血再灌注中的作用,为脑缺血再灌注损伤的治疗提供新的理论依据.     

儿茶素抑制脑缺血再灌注诱导细胞死亡的研究进展

脑缺血再灌注(ischemic/reperfusion, I/R)最常见于缺血性脑卒中恢复血流再通后以及心脏骤停/心肺复苏(cardiac arrest/cardiopulmonary resuscitation, CA/CPR)后,在再灌注的病理因素条件下引起的脑功能损伤,最终会导致细胞死亡。大量研究表明,脑I/R诱导的细胞死亡形式包括凋亡、焦亡、自噬、坏死性凋亡、铁死亡等,研究细胞死亡可以揭示脑I/R损伤的病理机制,从而为寻找治疗靶点来改善神经功能提供线索。儿茶素作为抗氧化剂能够抑制因氧化应激引起的细胞死亡,而脑I/R诱导细胞死亡的形式存在多样性表明其病理机制具有多样性。因此,本文对其进行归纳总结,旨在揭示其规律,以期能为研究开发治疗脑I/R损伤的药物提供新思路。     

NMDA型谷氨酸受体在骨祖细胞和成骨细胞表达并介导力学信号转导

目的：鉴定骨髓间充质干细胞D1和成骨细胞MC3T3-E1、MC3T3-E1亚克隆14是否表达NMDA型谷氨酸受体（NMDAR）,并初步探讨NMDAR是否参与力学信号转导。方法：采用RT—PCR技术、免疫荧光染色技术、蛋白免疫杂交技术和体外细胞循环拉伸装置,鉴定了上述3个细胞系中NMDAR的表达情况,并初步探讨了在MC3T3-E1亚克隆14细胞系中,NMDAR在力学信号转导中的可能作用。结果：3个细胞系均表达NMDA受体亚基1（NR1）和不同的亚基2（NR2A—NR2D）。细胞微丝骨架的破坏并没有阻断力学应变诱导的c-jun、C—fos的表达上调;而阻断NMDAR后,却抑制了力学应变诱导的c-jun、C—fos和成骨细胞特异的转录因子Cbfa1／Runx2的表达上调。结论：NMDAR在骨中表达并发挥功能,参与了骨的力学信号转导过程。     

S-nitrosylation of PTEN Invovled in Ischemic Brain Injury in Rat Hippocampal CA1 Region

The tumor suppressor PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10) is not only a protein, but also a lipid phosphatase that can negatively regulate the serine/threonine kinase Akt. It has been reported that PTEN can be regulated by means of phosphorylation. However, whether PTEN can be regulated by another post-translational protein modification (S-nitrosylation) was not fully elucidated. In this study, we investigated the S-nitrosylation of PTEN during transient cerebral ischemia/reperfusion in rat hippocampus. Transient brain ischemia was induced by the four-vessel occlusion in Sprague–Dawley rats. Our data show that S-nitrosylation of PTEN was increased significantly after 12 h of reperfusion compared with sham control. Pretreatment with the inhibitor of nNOS (7-NI) and the inhibitor of iNOS could inhibit PTEN’s activity and decrease S-nitrosylation of PTEN. Taken together, these results indicate that nitric oxide could regulate PTEN’s activity via S-nitrosylation during transient global ischemia in rat hippocampus. The authors D.-S. Pei, Y.-F. Sun contribute equally to this work.     

Transient Global Ischemia Alters NMDA Receptor Expression in Rat Hippocampus: Correlation with Decreased Immunoreactive Protein Levels of the NR2A/2B Subunits, and an Altered NMDA Receptor Functionality

Abstract: We investigated the gene expression levels, the immunoreactive protein prevalence, and the functional activity of N -methyl- d -aspartate (NMDA) receptor complexes at early times after severe global ischemia challenge in rats. The mRNA expression levels for the NR2A and NR2B subunits of NMDA receptors changed to different degrees within different subregions of the hippocampus after reperfusion with respect to sham-operated control. No significant change in expression was observed in the vulnerable CA1 subfield at or before 6 h after challenge for either receptor subunit, although changes in expression in other hippocampal subfields were observed. At 12 and 24 h after challenge, significant decreases in expression for both subunits were found in the vulnerable CA1 subfield, as well as in other hippocampal regions. At the protein level, a significant decrease in the amount of NR2A/NR2B immunoreactivity in the total hippocampus was observed at both 6 and 24 h after reperfusion compared with sham control. Electrophysiological assessment of single-channel NMDA receptor activity in the CA1 subfield indicates that the main conductance state of NMDA receptor channels is maintained 6 h after challenge, although by 18–24 h after challenge, this main conductance state is rarely observed. The NMDA receptor component of the excitatory postsynaptic field potential was found to be significantly diminished from sham control 24 h after challenge, such that only ∼10% of the sham response remained, but was not significantly altered from sham control at 6 h after challenge. These results indicate that decreases in the expression levels, the immunoreactive protein prevalence, and that alterations in the functionality of NMDA receptors occur in the hippocampus at early times after severe transient global ischemia.     

Surface Expression of the AMPA Receptor Subunits GluR1, GluR2, and GluR4 in Stably Transfected Baby Hamster Kidney Cells

Abstract: The surface expression of the α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid (AMPA)-type glutamate receptor (GluR) subunits GluR1, GluR2, and GluR4 was studied in cultures of stably transfected baby hamster kidney (BHK)-570 cells. Two methods were used to quantify surface expression: cross-linking with the membrane-impermeant reagent bis(sulfosuccinimidyl)suberate (BS³) and labeling of surface receptors with the membrane-impermeant biotinylating reagent sulfosuccinimidyl 2-(biotinamido)ethyl-1,3-dithiopropionate (NHS-ss-biotin) followed by precipitation with neutravidin beads. Western blot analyses of control versus treated cultures revealed that, for all three GluR subunits examined, 25–40% of the total GluR population is located in the plasma membrane of the BHK-570 cells. This finding was corroborated by analyses of the surface expression of [³H]AMPA binding sites in the GluR-expressing BHK-570 cells performed via the biotinylation/precipitation method; these studies revealed that 30–40% of the total binding site population is found in the plasma membrane. Analyses of combinations of the subunits, both GluR1 + GluR2 and GluR2 + GluR4, revealed that heteromeric combinations of the subunits are not trafficked to the surface more efficiently than homomeric receptors. For each of the three subunits, western blots revealed two distinct bands; removal of surface receptors reduced immunoreactivity for the upper band of each subunit by >90%, whereas immunoreactivity for the lower band was reduced by only 10–20%. Treatment of extracts from the various cell lines with glycopeptidase F resulted in the collapse of the two bands into a single band of lower molecular weight, suggesting that the two original bands represent differentially glycosylated forms of the same polypeptides. These data indicate that the majority of the stably expressed GluR subunits in these cell lines are incompletely glycosylated and that complete glycosylation is associated with trafficking of the GluR subunits to the cell surface.     

NMDA and Non-NMDA Receptor Gene Expression Following Global Brain Ischemia in Rats: Effect of NMDA and Non-NMDA Receptor Antagonists

Abstract: Transient forebrain or global ischemia in rats induces selective and delayed damage of hippocampal CA1 neurons. In a previous sludy, we have shown that expression of GIuR2, the kainate/a-amino-3-hydroxy-5- methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptor subunit that governs Ca' permeability, is preferentially reduced in CA1 at a time point proceeding neuronal degeneration. Postischemic administration of the selective AMPA receptor antagonist, 2,3-dihydroxy-6-nitro-7-sulfamoylbenzo(f)quinoxaline (NBQX), protects CAI neurons against delayed death. In this study we examined the effects of NBQX (at a neuroprotective dose) and of MK-801 (a selective NMDA receptor anltagonist, not protective in this model) on kainate/AMPA receptor gene expression changes after global ischemia. We also examined the effects of transient forebrain ischemia on expression of the NMDA receptor subunit NMDARI. In ischemic rats treated with saline, GIuR2 and (31uR3 mRNAs were markedly reduced in CAI but were unchanged in CA3 or dentate gyrus. GluRl and NMDAR1 mRNAs were not significantly changed in any region examined. Administration of NBQX or MK-801 did not alter the ischemia-induced changes in kainate/AMPA receptor gene expression. These findings suggest that NBQX affords neuroprotection by a direct blockade of kainate/AMPA receptors, rather than by a modificatian of GIuR2 expression changes     

异甘草素的脑保护作用研究进展

心脑血管疾病一直是医学界研究的一个热点,如何对脑损伤后缺血、缺氧的脑组织进行有效的保护和修复是目前研究的难点,有学者运用甘草及其提取物在这方面进行研究,取得一定效果,笔者就针对甘草提取物--异甘草素在脑保护方面的研究做一综述。     

NLRP3 Inflammasome Is Involved in Q-VD-OPH Induced Necroptosis Following Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury

Necroptosis is a manner of caspase-independent cell death,which accounts for delayed ischemic cerebral injury, and can be used as a novel tool to expand the treatment time window in ischemic cerebral injury. Q-VD-OPH, a novel pan caspase inhibitor, has been identified as an inducer of necroptosis. In this study, we determined the optimal dose of Q-VD-OPH, which induces necroptosis in rats by the middle cerebral artery occlusion, followed by reperfusion. Furthermore, we report that the NLRP3 inflammasome is involved in necroptosis, with levels of NLRP3 inflammasome proteins as well as inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1β, being elevated. We also demonstrated that NLRP3 was not only expressed in microglia and vascular endothelial cell, but also in neurons when necroptosis is induced with Q-VD-OPH. Inhibition of NLRP3 by glyburide strongly suppressed the expression of NLRP3 inflammasome proteins and IL-1β, and markedly reduced brain tissue damage. Our findings provide evidence that pretreatment with Q-VD-OPH suppresses apoptosis and induces necroptosis in the cerebral ischemia-reperfusion model. We also identified that the NLRP3 inflammasome plays an important role in neuronal necroptosis, and that NLRP3 inflammasome deficiency reduces brain tissue damage after cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats.     

梓醇对大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用研究

目的:探讨梓醇对缺血再灌注大鼠脑损伤后的保护作用.方法:采用传统大脑中动脉阻塞(MCAO)方法制备大鼠局灶性缺血模型,根据随机数字表法将SD大鼠分为MCAO组、对照组(vehicle组)及梓醇处理组(catalpol组),缺血再灌注48 h后观察各组大鼠神经功能学评分和脑梗死容积.分别于术前、术后6h、24 h、48 h取大鼠脑组织样本,检测匀浆中谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-PX)和丙二醛(MDA)的变化情况.结果:与vehicle组和MCAO组相比,catalpol处理组神经功能学评分降低(P＜0.05);其梗死容积较小(P＜0.05).组织匀浆结果显示catalpol处理组脑匀浆中GSH-PX活力升高,MDA含量下降(P＜0.05).结论:梓醇可能通过降低脑内自由基水平、控制脂质过氧化程度,对缺血再灌注引起的大鼠脑损伤产生神经保护作用.     

可溶性白细胞介素6受体基因在链霉菌的克隆表达研究

以分离提取的ＨｅＬａ细胞总ＲＮＡ为模板,通过ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ反应扩增得到了１０１７ｂｐ的人可溶性白细胞介素６受体（ｓＩＬ－６Ｒ）ｃＤＮＡ片段,将扩增片段克隆到ｐＵＣ１９质粒中进行序列测定。结果证明该片的序列与文献报道的ｓＩＬ－６ＲｃＤＮＡ的序列完全一致,将ｓＩＬ－６ＲｃＤＮＡ与链霉素信号肽ｍｅｌＣｌ的编码序列融合后得到的融合基因ｍｅｌ／ｓＩＬ－６Ｒ克隆到链霉菌质粒ｐＬＪ４５９中,构建成重组表达质粒ｐＬ     

Ischemia-Induced Changes in Cerebral Mitochondrial Free Fatty Acids, Phospholipids, and Respiration in the Rat

Abstract: Changes in the free fatty acid pool size and fatty acyl chain composition of mitochondrial membrane phospholipids and their relation to disruption of mitochondrial function were examined in rat brains after 30 min of cerebral ischemia (Pulsinelli-Brierley model) and 60 min of normoxic reoxygenation. During ischemia, significant hydrolysis of polyunsaturated molecular species from diacyl phosphatidylcholine, particularly fatty acyl 20:4 (arachidonic acid; 20% decrease) and 22:6 (docosahexaenoic acid; 15% decrease), was observed. Thirty minutes of ischemia caused a 16% loss of 18:2 (linoleic acid) from phosphatidylethanolamine. Recirculation for 60 min did not return the polyunsaturated fatty acid content of phospholipids to normal. Total content of free fatty acids increased during ischemia, particularly 18:2 and 22:6, which exhibited the most dramatic rise. The free fatty acid pool size continued to increase during 60 min of recirculation. The respiratory control ratio decreased significantly during 30 min of ischemia with no apparent recovery following 60 min of reoxygenation. The degree of free radical-mediated lipid peroxidation in mitochondria was significantly increased during ischemia and reperfusion. It was concluded that (a) 30 min of cerebral ischemia caused differential degradation in each of the phospholipid classes and preferential hydrolysis of the polyunsaturated molecular species and (b) 60 min of normoxic reperfusion failed to promote reacylation of the mitochondrial phospholipids and restoration of normal respiration.     

Orexin-A对大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用

目的:研究orexin-A对缺血再灌注大鼠脑损伤的保护作用。方法:取成年雄性大鼠6只,观察MCAO前和MCAO后2 h、24h的生理学参数,界定后续指标参考时间。另取20只大鼠随机分为MCAO组、vehicle组、orexin-A 50μg/kg组和orexin-A 100μg/kg组(n=5),于缺血再灌注24 h后评估大鼠神经功能学评分和脑梗死容积。再取60只大鼠同样分成4组,(各组n=15),每组在术前、手术后6 h、24 h(各时间点n=5)取脑组织匀浆离心,检测上清液中谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-PX)和丙二醛(MDA)的含量。结果:(1)大鼠MCAO术前、术后2 h、24 h生理参数比较无统计学意义(P0.05),提示脑保护参考指标在MCAO后24 h内不受影响。(2)与MCAO组、vehicle组相比,orexin-A 50和100μg/kg降低神经功能评分(P0.05)且梗死容积缩小(P0.05);术前、术后6 h和术后24 h,脑匀浆中GSH-PX活性升高,MDA含量降低(P0.05)。结论:Orexin-A可能通过降低脑内自由基水平,控制脂质过氧化物酶从而对脑缺血再灌注损伤起保护作用。