综述:星形胶质细胞介导的β-淀粉样蛋白代谢与阿尔茨海默病早期的关系

星形胶质细胞是中枢神经系统中含量最丰富的细胞,研究表明,星形胶质细胞与阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer's disease,AD)病程有关,尤其是对AD主要致病蛋白β-淀粉样蛋白(β-amyloid protein,Aβ)的产生、内化和降解过程起着重要的调节作用．本文讨论星形胶质细胞中Aβ的产生,星形胶质细胞对Aβ的内化、降解和清除的机制,并阐释星形胶质细胞在Aβ代谢中的作用与AD早期发病机制的关系．     

星形胶质细胞在脊髓损伤中的研究展望

近年来星形胶质细胞(astrocyte,AS)已经逐渐成为中枢神经系统(CNS)疾病研究中的热点之一。激活星形胶质细胞会产生和释放神经递质、神经营养因子和促炎因子等,对神经元既有保护作用也有毒性作用。现综述星形胶质细胞的形态、功能以及与脊髓损伤(spinal cord injury,SCI)的联系等,为进一步研究星形胶质细胞和脊髓损伤提供依据。     

黄连素通过SOCS1减轻Aβ淀粉样蛋白诱导的小胶质细胞激活

目的:观察黄连素(Berberine,BBR)对暴露于Aβ淀粉样蛋白(βAmyloid,Aβ)中的小胶质细胞激活的影响,并明确细胞因子沉默蛋白1(Silencing of Cytokine Signaling Factor 1, SOCS1)是否参与了BBR对小胶质细胞激活的影响。方法:将N9小胶质细胞暴露于含5μM Aβ的培养基中模拟阿尔兹海默症(Alzheimer's,AD)中的小胶质细胞激活。随后,将细胞分为5组,分别为Control组、5μM的Aβ损伤组(Aβ)、BBR+Aβ组、SOCS1-siRNA干扰组(SOCS1-siRNA+BBR+Aβ)和乱序si RNA处理组(SC-si RNA+BBR+Aβ),细胞处理24 h后,采用Western blot检测细胞诱导型一氧化氮合酶(Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase,i NOS)、SOCS1蛋白的表达,酶联免疫吸附法(Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay,ELISA)检测细胞培养基内炎症因子的水平。结果:与正常培养的Control组相比,5μM的Aβ暴露24 h可显著增加细胞i NOS蛋白表达水平和肿瘤坏死因子α(Tumor Necrosis Factorα,TNF-α)、白细胞介素1β(Interleukin 1β,IL-1β)和IL-6的释放(P0.05),但并未对SOCS1蛋白表达产生显著影响(P0.05),5μM的BBR可显著降低i NOS表达和上述3种促炎症因子的释放(P0.05),并上调SOCS1蛋白表达,而SOCS1-siRNA可显著逆转BBR对i NOS和SOCS1蛋白表达及3种炎症因子释放的影响(P0.05)。结论:BBR可能通过SOCS1减轻Aβ淀粉样蛋白对小胶质细胞的激活。     

星形胶质细胞在阿尔茨海默病中的作用及其分子机制

阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer’s disease,AD)是一种多因素导致的神经退行性疾病。随着社会的老龄化,阿尔茨海默病的发病率呈逐渐上升的趋势,给患者以及社会带来极大的生理痛苦和经济负担。星形胶质细胞在中枢神经系统中数量最多、分布最广,对神经元有营养支持作用,并且还能够调控神经元的活性。在AD的病理情况下,星形胶质细胞能参与Aβ代谢影响老年斑的形成,分泌多种炎症因子和趋化因子参与AD的病理进程,并且还能通过影响突触谷氨酸循环来调节神经元的活性。近年来,星形胶质细胞在AD的病理生理机制中的作用受到越来越多的关注。现就星形胶质细胞在AD发病机制中的作用进行综述。     

骨钙素的中枢调控作用及其生物学机制

骨钙素(OCN)能调节多种外周组织器官的生理结构与功能,也发挥重要的中枢调控作用,与个体的学习和记忆等高级认知功能密切相关。研究表明,OCN穿过血脑屏障进入大脑,并与神经元或神经胶质细胞膜上的G蛋白偶联受体(GPCR)家族成员GPR158和GPR37结合,激活或抑制细胞内相关信号通路,改变神经元或神经胶质细胞的生理活性。OCN在脑内的作用主要包括调节5-羟色胺、多巴胺、去甲肾上腺素和γ-氨基丁酸等神经递质合成与释放、增加脑源性神经营养因子表达、促进海马神经发生、增强海马神经元自噬及维持髓鞘稳态等。此外,OCN还能参与调控多种神经退行性疾病的病理生理学进程。在阿尔茨海默病(AD)中,OCN干预能够部分减少β-淀粉样蛋白(Aβ)沉积及Aβ诱发的细胞毒性等,改善学习和记忆能力缺陷;在帕金森氏病(PD)中,OCN干预能够部分抑制黑质和纹状体多巴胺能神经元丢失,增加酪氨酸羟化酶含量及降低神经炎症等,缓解运动功能障碍。本文通过解析GPR158和GPR37的结构与功能,分析OCN在脑内的作用及其生物学机制,探讨OCN对AD和PD等神经退行性疾病的影响,为进一步筛选促进脑健康的新型靶点提供依据。     

小胶质细胞与阿尔茨海默病

国内外对阿尔茨海默病（Alzheimer’s disease,AD）神经元病理和神经胶质细胞病理机制进行了大量探索,小胶质细胞（microglia,MG）是中枢神经系统的免疫细胞,在致炎因素作用下它被激活成反应性MG,反应性MG既具有保护神经元的作用,也能分泌细胞毒因子、补体蛋白而损害神经元。尽管目前AD发病机理还不清楚,但大多数学者认为β淀粉样蛋白（Aβ）沉积激活MG引起的炎症反应是AD的核心病理机制。     

星形胶质细胞参与阿尔茨海默病早期突触功能损伤的研究进展

阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer’s disease, AD)是以β淀粉样蛋白(amyloidβ, Aβ)沉积和神经纤维缠结(neurofibrillary tangles, NFTs)等病理特征及记忆衰退等临床特征为标志的一种神经退行性疾病。AD的主要症状认知障碍与突触减少密切相关。可溶性寡聚Aβ引起的突触功能损伤是AD早期病理机制研究的热点。星形胶质细胞对突触功能调控起重要作用,其功能改变与AD病理表现密切相关。星形胶质细胞可以通过参与Aβ代谢、中枢炎性反应、突触调控和胞内钙信号传递等途径参与AD早期的突触功能损伤。该文对近年来星形胶质细胞在AD早期突触功能损伤中的主要作用及机制进行综述,同时对这一领域的开放问题进行了归纳。     

星形胶质细胞在阿尔茨海默病发病进程中的作用

阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer’s disease,AD)是导致老年人记忆、思维和行为障碍的最常见神经退行性疾病。星形胶质细胞(astrocyte,AS)在AD发病进程中扮演重要角色。在AD病理情况下,AS具有神经保护和损伤双重功能。AS通过摄取、清除异常物质和释放神经营养因子起到神经保护的作用;激活型AS产生和释放促炎细胞因子与毒性物质等直接或间接作用于其他脑细胞,增强炎症级联反应和Aβ聚集沉积,影响着AD的病理进程。该文总结在AD发病进程中AS对其他脑细胞的影响,以期待为AS作为目标靶点预防和治疗AD提供新思路。     

灵芝多糖对Aβ25-35诱导阿尔茨海默病模型大鼠脑组织的保护作用

目的研究灵芝多糖(GLP)对Aβ25-35诱导阿尔茨海默病模型大鼠脑组织的影响。方法采用双侧海马内一次性注射β-淀粉样多肽25-35片段(Aβ25-35)制作大鼠AD模型,再连续7天腹腔注射GLP,随后进行行为学测定,采用HE染色、透射电镜及免疫组织化学等方法检测海马神经元的结构变化及反应性星形胶质细胞活化程度的影响。结果海马内注射Aβ25-35后海马细胞增生、聚集,核边聚、碎裂,电镜观察显示,锥体细胞胞浆水肿,内质网池扩张,星形胶质细胞增生肥大,GLP组病变显著减轻,超微结构尚属正常,海马星形胶质细胞较AD组显著减少。结论灵芝多糖对Aβ25-35诱导阿尔茨海默病模型大鼠脑组织内海马退行性变神经元有一定的保护作用,并能降低脑组织内的神经炎症反应。     

天然小分子化合物调节小胶质细胞预防阿尔茨海默病免疫失衡*

阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer"s disease, AD)是最常见的中枢神经系统退行性疾病，其发病机制复杂，至今仍未完全阐明. 最近的研究表明，小胶质细胞过度激活、炎症因子的过度产生与AD的发病密切相关. 小胶质细胞受体及下游通路的异常调节可导致AD患者及AD实验动物的免疫失衡. 天然小分子化合物通过激活小胶质细胞的抑炎受体，抑制促炎受体，或调节Aβ清除受体，可逆转免疫失衡. 本文综述了小胶质细胞在AD慢性炎症中的作用机制，并总结天然小分子化合物通过调节小胶质细胞受体及其下游通路在AD免疫稳态中的有益作用.     

Effects of increasing the number of players and memory size in the iterated Prisoner's Dilemma: a numerical approach

The Prisoner''s Dilemma has become a paradigm for the evolution of altruistic behaviour. Here we present results of numerical simulations of the infinitely iterated stochastic simultaneous Prisoner''s Dilemma considering players with longer memory, encounters of more than two players as well as different pay-off values. This provides us with a better foundation to compare theoretical results to experimental data. We show that the success of the strategy Pavlov, regardless of its simplicity, is far more general by having an outstanding role in the iterated N-player N-memory Prisoner''s Dilemma. Besides, we study influences of increased memory sizes in the iterated two-player Prisoner''s Dilemma, and present comparisons to results of experiments with first-year students.     

Loss of Yme1L perturbates mitochondrial dynamics

Yme1L is an AAA protease that is embedded in the mitochondrial inner membrane with its catalytic domain facing the mitochondrial inner-membrane space. However, how Yme1L regulates mammalian mitochondrial function is still obscure. We find that endogenous Yme1L locates at punctate structures of mitochondria, and that loss of Yme1L in mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF) cells results in mitochondrial fragmentation and leads to significant increased ‘kiss-and-run'' type of mitochondrial fusion; however, Yme1L knockdown (shYme1L (short hairpin-mediated RNA interference of Yme1L)) cells still remain normal mitochondrial fusion although shYme1L mitochondria have a little bit less fusion and fission rates, and the shYme1L-induced fragmentation is due to a little bit more mitochondrial fission than fusion in cells. Furthermore, shYme1L-induced mitochondrial fragmentation is independent on optic atrophy 1 (OPA1) S1 or S2 processing, and shYme1L results in the stabilization of OPA1 long form (L-OPA1); in addition, the exogenous expression of OPA1 or L-OPA1 facilitates the shYme1L-induced mitochondrial fragmentation, thus this fragmentation induced by shYme1L appears to be associated with L-OPA1''s stability. ShYme1L also causes a slight increase of mitochondrial dynamics proteins of 49 kDa and mitochondrial fission factor (Mff), which recruit mitochondrial key fission factor dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1) into mitochondria in MEF cells, and loss of Drp1 or Mff inhibits the shYme1L-induced mitochondrial fragmentation. In addition, there is interaction between SLP-2 with Yme1L and shYme1L cells retain stress-induced mitochondrial hyperfusion. Taken together, our results clarify how Yme1L regulates mitochondrial morphology.     

Hamilton's rule meets the Hamiltonian: kin selection on dynamic characters

Many biological characters of interest are temporal sequences of decisions. The evolution of such characters is often modelled using dynamic optimization methods such as the maximum principle. A quantity central to these analyses is the ''Hamiltonian'' function, named after the mathematician William R. Hamilton. On the other hand, evolutionary models in which individuals interact with relatives are usually based on Hamilton''s rule, named after the evolutionary biologist William D. Hamilton. In this article we present a generalized maximum principle that includes the effects of interactions among relatives and we show that a time-dependent (dynamic) version of Hamilton''s rule holds involving the Hamiltonian. This result brings together the power and generality of both the maximum principle and Hamilton''s rule thereby providing a natural framework for understanding the evolution of ''dynamic'' characters under kin selection.     

Morphological variations in a widely distributed Eastern Asian passerine cannot be consistently explained by ecogeographic rules

Ecogeographic rules that describe quantitative relationships between morphologies and climate might help us predict how morphometrics of animals was shaped by local temperature or humidity. Although the ecogeographic rules had been widely tested in animals of Europe and North America, they had not been fully validated for species in regions that are less studied. Here, we investigate the morphometric variation of a widely distributed East Asian passerine, the vinous‐throated parrotbill (Sinosuthora webbiana), to test whether its morphological variation conforms to the prediction of Bergmann''s rule, Allen''s rules, and Gloger''s rule. We at first described the climatic niche of S. webbiana from occurrence records (n = 7838) and specimen records (n = 290). The results of analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) suggested that the plumage coloration of these parrotbills was darker in wetter/warmer environments following Gloger''s rule. However, their appendage size (culmen length, beak volume, tarsi length) was larger in colder environments, the opposite of the predictions of Allen''s rule. Similarly, their body size (wing length) was larger in warmer environments, the opposite of the predictions of Bergmann''s rule. Such disconformity to both Bergmann''s rule and Allen''s rule suggests that the evolution of morphological variations is likely governed by multiple selection forces rather than dominated by thermoregulation. Our results suggest that these ecogeographic rules should be validated prior to forecasting biological responses to climate change especially for species in less‐studied regions.     

巨噬细胞特异性启动子/抗菌肽PR39基因腺病毒载体的构建及其表达

旨在构建由巨噬细胞特异性启动子调控的抗菌肽PR39基因腺病毒表达载体,检测目的基因在小鼠巨噬细胞RAW264.7中的表达。PCR扩增巨噬细胞启动子/抗菌肽PR39成熟肽基因序列,插入腺病毒穿梭载体pAdTrack中,重组穿梭质粒(pAdTrack-SP/PR39)与腺病毒骨架(pAdEasy-1)共转化大肠杆菌BJ5183,通过细菌内同源重组产生重组腺病毒载体(pAd-SP/PR39)。pAd-SP/PR39经PacI线性化后转染293细胞,包装出重组腺病毒(Ad-SP/PR39)。Ad-SP/PR39感染小鼠巨噬细胞RAW264.7,经RT-PCR和免疫细胞化学检测PR39的靶向表达特异性。成功构建了由巨噬细胞特异性启动子调控的抗菌肽PR39基因腺病毒表达载体。包装出的重组腺病毒仍然能感染小鼠巨噬细胞且高效表达抗菌肽PR39。构建的重组腺病毒能够在巨噬细胞中表达抗菌肽PR39基因,为靶向表达抗菌肽在胞内菌感染治疗中的应用奠定了基础。     

斜纹夜蛾核多角体病毒VP39-GST融合蛋白的原核表达

用PCR的方法扩增得到斜纹夜蛾核多角体病毒（Spodoptera litura multicapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus,SpltMNPV）vp39全长基因。将其克隆至原核表达载体pGEX-4T-1上,构建重组表达质粒pGEX-4T-vp39,转化大肠杆菌BL21（DE3）,在1 mmol/L异丙基硫代-β-D-半乳糖苷（IPTG）诱导下超量表达了与理论预测值相符的一个约60 kD的VP39-GST融合蛋白。VP39-GST融合蛋白的成功表达为进一步研究VP39在病毒侵染过程中与宿主细胞成分或病毒粒子蛋白间的相互作用奠定了基础。     

CMY-39型AmpC酶新基因亚型的序列分析与原核表达

目的对弗劳地枸橼酸杆菌所产CMY-39型AmpC酶新基因亚型进行基因克隆和重组表达。方法以产CMY-39型AmpC酶新基因亚型的弗劳地枸橼酸杆菌总基因组DNA为模板,PCR扩增CMY-39,将其克隆入pGEM-T载体后测定该核苷酸序列,再将CMY-39基因克隆到pET-32 a（＋）系统进行重组,重组菌在大肠埃希菌BL21中表达,SDS-PAGE电泳鉴定酶蛋白的表达。结果 PCR扩增出大小为1 146 bp的基因片段,与GenBank上CMY-39的基因序列同源性为99%。大肠埃希菌BL21转化pET-32 a（＋）/CMY-39重组质粒后,AmpC酶三维试验为阳性。此基因能在大肠埃希菌中大量表达,SDS-PAGE电泳显示,蛋白分子质量大约为60 kD。结论此基因为CMY-39新基因亚型,登陆号为HM565135;成功表达重组的CMY-39型酶,为进一步做酶动力学及酶的其他分子生物学特性研究奠定了基础。     

PR-39,一种多功能的抗菌肽

PR－39（proline-arginine-rich)是哺乳动物体内的一种含有39个氨基酸残基的小分子抗菌肽,因其富含脯氨酸而得名。分子量小（4719．7）,结构稳定,具有广谱抗菌活性。近年来许多实验研究表明,PR－39在抗肿瘤,组织修复等方面同样具有生物学作用。     

斜纹夜蛾核多角体病毒(SpltNPV)基因组EcoR I-G片段的序列分析

斜纹夜蛾核多角体病毒(SpltNPV)基因组EcoR I-G片段全长7 450bp,包括7个开放读码框vp39、lef-4、cg30、p91、vp33、tlp20、AcMNPV ORF81同源基因和一个同源区(hr).基因组排列比较分析发现,这些基因在基因组中的排列,在所有已知序列的杆状病毒中都比较保守.     

城市小尺度生态基础设施的设计方法——以雄安新区启动区为例

高速的城市化进程带来一系列生态破坏和环境污染等可持续发展挑战，需要在城市规划阶段尽量规避这些风险。生态基础设施建设倡导生态系统修复和环境协同治理的理念，是新兴城市化背景下指导城市规划的一种有效手段。目前，国内外生态基础设施建设在宏观尺度研究比较系统，而在小尺度的研究相对欠缺。我国社区等小尺度生态基础设施建设，由于规模较小，缺乏网络化构建，导致了建设后雨水内涝、面源污染问题仍层出不穷。构建了一种城市小尺度生态基础设施的设计方法和技术流程，以雄安新区启动区为研究区开展生态基础设施设计：（1）基于实际调研与理论研究分析场地现状，综合考虑自然要素、物理感知、心理感知、生态过程等相关因素构建"廊道为骨，斑块为节"的生态基础设施体系；（2）辨识区域主要动物活动、迁徙以及保护植物多样性等功能生态斑块，构建串联全城提供多种功能的系统性廊道、增加城市内部生态系统服务的结构性廊道、将生态系统服务渗入城市肌理的局部功能性廊道；（3）从景感满意度和年径流总量控制率2个方面进行生态基础设施建设预期效果评估。研究结果有助于缓解雄安新区建设所面临生态环境问题，保障人居生活环境品质，并为今后城市建设工作提供参考。