应用皮电检测新技术探索人体应激时的皮电响应

近年来,皮肤电作为反映情绪状态的一个敏感指标,引起了人们的广泛关注。为了研究情绪对皮肤电的具体影响．本研究用皮电检测仪（EDSD）的“能量过筛”技术,检测被试应激前后的皮肤电阻和电容的变化,提出了用皮肤电的综合情况来表征人体调节能力的概念。试验采用音乐、噪声、静息为应激源,让被试接受10min的刺激,并在刺激前后进行“能量过筛”,统计结果显示：（1）人体在应激前后的皮肤电的综合情况变化具有显著差异;（2）音乐可以调节人体的生理状态,而噪声则对人体十分有害;（3）在应激前后配以POMS心境量表检测被试的心理指标,以及对心率、血压生理指标的测量,也从不同水平上证实了不同的应激源对心理和生理指标的影响。     

无意识接受策略在挫折情景下的情绪调节效应:行为与生理证据

由于无意识调节过程具有节省认知资源的特征,本研究假设无意识接受策略相比有意识接受策略能更加有效地调控负性事件的情绪影响.实验以挫折任务诱发负面情绪同时记录被试的主观情绪体验与情绪相关的生理变化(心率).被试被随机分为控制组、有意识接受组和无意识接受组.结果显示,无意识接受组和有意识接受组在情绪体验上存在显著差异:在挫折诱发阶段有意识接受组比无意识接受组出现了更多正性情绪指标的下降.此外,相对于控制组,挫折情景下有意识接受和无意识接受都显著降低了被试情绪相关的心率活动水平;但两者的调节水平无显著差异.并且,心率活动水平可预测主观情绪体验强度:控制组的心率变化值与负性情绪变化值存在正相关关系,与正性情绪指标变化值存在负相关趋势.因此,在挫折情景下,无意识接受策略不仅能有效降低情绪相关的生理活动水平,且相比有意识接受策略对主观情绪体验具有更好的调节效果.这提示,无意识接受策略对于现实生活中的情绪调节具有重要启示意义.     

胃楔形切除术致胃电节律改变的实验观察

目的:观察楔形切除胃的不同部位对术后胃电节律的影响。方法:将30只雄性新西兰兔按照完全随机原则分为胃体近端楔形切除组、胃体远端楔形切除组及对照组3个处理组,每组10只。记录在自然恢复状态下术后3日、6日、9日胃体近端及胃窦处30分钟内慢波总数及正常慢波次数并计算正常慢波百分比。用析因设计分析切除部位、测量部位、术后时间三因素对胃慢波节律的影响。结果:上述三因素均对术后慢波节律有影响,切除胃体近端与切除胃体远端相比,前者引发的术后胃电节律紊乱的程度更严重且恢复更缓慢;术后测量胃窦处与测量胃体处相比,前者发生的胃电节律紊乱的程度更严重且恢复更缓慢。结论:大弯侧胃底与胃体交医院界处的"胃电起始区域"即为"胃电起搏区","胃电起搏区"的切除对术后胃电节律的影响大于传导区域切除对其影响。     

除草剂草甘膦异丙胺盐水剂对中华大蟾蜍心电活动的影响

采用生物信号采集处理系统对草甘膦异丙胺盐胁迫条件下中华大蟾蜍(BufogargarizansCantor)的心率和心电活动的相关指标进行了测定和分析。不同浓度的草甘膦异丙胺盐溶液被喷施到中华大蟾蜍的体表,由皮肤进入体内而作用于心脏。试验结果表明:随着草甘膦异丙胺盐处理浓度的增大,中华大蟾蜍的心率减慢,心电图中P波、R波和T波的电压峰值降低,而P-R间期、QRS期和Q-T间期的时值延长。草甘膦异丙胺盐胁迫条件下,蟾蜍心率与心电图的各项指标有显著相关性,可用多元线性回归模型分别对蟾蜍心率与心电图中P、R、T波和P-R、QRS、Q-T间期的相关关系进行拟合。多元回归分析结果表明,蟾蜍心电图中Q-T间期值对心率的影响最大,可以推断草甘膦异丙胺盐主要是通过延长蟾蜍心电活动周期中Q-T间期时值即心室收缩期而延长心动周期,导致蟾蜍心率减慢。由此可见草甘膦异丙胺盐水剂的喷施对中华大蟾蜍心脏的电活动周期和机械活动周期均造成了一定影响。     

COMT Val158Met多态型青年在数字工作记忆任务中的视觉事件相关电位的研究

目的:针对不同COMT基因型健康青年被试,进行连续3-back任务1h共12Block,探讨健康成人数字工作记忆能力变化情况。方法:将112名健康青年分组抽取出18名不同基因型作为被试,利用视觉事件相关电位P3来观测被试连续工作记忆任务中COMT基因多态型与脑皮层电生理的关系。结果:Val/Val基因型的被试P3波幅显著高于Val/Met基因型(P<0.01),但和Met/Met基因型被试的波幅无差异。结论:Val/Met基因型被试关联着最差的工作记忆任务的成绩,被试者的P3波幅和3-back任务成绩成正相关。     

大鼠慢波睡眠和睡眠过渡期脑电信号的小波变换分析

EEG信号经常包含许多快速的时变信息 ,将较长时间段的EEG信号近似看作平稳信号 ,进行FFT谱估计 ,存在其局限性。应用多分辨率小波变换方法 ,在频域和时域上可以同时定位分析大鼠慢波睡眠和睡眠过渡期脑电的动态变化特性。采用慢性埋植电极记录自由活动大鼠的皮层脑电 ,将信号用小波变换分解成δ、θ、α和 β四个分量 ,求各分量的功率和功率百分比的时间变化曲线 ,并与FFT功率谱分析结果进行比较。结果表明 :慢波睡眠期EEG中有 2 6 .2 %± 7.7%的时间段上δ分量功率小于总功率的 5 0 % ,且δ分量较大时 ,其他分量较小 ;δ分量较小时 ,其他分量较大 ,差别显著。此结果揭示了δ节律与θ和α节律之间的一种互补关系。而传统的FFT功率谱分析方法只能显示δ分量为主 (占总功率 70 .6 %± 6 .4 % )的功率谱 ,不能提供时变信息。对于睡眠过渡期的非稳态EEG信号 ,利用小波变换分解得到的θ和α分量可以鉴别出睡眠纺锤波 ,计算睡眠纺锤波的平均持续时间 ,并比较纺锤波和非纺锤波时期各个频谱分量的变化情况。由此可见 ,小波变换可用于计算新的EEG时频定量分析指标用于分析生理、病理和药理作用引起的睡眠EEG的变化过程 ,以弥补传统FFT功率谱分析的不足之处     

电刺激诱导大鼠海马癫痫电网络神经信息分析

探讨电刺激致海马(hippocampus,HPC)癫痫网络的神经信息特征和M型胆碱能受体阻断剂东莨菪碱(scopolamine)对该信息特征的调制作用。实验用雄性SD大鼠45只,体重150￣250g。急性强直电(60Hz,2s,0.4￣0.6mA)刺激右侧后背HPC(acutetetanizationoftherightposteriordorsalhippocampus,ATPDH),双电极同步记录同侧HPC网络和单个神经元电活动。分析癫痫发作样高频电振荡(ripple)功率谱(powerspec-trum)、尖波连续发放峰间间隔(interpeakinterval,IPI)和单位时间内平均频率(Hz),并同步分析单个神经元放电脉冲间隔(interspikeinterval,ISI)的变化特征。发现:(1)ATPDH诱导的HPC癫痫放电模式主要包括rip-ple和具有稳定频率特征的尖波样连续发放;(2)东莨菪碱(i.p.)可以提前ripple第1组分最大功率(μV2)与单个神经元原发性单位后放电最大ISI出现的时间,对最大ISI的作用更明显;(3)东莨菪碱可以部分再现重复施加ATPDH诱导出现巨大尖波连续发放IPI和神经元放电ISI平行发展特征。结果提示:M胆碱能受体阻断剂东莨菪碱可以同时调制HPC癫痫网络成员电场和细胞的瞬时编码信息;而成员电场ripple功率谱/连续尖波IPI和神经元放电ISI点分布的对比研究,可以用于分析癫痫网络瞬时编码信息和药物生物学效应。     

基于相似性的类别学习ERPs研究

目的:研究类别学习过程中,基于类别相似性的不同时间限制下被试分类学习脑激活机制.方法:通过对15名被试采用事件相关电位技术(ERPs),使用2相似程度不同(高相似vs低相似)×3呈现时间不同(10ms vs 200ms vs 600ms)的多因素实验设计,探讨不同相似程度及刺激呈现时间不同下的类别学习脑机制.结果:类别高相似的脑激活机制更加复杂,激活的脑区更多;刺激呈现时间为10ms的时候被试的波形图与200ms和600ms类似,但是其潜伏期更短,决策速度更快;三种时间条件下都激活了N400,可能存在语义加工.结论:类别学习在视觉加工阶段就已经发生;类别学习过程并非全或无的竞争机制,而是内隐和外显综合加工的结果.     

胃楔形切除术致胃电节律改变的实验观察

目的：观察楔形切除胃的不同部位对术后胃电节律的影响。方法：将30只雄性新西兰兔按照完全随机原则分为胃体近端楔形切除组、胃体远端楔形切除组及对照组3个处理组,每组10只。记录在自然恢复状态下术后3日、6日、9日胃体近端及胃窦处30分钟内慢波总数及正常慢波次数并计算正常慢波百分比。用析因设计分析切除部位、测量部位、术后时间三因素对胃慢波节律的影响。结果：上述三因素均对术后慢波节律有影响,切除胃体近端与切除胃体远端相比,前者引发的术后胃电节律紊乱的程度更严重且恢复更缓慢;术后测量胃窦处与测量胃体处相比,前者发生的胃电节律紊乱的程度更严重且恢复更缓慢。结论：大弯侧胃底与胃体交医院界处的“胃电起始区域”即为“胃电起搏区”,“胃电起搏区”的切除时术后胃电节律的影响大于传导区域切除对其影响、     

电针对实验性癫痫发作的影响：脑电的功率谱分析

以电惊厥和青霉素致痫作为实验性癲痫的动物模型。采用脑电的计算机功率谱分析技术,研究了电针作用于发作过程中脑电各频段功率百分比的变化。在安静的大鼠,脑电以δ和θ频段为主,其功率主峰在δ频段。青霉素致痫和电惊厥使δ频段功率百分比下降,α和β频段功率百分比增加,主功率频段右移,总功率亦大大增强。本实验采用的电针对背景脑电活动没有明显影响。而电针加电惊厥或青霉素致痫,δ频段功率百分比复又增加,α和β频段功率百分比则下降,主功率频段又回到δ频段,总功率也显著减少。压缩功率谱阵图直观地显示了这种变化。结果提示,电针可使大鼠脑电出现同步化趋势,可能是加强了脑的抑制过程,从而抑制了癲痫发作的。     

The neurophysiological basis of the marijuana experience

Experiments were done with 75 healthy young adults to explore the neurophysiological basis of the acute marijuana intoxication state. Tests included recording the scalp EEG, visual and auditory cerebral evoked-potentials, the CNV, cerebral slow potentials related to certainty of response correctness in auditory discrimination tasks, heart rate, respiration and the galvanic skin response. All variables were recorded over 45 minutes before and 45 minutes after smoking a marijuana cigarette containing either 4.8, 9.1 or less than 0.01 mg. Δ⁹-THC.High doses of marijuana induced a significant decrease in the peak power of the alpha rhythm and an increase in auditory evoked-response latency. The CNV increased in ampiitude after smoking marijuana in low doses and sequential CNVs showed changes consistent with sustained attention but decreased certainty about performance following either low or high dose. Marijuana interfered significantly with performance of the discrimination task itself.     

Effects of Head-Down Bed Rest on the Executive Functions and Emotional Response

Prolonged bed rest may cause changes in the autonomic nervous system that are related to cognition and emotion. This study adopted an emotional flanker task to evaluate the effect of 45 days -6° head-down bed rest (HDBR) on executive functioning in 16 healthy young men at each of six time points: the second-to-last day before the bed rest period, the eleventh, twentieth, thirty-second and fortieth day during the bed rest period, and the eighth day after the bed rest period. In addition, self-report inventories (Beck Anxiety Inventory, BAI; Beck Depression Inventory, BDI; Positive Affect and Negative Affect Scale, PANAS) were conducted to record emotional changes, and the participants’ galvanic skin response (GSR), heart rate (HR) and heart rate variability (HRV) were assessed as measures of physiological activity. The results showed that the participants’ reaction time on the flanker task increased significantly relative to their responses on the second-to-last day before the period of bed rest, their galvanic skin response weakened and their degrees of positive affect declined during the bed rest period. Our results provide some evidence for a detrimental effect of prolonged bed rest on executive functioning and positive affect. Whether this stems from a lack of aerobic physical activity and/or the effect of HDBR itself remains to be determined.     

Reaction of the Central Nervous System to Nonverbal Psychotherapeutic Influence: An Autonomic Level of Regulation

Changes in the human functional state in response to nonverbal psychotherapeutic suggestion were studied by the electrophysiological methods of electrocardiography and galvanic skin response. It was revealed that, in 55% of subjects, the heart rate increased upon nonverbal suggestion (p < 0.01) and, in 45% of subjects, a tendency toward a decrease was observed, while the heart rate in the control group decreased (p < 0.05). The electrocardiogram T wave amplitude decreased significantly (p < 0.05) and was found to be the parameter most sensitive to psychotherapeutic influence. An increase in the galvanic skin response peaks in the period of psychotherapeutic suggestion was observed in 86.7% (p < 0.01) of subjects; on the contrary, in the control series of experiments, a tendency toward a decrease was observed. The changes revealed in the autonomic parameters of functional state permit the conclusion that the subjects perceived unconscious information during the nonverbal suggestion, and this was reflected in increased psychoemotional tension in the subjects.     

Investigating the Autonomic Nervous System Response to Anxiety in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders

Assessment of anxiety symptoms in autism spectrum disorders (ASD) is a challenging task due to the symptom overlap between the two conditions as well as the difficulties in communication and awareness of emotions in ASD. This motivates the development of a physiological marker of anxiety in ASD that is independent of language and does not require observation of overt behaviour. In this study, we investigated the feasibility of using indicators of autonomic nervous system (ANS) activity for this purpose. Specially, the objectives of the study were to 1) examine whether or not anxiety causes significant measurable changes in indicators of ANS in an ASD population, and 2) characterize the pattern of these changes in ASD. We measured three physiological indicators of the autonomic nervous system response (heart rate, electrodermal activity, and skin temperature) during a baseline (movie watching) and anxiety condition (Stroop task) in a sample of typically developing children (n = 17) and children with ASD (n = 12). The anxiety condition caused significant changes in heart rate and electrodermal activity in both groups, however, a differential pattern of response was found between the two groups. In particular, the ASD group showed elevated heart rate during both baseline and anxiety conditions. Elevated and blunted phasic electrodermal activity were found in the ASD group during baseline and anxiety conditions, respectively. Finally, the ASD group did not show the typical decrease in skin temperature in response to anxiety. These results suggest that 1) signals of the autonomic nervous system may be used as indicators of anxiety in children with ASD, and 2) ASD may be associated with an atypical autonomic response to anxiety that is most consistent with sympathetic over-arousal and parasympathetic under-arousal.     

喉罩通气下七氟醚全凭吸入麻醉在小儿先天性心脏病介入手术的临床麻醉效果

目的:探讨喉罩通气下七氟醚全凭吸入麻醉在小儿先天性心脏病介入手术的临床麻醉效果。方法:选取2017年4月～2019年5月期间我院收治的行先天性心脏病介入手术患儿98例,根据随机数字表法将其分为对照组(n=49)和研究组(n=49)。对照组给予氯胺酮诱导,全凭丙泊酚维持,面罩吸氧;研究组给予全凭七氟醚诱导、维持,喉罩通气。比较两组患儿麻醉前(T0)、切皮前(T1)、切皮后1 min(T2)、切皮后30 min(T3)、术后(T4)的血流动力学指标[平均动脉压(MAP)、心率(HR)]及应激反应指标[血糖、皮质醇],记录两组患儿手术时间、麻醉诱导时间、术后苏醒时间等围术期指标情况。记录两组围术期不良反应发生情况。结果:研究组手术时间、麻醉诱导时间、术后苏醒时间均短于对照组(P0.05)。两组T0时间点血糖、MAP、皮质醇、HR比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05);对照组T1～T4时间点MAP、血糖、皮质醇、HR均较T0升高(P0.05);研究组T1～T4时间点血糖、MAP、皮质醇、HR与T0时间点比较无差异(P0.05);研究组T1～T4时间点血糖、MAP、皮质醇、HR低于对照组(P0.05)。两组不良反应发生率比较无差异(P0.05)。结论:小儿先天性心脏病介入手术中应用喉罩通气下七氟醚全凭吸入麻醉,诱导迅速且安全、术后苏醒快、手术时间短,可有效维持血流动力学稳定,减少应激反应。     

Electrocortical and Autonomic Alteration by Administration of a Pleasant and an Unpleasant Odor

The present study was designed to investigate whether thereis a consistent response in ongoing EEG due to repetitive olfactorystimulation. Two odors of different hedonic quality were presentedbilaterally to five male subjects at suprathreshold levels.A room-air blank served as the control stimulus. Each odor waspresented six times to each subject in each of three sessions.Electrocortical activity, heart rate, skin conductance and breathingcycle were recorded continuously. EEG variables assessed weredifference scores of absolute power in the frequency bands theta,alpha1, alpha2 and beta1 at eight locations. Phenylethyl alcoholwas rated pleasant, while valeric acid was judged unpleasant.Within 8 s after stimulus release, valeric acid increased alpha2power, whereas phenylethyl alcohol did not. No further frequencybands were affected by olfactory stimulation. These findingssuggest that smelling an unpleasant odor leads to a corticaldeactivation. Chem. Senses 20: 505–515, 1995.     

Effects of Music on the Recovery of Autonomic and Electrocortical Activity After Stress Induced by Aversive Visual Stimuli

The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of music and white noise on the recovery of physiological measures after stressful visual stimulation. Twenty-nine participants took part in the experiment. Visual stimulation with slides eliciting disgust was followed by subjectively pleasant music, sad music, and white noise in three consecutive sessions. The spectral power of the frontal and temporal EEG, skin conductance, heart rate, heart period variability, facial capillary blood flow, and respiration rate were recorded and analyzed. Aversive visual stimulation evoked heart rate deceleration, increased high frequency component of heart period variability, increased skin conductance level and skin conductance response frequency, decreased facial blood flow and velocity, decreased temporal slow alpha and increased frontal fast beta power in all three sessions. Both subjectively pleasant and sad music led to the restoration of baseline levels on most parameters; while white noise did not enhance the recovery process. The effects of pleasant music on post-stress recovery, when compared to white noise, were significantly different on heart rate, respiration rate, and peripheral blood flow. Both positive and negative music exerted positive modulatory effects on cardiovascular and respiratory activity, namely increased heart rate, balanced heart period variability, increased vascular blood flow and respiration rate during the post-stress recovery. Data only partially supported the “undoing” hypothesis, which states that positive emotions may facilitate the process of physiological recovery following negative emotions.     

Beta- and alpha-adrenergic cross-signaling for L-type Ca current is impaired in transgenic mice with constitutive activation of epsilonPKC

It is well established that beta-adrenoceptor stimulation activates PKA and alpha(1)-adrenoceptor stimulation activates PKC. In normal ventricular myocytes, acute activation of alpha(1)-adrenoceptors inhibits beta-adrenoceptor stimulated L-type Ca current (I(Ca-L)) and direct activation of epsilonPKC leads to I(Ca-L) inhibition. Because increased PKC activity has been observed chronically in in vivo setting such as failing human heart, we hypothesized that chronic in vivo activation of epsilonPKC alters I(Ca-L) and its response to adrenergic stimulation. Therefore, we investigated the interaction between beta- and alpha(1)-adrenoceptors vis-à-vis I(Ca-L) in myocytes from transgenic mice (TG) with cardiac specific constitutive activation of epsilonPKC (epsilonPKC agonist). Whole-cell I(Ca-L) was recorded from epsilonPKC agonist TG mice and age-matched non-TG (NTG) littermates under: (1) basal condition, (2) beta-adrenoceptor agonist, isoproterenol (ISO), and (3) ISO plus alpha(1)-adrenoceptor agonist, methoxamine. The present results are the first to demonstrate that chronic in vivo activation of epsilonPKC leads to reduced basal I(Ca-L) density. beta-adrenoceptor activation of I(Ca-L) is blunted in epsilonPKC agonist TG mice. alpha-adrenoceptor cross-talk with beta-adrenoceptor signaling pathways vis-à-vis L-type Ca channels is impaired in epsilonPKC agonist TG mice. The diminished response to ISO and methoxamine suggests a protective feedback regulatory mechanism in epsilonPKC agonist TG mice and could be vital in the settings of excessive release of catecholamines during heart failure.     

Relaxation as a cognitive task

In the present experiment the instruction to relax was given to awake highly (Highs) and non hypnotizable subjects (Lows), while their heart rate, respirogram and skin resistance were recorded together with electroencephalogram, electroculogram and corrugator electromiogram. At the beginning of the experiment, Highs exhibited no significant difference in heart rate (HR), respiratory frequency (RF) and heart rate variability (HRV) with respect to Lows, but showed a higher EEG alpha and theta1 power. During the session, both groups decreased their heart rate, but changes were significant only in Lows, which increased significantly also the parasympathetic component of their HRV (high frequency, HF). In both groups, EEG showed alpha, beta2 and theta2 power decrements; theta1 activity decreased only in Lows, while gamma power increased in Highs and decreased in Lows. Results suggest that Highs and Lows used different cognitive strategies in the elaboration of the relaxation request and that Highs performed the task through a higher integrative activity.     

Repetitive reduction of uterine blood flow and its influence on fetal transcutaneous PO2 and cardiovascular variables

The influence of repeated asphyxia on fetal transcutaneous PO2, relative local skin perfusion, heart rate, blood gases and pH was investigated in 15 experiments on 8 acutely instrumented sheep fetuses in utero between 125 and 145 days gestation (term is 147 days). Uterine blood flow was intermittently arrested (11 times within 33 min) by intra-vascular maternal aortic occlusion, exposing the fetuses to repeated episodes of asphyxia of 30 (n = 3), 60 (n = 9) and 90 (n = 3) s duration. The fetal transcutaneous PO2 fell as the duration of asphyxia (2 alpha less than 0.01), heart rate deceleration area (2 alpha less than 0.01) and acidaemia (2 alpha less than 0.01) increased. With decreasing skin perfusion, which was dependent on the duration of asphyxia (2 alpha less than 0.001) and acidaemia (2 alpha less than 0.001), a discrepancy developed between transcutaneous and arterial PO2. The increase (delta) in transcutaneous-arterial PO2 difference was related linearly to the duration of asphyxia (2 alpha less than 0.01), the mean haemoglobin oxygen saturation (2 alpha less than 0.001), acidaemia (2 alpha less than 0.001) and relative local skin flow (2 alpha less than 0.05). It was highest after severe episodes of asphyxia (90 s), when O2 saturation, skin blood flow and arterial blood pH values were low. Fetal heart rate deceleration area was only correlated with the cutaneous-arterial PO2 difference when the mean fetal haemoglobin oxygen saturation was below 35%. Thus, a discrimination of heart rate decelerations that are significant for the fetus seems to be possible, when associated with low transcutaneous PO2 values. We conclude that in the sheep fetus transcutaneous PO2 measurements during repeated asphyxial episodes yield information on fetal oxygenation and on the skin vasomotor response.