乳酸杆菌脂磷壁酸抑制脂多糖诱导的大鼠肝脏Kupffer 细胞TLR4 通路 的激活

目的：探讨保加利亚乳酸杆菌脂磷壁酸（Lipoteichoic Acid of ,LBG-LTA）对大鼠肝脏Kupffer细胞 Toll样受体4（Toll-like receptor 4,TLR4）信号通路的作用。方法：雄性健康Wistar大鼠10 只（2 月龄,体重250～300 g）处死后,分 离培养肝脏Kupffer 细胞;培养LBG,并提取制备LBG-LTA;Kupffer 细胞,在有或无LBG-LTA（0.1、1、10 ug/mL）预处理的情况 下,给予脂多糖（lipopolysaccharide,LPS,1 EU/mL）刺激后,Western blot 检测各孔Kupffer细胞的TLR4、TANK 结合激酶1（TANK binding kinase-1,TBK1）及核中的核因子B（nuclear factor-kB,NF-kB）水平,酶联免疫吸附法检测各孔培养上清中的肿瘤坏死因子 alpha（tumor necrosis factor-alpha,TNF-alpha）和白介素1beta（interleukin-1beta,IL-1beta）。结果：分离的Kupffer 细胞经不同浓度LBG-LTA 预处理 后,其在LPS刺激下所表达的TLR4、TBK1、核中NF- kB的水平及生成的TNF-alpha和IL-1茁明显低于无LBG-LTA预处理情况下的 LPS 孔（P<0.05）,且LBG-LTA 的作用呈浓度依赖性。结论：LBG-LTA以浓度依赖的方式抑制了LPS 诱导下大鼠Kupffer细胞 TLR4 通路的激活。     

乳酸杆菌培养上清抑制慢性酒精大鼠小肠上皮TLR4-TBK1通路

目的:探讨保加利亚乳酸杆菌培养上清(supernatant recovered from lactobacillus bulgaricus culture MRS broth,LBG-S)对慢性酒精摄入大鼠小肠上皮细胞Toll样受体4(Toll-like receptor 4,TLR4)-TANK结合激酶-1(TANK binding kinase-1,TBK1)信号通路的作用。方法:雄性健康Wistar大鼠30只(2月龄,体重250~300 g)分为三组:2月龄对照组(即基线对照组),顺应1周后即处死;9月龄对照组,自由取食标准鼠粮及饮用双蒸水7月;慢性酒精组,9月龄,饮用含25%乙醇的双蒸水连续6月。处死大鼠后,分离培养并计数各组大鼠小肠黏膜中的大肠杆菌和乳酸杆菌;分离并培养各组大鼠的小肠上皮细胞,在有或无LBG-S(10μg/m L)预处理的情况下,给予脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide,LPS,10 EU/m L)刺激后,Western blot检测各组大鼠小肠分离上皮细胞中的TLR4及TBK1水平,酶联免疫吸附法检测各组分离小肠上皮细胞培养上清中的肿瘤坏死因子-α(tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)和干扰素-γ(interferon-γ,IFN-γ)。结果:慢性饮酒后,大鼠肠腔内乳酸杆菌数量明显低于相应对照组(P0.05);大肠杆菌数量无明显增加。LPS能明显升高各组分离大鼠小肠上皮细胞TLR4、TBK1以及生成TNF-α和IFN-γ的水平(P0.05),且慢性酒精组升高幅度明显大于2月龄及9月龄对照组(P0.05)。LBG-S的预处理能明显抑制LPS对各组分离大鼠小肠上皮细胞TLR4、TBK1以及生成TNF-α和IFN-γ水平的上调作用(P0.05)。结论:慢性酒精摄入导致大鼠小肠上皮TLR4-TBK1通路对LPS的高敏感性,LBG-S能明显抑制这一高敏感性。     

Toll样受体介导的脂磷壁酸生物学效应

Toll样受体是新近发现的一组介导天然免疫的受体。Toll样受体在革兰阳性茵脂磷壁酸的各生物学效应中发挥了启动作用,Toll样受体的信号通路是最终产生天然免疫的途径,在脂磷壁酸抗感染免疫中Toll样受体2、Toll样受体4起了关键作用。脂磷壁酸在抗肿瘤免疫等其他生物学效应中的作用还有待进一步证实。另外介绍了一些受体相关分子MyD88、MD-2、CDl4,它们在Toll样受体介导的脂磷壁酸各生物学效应的信号传导中起了重要作用。     

双歧杆菌脂磷壁酸对结肠癌细胞抑制增殖和促凋亡的研究

目的 探讨双歧杆菌脂磷壁酸(lipoteichoic acid,LTA)抑制人类结肠癌细胞株HCT116细胞增殖和促进凋亡情况.方法 培养结肠癌细胞株HCT116和提取双歧杆菌LTA;实验分为4组,即LTA低剂量组(20 μg/mL)、中剂量(60 μg/mL)、高剂量(100μg/mL)和HCT116对照组(Control);用四甲基偶氮唑蓝法(MTT)检测LTA对结肠癌细胞增殖的抑制率,流式细胞仪检测LTA对结肠癌细胞周期分布变化和凋亡率,免疫组化分析bcl-2、Cytochrome C和NF-kBp65含量变化,RT-PCR检测TLR2mRNA和TLR4m RNA的表达.结果 MTT法测得LTA各组对结肠癌细胞HCT116均具有较好的抑制(P＜0.01);流式细胞仪检得G0/G1期细胞显著增多(P＜0.01),而G2和S期细胞减少(P＜0.05),细胞凋亡率增加(P＜0.05);免疫组化分析IOD/Area值,bcl-2和NF-kBp65表达显著下调,Cytochrome C显著上升(P＜0.05);RT-PCR测得TLR2 mRNA和TLR4 mRNA的表达均上升(P＜0.05).结论 LTA具有明显的抑制结肠癌细胞增殖和促进凋亡作用,为研制高效、无毒的新型抗结肠癌药物奠定一定的基础.     

Toll样受体在双歧杆菌脂磷壁酸诱导结肠癌细胞凋亡中的作用

目的探讨双歧杆菌脂磷壁酸（LTA）对Toll样受体（TLRs）表达的影响及其与诱导结肠癌细胞凋亡之间的关系。方法用AnnexinV检测在双歧杆菌LTA处理前后结肠癌Lovo细胞凋亡的变化;流式细胞术检测Lovo细胞表面TLRs的表达,并用相应的TLRs封闭抗体作用后,AnnexinV检测经双歧杆菌LTA诱导的Lovo细胞凋亡的变化。结果经双歧杆菌LTA处理后,结肠癌Lovo细胞发生了明显的凋亡,并有一定的时间和剂量依赖关系;结肠癌Lovo细胞有TLR受体的基础表达,经双歧杆菌LTA处理后,TLR2和TLR4在Lovo细胞上的表达增加,其中尤以TLR2增加更为明显;用相应的TLRs抗体封闭作用后,双歧杆菌LTA诱导Lovo细胞凋亡的能力下降。结论双歧杆菌LTA能诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡,并且TLRs特别是TLR2在LTA诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡中可能发挥着主要作用,TLR4可能仅起着协同作用。     

Caspase信号通路在双歧杆菌脂磷壁酸诱导结肠癌细胞凋亡中的作用

目的探讨Caspase信号通路在双歧杆菌脂磷壁酸（LTA）诱导结肠癌细胞凋亡中的作用。方法RT-PCR检测经双歧杆菌LTA处理后,结肠癌Lovo细胞中MyD88和FADD mRNA的表达变化;AnnexinV检测经Caspase通用抑制剂（Z-Val-Ala-Asp-FMK）预先处理后,双歧杆菌LTA诱导结肠癌Lovo细胞凋亡率的变化;荧光法检测经双歧杆菌LTA处理后,Lovo细胞中Caspase-8活性的变化。结果经双歧杆菌LTA处理后,Lovo细胞中MyD88的mRNA表达明显升高（P〈0．05）,而FADD信号分子的mRNA表达无明显变化;双歧杆菌LTA能够增强Lovo细胞中Caspase-8的活性（P〈0．05）,且其诱导Lovo细胞凋亡的作用能够被Caspase抑制剂所抑制（P〈0．05）。结论MyD88信号分子在双歧杆菌LTA诱导Lovo细胞凋亡中可能起着承接上游分子TLRs与下游信号分子FADD的作用;而Caspase信号通路可能是双歧杆菌LTA诱导结肠癌Lovo细胞凋亡的主要信号传导途径。     

有氧运动抑制自发性高血压大鼠心肌中HMGB1/TLR4炎症通路

目的:探讨有氧运动对自发性高血压大鼠心肌中高迁移率族蛋白1(high mobility group box-1 protein, HMGB1)/Toll样受体4(toll like receptor 4,TLR4)炎症通路的影响。方法:成年雄性大鼠分为三组:同源正常血压大鼠(Wistar-Kyoto rats,WKY),自发性高血压大鼠(spontaneoully hypertensive rat, SHR),自发性高血压大鼠运动组(SHR+exercise,SHR+EX)。运动为中等强度跑台运动,自制跑台,倾斜角设置为10度,运动强度逐步增强,持续12周。尾动脉检测血压,收集左心室,Masson染色检测心肌组织纤维化水平,RT-PCR法检测心肌中纤维化相关基因的m RNA水平,ELISA法检测炎症因子白介素6(Interleukin 6, IL-6)和肿瘤坏死因子α(tumor necrosis factor alpha, TNF-α)的蛋白水平,Western blot法检测HMGB1和TLR4的蛋白表达。结果:有氧运动可以明显降低SHR大鼠心肌中HMGB1(P0.05)和TLR4(P0.05)的蛋白表达以及炎症因子IL-6(P0.05)和TNF-α(P0.05)的蛋白水平。经过的有氧运动之后,SHR大鼠的体重(P0.05)、收缩压(P0.05)、舒张压明显降低(P0.05);心肌纤维化水平和心肌中I型胶原(P0.05)、转化生长因子-β(transforming growth factor-β,TGF-β,P0.05)、α平滑肌肌动蛋白(α-smooth muscle actin,α-SMA,P0.05)的m RNA水平出现显著下降。结论:有氧运动可抑制自发性高血压大鼠心肌中HMGB1/TLR4炎症通路。     

双歧杆菌脂磷壁酸对NF-κB在结肠癌细胞中表达的影响

目的探讨双歧杆菌脂磷壁酸（LTA）对NF-κB在结肠癌细胞HCT-116中表达的影响。方法采用免疫细胞化学染色、PAGE及Western blot等,分析经双歧杆菌LTA处理前后,NF-κB蛋白在结肠癌细胞HCT-116中表达的差异。结果经LTA处理后,NF-κB在HCT-116细胞中的表达明显降低,且呈剂量依赖性。结论双歧杆菌LTA可下调NF-κB的表达,对了解LTA诱导HCT-116细胞凋亡的机制提供了一定的实验依据。     

双歧杆菌脂磷壁酸对B16荷瘤小鼠NK细胞受体NKG2D及其配体的影响

目的探讨双歧杆菌脂磷壁酸（LTA）对黑色素瘤B16荷瘤小鼠NK细胞受体NKG2D及其配体的影响。方法将黑色素瘤B16细胞接种于C57BL／6小鼠皮下,待触及肿块后于荷瘤小鼠皮下注射双歧杆菌LTA。采用MTT、流式细胞术（FCM）、RT-PCR方法分别检测经双歧杆菌LTA处理后B16荷瘤小鼠NK细胞杀伤活性、NK细胞NKG2D受体蛋白表达以及肿瘤组织内Rae-1、H60 mRNA表达的变化。结果与对照组相比,经双歧杆菌LTA处理后,B16荷瘤小鼠的NK细胞杀伤活性增强（P〈0．05）,NK细胞受体NKG2D表达明显增加（P〈0．05）,肿瘤组织Rae-1、H60 mRNA表达上升（P〈0．05）,并具有浓度依赖性。结论双歧杆菌LTA能够增强B16荷瘤小鼠NK细胞的杀伤活性,其机制可能与上调NK细胞受体NKG2D的蛋白表达和肿瘤组织Rae-1、H60 mRNA的表达有关。     

Hyaluronic acid fragments evoke Kupffer cells via TLR4 signaling pathway

Kupffer cells, expressing toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), play a central role in hepatic ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. Hyaluronic acid (HA) fragments, degradative products of high-molecular-weight HA (HMW-HA), acquire the ability to activate immune cells under inflammatory conditions. Here we investigated whether HA fragments could activate Kupffer cells and analyzed the underlying mechanism. Kupffer cells were isolated from wild-type mice (WT, C3H/HeN) and TLR4 mutant mice (C3H/HeJ) and HA fragments were produced by the methods of enzyme digestion and chromatography. Then Kupffer cells were stimulated by HA fragments or other control stimuli. The activation of Kupffer cells was estimated as the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines. The activation of p38 MAPK pathway of Kupffer cells was checked and blocking experiments were done as well. The results indicated that HA fragments acquired the ability to activate Kupffer cells in vitro, which was TLR4 dependent and not due to contamination of lipopolysaccharide. Experiments of p38 MAPK kinase inhibition by SB-203580 verified p38 MAPK was required in HA fragments induced Kupffer cells activation. This suggests that HA fragments, degradative products of one of the major glycosaminoglycans of the extracellular matrix, play critical roles in Kupffer cell activation mediated by TLR4 signaling pathway, which is, at least partially, dependent on p38 MAPK activation. These anthors contributed equally to this work Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 30500487 and 30700792)     

In Vivo Delivery of Antisense Oligodeoxynucleotides into Rat Kupffer Cells

Abstract

Kupffer cells play a key role in the pathogenesis of liver diseases. Liver injury is believed to result from an excessive release of cytokines and prostanoids from these cells. A targeted delivery of antisense oligonucleotides into Kupffer cells might reduce or prevent liver injury. In this report, we describe a method in which anionic liposome-encapsulated antisense phosphorothioate oligodeoxynucleotides (S-Oligos) are delivered to Kupffer cells in vivo. Delivery was assessed using an antisense S-Oligo (TJU-2749) targeted against the 3’ untranslated region of rat tumor necrosis factor-α mRNA. At 90 min post-intravenous injection, 90% of the S-Oligo was absorbed from circulation. Of this, 40% was found in the liver and 10% in spleen. Other organs, including lungs, kidneys, muscle, stomach, brain, testes and small intestine, showed only minor incorporation (<5%). Greater than 65% of the liver-associated S-Oligo was found in Kupffer cells. Relative accumulation of S-Oligo in Kupffer cells was 200-fold that of the combined body tissues. For an average injected dose of 1.2 mg antisense/Kg body weight, the intracellular concentration of the S-Oligo attained in Kupffer cells was 65 μM. These studies suggest that liposome-encapsulated delivery provides an efficient means of targeting antisense molecules to Kupffer cells in vivo.     

Exoerythrocytic Merozoites of Plasmodium berghei in Rat Hepatic Kupffer Cells

SYNOPSIS. Liver biopsies of white rates infected by Plasmodium berghei sporozoites were examined by electron microscopy. Intrahepatocytic schizont development was confirmed. In addition, at 60 and 70 h after sporozoite inoculation, exoerythrocytic merozoites were noted in Kupffer cells of liver sinusoids. Although it is theoretically possible that this observation may be of merozoite development in Kupffer cells, the authors suspect that this example of phagocytosis would be one of the host's natural defenses against sporozoite-transmitted malaria.     

Cell Polarity Kinase MST4 Cooperates with cAMP-dependent Kinase to Orchestrate Histamine-stimulated Acid Secretion in Gastric Parietal Cells

The digestive function of the stomach depends on acidification of the gastric lumen. Acid secretion into the lumen is triggered by activation of the PKA cascade, which ultimately results in the insertion of gastric H,K-ATPases into the apical plasma membranes of parietal cells. A coupling protein is ezrin, whose phosphorylation at Ser-66 by PKA is required for parietal cell activation. However, little is known regarding the molecular mechanism(s) by which this signaling pathway operates in gastric acid secretion. Here we show that PKA cooperates with MST4 to orchestrate histamine-elicited acid secretion by phosphorylating ezrin at Ser-66 and Thr-567. Histamine stimulation activates PKA, which phosphorylates MST4 at Thr-178 and then promotes MST4 kinase activity. Interestingly, activated MST4 then phosphorylates ezrin prephosphorylated by PKA. Importantly, MST4 is important for acid secretion in parietal cells because either suppression of MST4 or overexpression of non-phosphorylatable MST4 prevents the apical membrane reorganization and proton pump translocation elicited by histamine stimulation. In addition, overexpressing MST4 phosphorylation-deficient ezrin results in an inhibition of gastric acid secretion. Taken together, these results define a novel molecular mechanism linking the PKA-MST4-ezrin signaling cascade to polarized epithelial secretion in gastric parietal cells.     

Properties of the 12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-Acetate-Stimulated S6 Kinase from Rat Astroglial Cells

The S6 kinase activity of astroglial cells in primary culture stimulated by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) has been studied. This activity was eluted as a single peak at 0.15 M NaCl from a DEAE-Sephacel column. The chromatography of this peak on phosphocellulose revealed an activity eluted at 0.15 M NaCl. This partially purified enzyme had a sedimentation coefficient of 3.7S; Km values were 2 X 10(-5) M for ATP and 10(-6) M for 40S ribosomal subunits. The optimal Mg2+ concentration requirement was 2-3 mM. Mn2+ and Co2+ could substitute for Mg2+ (optimum concentrations 1.5 and 0.8 mM, respectively), but these cations were strong inhibitors in the presence of Mg2+. The enzyme was inhibited by N-ethylmaleimide, indicating that it contained thiol groups. This S6 kinase used ATP, but not GTP, as a phosphate donor, and exhibited great specificity for S6 as phosphate acceptor. Whole histones and protamine were slightly phosphorylated whereas phosvitin, histone H1, and surprisingly the peptide Arg-Arg-Leu-Ser-Ser-Leu-Arg-Ala were not phosphorylated. The TPA-stimulated S6 kinase resembles the insulin-, fibroblast growth factor- and cyclic AMP-stimulated enzymes, suggesting that several pathways might activate the same entity.     

Involvement of Protein Kinase D1 in Signal Transduction from the Protein Kinase C Pathway to the Tyrosine Kinase Pathway in Response to Gonadotropin-releasing Hormone

The receptor for gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) belongs to the G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), and its stimulation activates extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK). We found that the transactivation of ErbB4 was involved in GnRH-induced ERK activation in immortalized GnRH neurons (GT1–7 cells). We found also that GnRH induced the cleavage of ErbB4. In the present study, we examined signal transduction for the activation of ERK and the cleavage of ErbB4 after GnRH treatment. Both ERK activation and ErbB4 cleavage were completely inhibited by YM-254890, an inhibitor of G_q/11 proteins. Down-regulation of protein kinase C (PKC) markedly decreased both ERK activation and ErbB4 cleavage. Experiments with two types of PKC inhibitors, Gö 6976 and bisindolylmaleimide I, indicated that novel PKC isoforms but not conventional PKC isoforms were involved in ERK activation and ErbB4 cleavage. Our experiments indicated that the novel PKC isoforms activated protein kinase D (PKD) after GnRH treatment. Knockdown and inhibitor experiments suggested that PKD1 stimulated the phosphorylation of Pyk2 by constitutively activated Src and Fyn for ERK activation. Taken together, it is highly possible that PKD1 plays a critical role in signal transduction from the PKC pathway to the tyrosine kinase pathway. Activation of the tyrosine kinase pathway may be involved in the progression of cancer.     

Resveratrol Analog 4-Bromo-Resveratrol Inhibits Gastric Cancer Stemness through the SIRT3-c-Jun N-Terminal Kinase Signaling Pathway

Chemotherapy is the treatment of choice for gastric cancer, but the currently available therapeutic drugs have limited efficacy. Studies have suggested that gastric cancer stem cells may play a key role in drug resistance in chemotherapy. Therefore, new agents that selectively target gastric cancer stem cells in gastric tumors are urgently required. Sirtuin-3 (SIRT3) is a deacetylase that regulates mitochondrial metabolic homeostasis to maintain stemness in glioma stem cells. Targeting the mitochondrial protein SIRT3 may provide a novel therapeutic option for gastric cancer treatment. However, the mechanism by which stemness is regulated through SIRT3 inhibition in gastric cancer remains unknown. We evaluated the stemness inhibition ability of the SIRT3 inhibitor 4′-bromo-resveratrol (4-BR), an analog of resveratrol in human gastric cancer cells. Our results suggested that 4-BR inhibited gastric cancer cell stemness through the SIRT3-c-Jun N-terminal kinase pathway and may aid in gastric cancer stem-cell–targeted therapy.