肺泡Ⅱ型上皮细胞转分化

哺乳动物肺泡上皮细胞主要由肺泡Ⅱ型上皮细胞（AECⅡ）和肺泡Ⅰ型上皮细胞（AECⅠ）组成。在肺发育和肺损伤修复过程中,AECⅡ可转分化为AECⅠ,体外原代培养的AECⅡ有这种转分化的特性。现对AECⅡ转分化的标志、影响及调控因素及其在肺损伤中的作用进行综述。     

高原低氧对高原鼠兔和大白鼠肺泡Ⅱ型细胞及表面活性物质超微结构的影响

本文报道高原低氧(海拔3300米)对高原鼠兔、移居高原大鼠、急进高原大鼠的肺泡Ⅱ型细胞及表面活性物质超微结构的影响。发现高原鼠兔肺占体重的百分比低于移居高原大鼠(P>0.05)和急进高原大鼠(P<0.001)。透射电镜和扫描电镜观察,表明急进高原大鼠肺泡Ⅱ型细胞微绒毛减少,线粒体变性肿胀,板层体排空、合成减少。而高原鼠兔未出现上述超微结构改变。移居高原大鼠的微细结构变化介乎于高原鼠兔与急进高原大鼠之间。     

Ⅱ型肺泡上皮细胞与特发性肺纤维化的关系研究进展

特发性肺纤维化（IPF）是一种严重影响肺通气与换气功能的下呼吸道慢性疾病,其发病机理目前尚不明确,表现为异常的间质炎症和纤维化,以及肺泡结构的破坏。而Ⅱ型肺泡上皮细胞（ATⅡ）作为维持肺结构和功能的关键细胞,在肺部纤维化的发生和发展中极其重要。在IPF中,各种原因所致的ATⅡ的受损和衰老凋亡,可能是纤维化发生的是始动因素。而在这之后,关于临时基质的形成、成纤维细胞的聚集、激活以及间质-上皮转化的过程,异常的ATⅡ也参与其中,并发挥着重要的作用。     

胎鼠肺泡Ⅱ型上皮细胞分离、纯化与鉴定

肺泡Ⅱ型上皮细胞（type Ⅱ alveolar epithlial cell,AEC Ⅱ）一直是肺疾病领域的研究热点和难点.AEC Ⅱ是肺泡上皮细胞的＂祖细胞＂,与肺组织生理功能密切相关.获取胎鼠AEC Ⅱ为该领域提供了良好的实验模型和基础.迄今为止,尚没有一套完善的有关AEC Ⅱ分离、纯化与鉴定的方法.文章就目前国内外AEC Ⅱ分离、纯化、鉴定的实验室方法进行综述与介绍,为肺疾病领域的研究奠定实验基础.     

肺泡Ⅱ型细胞表皮生长因子和转化生长因子α、β1及其受体表达的研究

分离培养成年大鼠的肺泡Ⅱ型细胞,通过斑点杂交、原位杂交和免疫组织化学染色,研究肺泡Ⅱ型细胞内表皮生长因子（EGF）、转化生长因子α和β1（TGFα、TGFβ1）及其受体基因的表达。结果显示肺泡Ⅱ型细胞可表达EGF、TGFα和TGFβ1,也可表达相应的EGF受体（EGFR）、TGFβ受体Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型（TβRⅠ、TβRⅡ）。表明肺泡Ⅱ型细胞是合成和分泌EGF、TGFα和TGFβ1的细胞之一;细胞凭借其EGFR、TβR的存在,其增殖与分化可能受EGF、TGFα和TGFβ1的旁分泌和自分泌两种途径调控。     

与成纤维细胞共培养的肺泡Ⅱ型上皮细胞的生物学特性

建立胎鼠肺泡Ⅱ型上皮细胞（AECⅡ）与肺成纤维细胞（LF）共培养模型,观察与LF共培养下AECⅡ的生物学特性。倒置相差显微镜观察AECⅡ形态和基本生长情况：RT-PCR和流式细胞术分别检测肺泡表面活性蛋白-C（SP-C）、水通道蛋白5（AQPS）mRNA及蛋白质表达;流式细胞术检测细胞周期及Ki67表达。结果显示,与LF共培养时,AECⅡ能较好地保留其细胞形态。SP-C mRNA及其蛋白质表达明显增加,而AQP5mRNA及其蛋白质表达则明显减少;LF促进AECⅡ增殖,使G2／M、S期细胞及表达Ki67^＋细胞的比率明显增多。结果提示,AECⅡ与LF共培养时,能更好地保留其细胞形态、分化及增殖特性。     

小鼠Ⅱ型肺泡上皮细胞类器官三维培养体系的建立

本研究旨在建立小鼠Ⅱ型肺泡上皮细胞(type 2 alveolar epithelial cells, AT2)类器官三维(three-dimensional, 3D)培养体系的方法。采用酶消化与磁珠分选分离和纯化ICR小鼠肺AT2细胞,proSPC免疫荧光染色鉴定AT2细胞纯度;2维(two-dimensional, 2D)培养8 d,5-乙炔基-2’脱氧尿嘧啶核苷(5-ethynyl-2’-deoxyuridine, EdU)掺入和荧光染色法观察AT2细胞的增殖与分化;将AT2细胞与小鼠肺成纤维细胞(mouse lung fibroblasts, Mlg) 3D共培养,光学显微镜下观察类器官生长情况,收集生长13d的类器官,2%多聚甲醛固定后行HE染色,荧光染色观察类器官内部形态结构。结果显示,提取AT2细胞纯度超过95%;在体外培养1～8 d期间,AT2细胞EdU荧光染色阴性,未见增殖;AT2细胞形状逐渐趋向扁平鳞状、细胞表面积显著增大;在体外培养3 d后,有部分AT2细胞特异性标志物proSPC阳性细胞开始出现I型肺泡上皮细胞(type 1 alveolar epithelia...     

大鼠肺泡Ⅱ型上皮细胞的原代分离

目的建立大鼠肺泡Ⅱ型上皮细胞(alveolar epithelial cells typeⅡ,AECⅡ)分离、纯化、原代培养及鉴定的方法。方法用4.2U/ml的弹性蛋白酶通过气管插管注入肺泡内,消化分离AECⅡ。把细胞悬液接种到包被有大鼠IgG的塑料平皿中纯化细胞。用电镜、碱性磷酸酶显色法、改良巴氏染色法、单宁酸染色法、免疫组化染色法鉴定AECⅡ。结果细胞纯度达到90%以上,倒置显微镜下可见细胞呈岛屿状生长。电镜下可见细胞内有大量板层小体,包膜上有绒毛结构。碱性磷酸酶染色法(BCIP/NBT)可见胞浆内有蓝色颗粒。改良巴氏染色法、单宁酸染色法可见胞浆内有黑色颗粒。抗大鼠肺泡表面活性蛋白A(surfactant protein A,SP-A)免疫组化染色呈阳性反应。结论弹性蛋白酶作用温和,不损伤胞膜,分离所得细胞活力好;IgG免疫粘附纯化法操作简单,纯化效率高。电镜、BCIP/NBT、巴氏染色、单宁酸染色及免疫组化染色等鉴定方法稳定可靠,特异性高。     

视黄酸对皮肤上皮基底培养细胞表面膜糖蛋白N-连接型糖链结构的影响

维生素A类化合物对糖蛋白N-连接型糖链(简称N-糖链)结构的影响,近年来在研究其作用机制中颇受重视。本文研究视黄酸(RA)对大鼠皮肤上皮基底培养细胞表面膜糖蛋白糖链结构作用,发现RA促进N-糖链合成,使~3H-甘露糖掺入糖链量增加43.5％,RA可改变N-糖链的类型,促进复杂型N-糖链合成,表现为增加三、四天线复杂型N-糖链合成而不是二天线;RA还使含分叉性GIeNAc和核心Fuc的百分比上升。本文还用细胞电泳方法研究膜表面唾液酸相对量,发现RA可引起唾液酸含量下降。结果提示RA对N-糖链结构的影响,是其多种生物学作用的可能途径之一。     

血管生成素样蛋白4和Ⅱ型肺泡细胞表面抗原-6与急性呼吸窘迫综合征严重程度的关系及对预后的评估效能研究

摘要 目的：分析血管生成素样蛋白4(ANGPTL4)和Ⅱ型肺泡细胞表面抗原-6(KL-6)与急性呼吸窘迫综合征严重程度的关系及对预后的评估效能。方法：选择我院自2020年1月至2022年12月收治的120例急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者作为研究对象（观察组）,根据氧合指数（PaO₂/FiO₂）分为轻度组、中度组和重度组;另选120例非急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者作为对照组。检测所有患者血清ANGPTL4和KL-6的表达水平,分析血清ANGPTL4和KL-6与APACHE Ⅱ评分、PaO₂/FiO₂的关系,使用受试者工作特征曲线（ROC）下面积（AUC）评价血清ANGPTL4联合KL-6对急性呼吸窘迫综合征预后的评估效能。结果：对比对照组,观察组血清ANGPTL4、KL-6的表达水平均明显升高（P＜0.05）;血清ANGPTL4、KL-6的表达水平在轻度组、中度组和重度组中差异有统计学意义,且急性呼吸窘迫综合征越严重,升高越明显（P＜0.05）;经Pearson相关性分析,急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者血清ANGPTL4、KL-6的表达水平与PaO₂/FiO₂呈负相关,与APACHE Ⅱ评分呈正相关（P＜0.05）;经ROC曲线分析,血清ANGPTL4联合KL-6预测急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者入院28d内死亡的敏感度为90.14%、特异度为65.74%,AUC为0.900。结论：血清ANGPTL4、KL-6表达水平升高与急性呼吸窘迫综合征严重程度增大密切相关,两者联合在患者预后评估中具有一定价值,可作为判断病情及预后的辅助指标。     

Unique features of the skin barrier in naked mole rats reflect adaptations to their fossorial habitat

The stratum corneum (SC), the top layer of the epidermis, is the functional site of the skin barrier and serves to maintain hydration of the body by preventing water loss and thwarting the entrance of pathogens. The naked mole rat (NMR) (Heterocephalus glaber) is a rodent that resides in hypoxic underground tunnels in arid Africa. NMRs are not only hairless; their skin is devoid of glands and pain sensation. To understand how the skin barrier of the NMR is uniquely adapted to this environment, skin samples from the dorsum and ventral abdomen in one adult and one neonate were examined by transmission electron microscopy using both reduced osmium tetroxide to assess overall structure and ruthenium tetroxide post-fixation to assess lipid organization. These findings were compared with that of hairless mice—a well-defined model for skin barrier studies. The plasticity of the skin was evaluated on 10 NMRs from a colony at the Philadelphia Zoo in humid and dry conditions by measuring cutaneous hydration, transepidermal water loss (TEWL), and pH. The epidermal ultrastructure of the NMR differed from hairless mice by having the following features: decreased content of lamellar bodies (LBs), higher LB pleomorphism, periodic presence of abnormal lipid bilayers, and an unusually thick SC. The NMRs developed significant TEWL and a trend toward decreased hydration when subjected to dry conditions. While these features illustrate an imperfect skin barrier in terrestrial mammals, they likely represent adaptations of the poikilothermic NMRs to their unique natural fossorial climate. Prolonged exposure to decreased humidity could possibly lead to adverse health effects in this species.     

Dispersal and new colony formation in wild naked mole-rats: evidence against inbreeding as the system of mating

Early field work on naked mole-rats, Heterocephalus glaber, suggestedthat small colonies are rare and that colonies can only formby fissioning of existing colonies. Many researchers expectedthat this would result in extreme inbreeding and high relatednesswithin colonies and would thus explain the evolution of eusocialityin naked mole-rats. Here I report evidence of dispersers andoutbreeding in colonies of wild naked mole-rats that suggeststhat inbreeding is not the system of mating for this speciesand that outbreeding is probably frequent. Wild dispersers havethe same morphology as was reported for dispersers in laboratorycolonies. Low levels of genetic variation in previous moleculargenetic studies of naked mole-rats probably result from theviscous population structure typical of fossorial rodents.     

Crossing the taxonomic divide: conflict and its resolution in societies of reproductively totipotent individuals

Reproduction in groups may be unequal, with one or a few individuals monopolizing direct reproduction assisted by nonbreeding helpers. In social insects this has frequently led to a pronounced queen-worker dichotomy and a loss of reproductive totipotency among workers. However, in some invertebrate and all vertebrate societies, all or most individuals remain reproductively totipotent. In these groups, conflicts of interest over reproduction are potentially greatest. Here, we synthesize previous analyses of reproductive conflict, aggression and breeder replacement in haplodiploid societies of totipotent individuals and extend them to cover diploid (vertebrate) examples. We test predictions arising from this approach using the best-studied invertebrate (Dinoponera queenless ants) and vertebrate (naked mole-rat, Heterocephalus glaber) examples, although in principle our analysis applies to all similar groups. We find that premature replacement of a parent breeder by nonbreeders (overthrow) is rare. Dominant coercive control of nonbreeders by the breeder is often unnecessary and honest signalling of breeder vitality can maintain group stability and resolve conflicts over reproduction. We hope that by providing an explicit transfer of social theory between ants and naked mole-rats we will stimulate further cross-taxonomic studies that will greatly broaden our understanding of sociality.     

The effect of temperature on caecal fermentation processes in a poikilothermic mammal, Heterocephalus glaber

1. 1.|The effect of temperature on caecal function was examined in the naked mole-rat Heterocephalus glaber, a poikilothermic mammal, which consumes a high proportion of fibre in its natural diet.

2. 2.|The temperature of optimal caecal function was determined from fermentation data measure at three specifically chosen temperatures (28, 33 and 40°C).

3. 3.|There was no significant difference between gas production at 33 and 40°C, however, gas production was significantly lower at 28°C.

4. 4.|The relative proportions of the gases produced were markedly different at 33 and 40°C (P ≤ 0.01). More methane and hydrogen were produced at 33°C than at 40°C.

5. 5.|These data suggest that microbial organisms within the caecum were active and functioning more effectively at 33°C (the preferred body temperature of the naked mole-rat) than at the other two temperatures.

Caecal function provides the energy of fermentation without liberating heat in the poikilothermic mammal,Heterocephalus glaber

Summary This paper presents the first report of a mammalian internal organ with a lower temperature than its abdominal surrounds. Heterocephalus glaber, the naked mole-rat, is a poikilothermic mammal that leads a strictly subterranean existence and consumes a high proportion of fibre in its diet. The fermentation chamber in these animals appears to absorb rather than generate heat and the temperature in it was consistently 1.2±0.5°C (n=17) lower than rectal temperature. A caecum with a lower temperature than its abdominal surrounds provides an internal heat sink which could be advantageous for metabolic heat dissipation in the plugged humid burrows in which the naked mole-rat permanently resides.Abbreviations RH relative humidity - T _b body temperature - T _c caecal temperature - T _i intraperitoneal temperature - T _r rectal temperature