陕西渭河平原地区乌类物种多样性研究

1999年12月－2000年10月,按冬,春,夏,秋四季,在渭河谷地咸阳地区3个阶地上取有代表性的区域作样带调查,记录鸟类种类和数量,分析不同生境鸟类多样性及其变化规律,本次调查共记录到鸟类124种,隶属于15目35科79属,研究表明,该地区的鸟类总体α多样性水平较高,达3．2845,但不同季节各阶地的多样性水平不高,较高的β多样性指数反映了鸟类种类和组成在不同阶地间变化较大,阶地间多样性的差异表明我国渭河平原地区湿地对鸟类多样性有显著的影响,水是限制鸟类分布和栖息的重要因子。     

陕西渭河平原地区鸟类物种多样性研究

1999年12月～2000年10月，按冬、春、夏、秋四季，在渭河谷地咸阳地区３个阶地上取有代表性的区域作样带调查，记录鸟类种类和数量，分析不同生境鸟类多样性及其变化规律。本次调查共记录到鸟类124种，隶属于15目35科79属。研究表明，该地区的鸟类总体α多样性水平较高，达3.2845，但不同季节各阶地的多样性水平不高；较高的β多样性指数反映了鸟类种类和组成在不同阶地间变化较大。阶地间多样性的差异表明我国渭河平原地区湿地对鸟类多样性有显著的影响，水是限制鸟类分布和栖息的重要因子。     

广西环江毛南族自治县风电场拟建区鸟类物种多样性分析

对环江毛南族自治县的风电场拟建区进行鸟类资源的调查和区系分析,结果共记录到136种鸟类共4 667只,隶属于14目20科,鸟类物种丰富度指数S为136,生物多样性指数H为3.905,优势度D为3.273,均匀度J为0.795.区系组成分析显示,调查区域呈现出东洋区的特点.调查结果显示,当地鸟类群落状况良好,但人为破坏生态环境的稳定会对当地的鸟类物种多样性造成影响,需要在开发建设时加强对生态环境的保护.     

北京雾灵山自然保护区冬季鸟类物种多样性调查

采用固定调查样线法连续两年对北京雾灵山自然保护区冬季鸟类组成进行了调查,共记录鸟类7目14科44种,其中29种属于留鸟,5种为冬候鸟,7种旅鸟,3种夏候鸟;优势种以留鸟为主,表现出冬季鸟类群落的特点。古北界和东洋界的种类分别为75％和14％,在分布型上划分为7种类型。出现种类最多的生态环境是村落,鸟类种数为31种,其植被类型是低山砾石、农田林果带。调查种类中有国家一级保护鸟类1种,二级保护鸟类6种,北京市重点保护鸟类6种。通过与邻近地区相关调查比较,表明本区冬季鸟类具有较高的丰富性,并提出了有效保护鸟类多样性的对策。     

物种与物种多样性

本文首先讨论生物物种的科学概念和生物学本质，分析物种客观存在的自然属性和物种概念的局限性，认为物种的生物学属性和物种多样性的科学属性之间有着本质联系。物种多样性研究的实质是研究生物物种的生物学多样性。度量物种多样性程度有多种方法，但物种数目是物种多样性程度最直接、也是最基本的表达，估计物种多样性数目是当前国际上物种多样性研究的核心与热点内容。物种多样性产生的根源是物种形成，物种绝灭速率是维持物种多样性的关键因素。本文简要总结了物种形成与绝灭的基本模式和机制，通过分析生物地理区系与物种多样性研究的密切关系，说明物种的区系成份分析是物种多样性大尺度格局研究的重要内容。     

三峡重庆库区不同鸟类群落的物种组成及多样性研究

1996～1997年,对三峡工程重庆库区的鸟类群落物种组成和种群数量进行了调查,共调查记录库区鸟类15目48科226种,数量18929只。用鸟类数量级划分、Sorensen相似性指数、Shannon-Wiener指数和Pielou指数分析库区各种生境鸟类群落物组成和物种多样性结果表明：1）库区天然林、人工林、灌草丛和水域生境中鸟类群落的组成与农田生境具有较高的相似性,尤以人工林和农田的相似性最高;2）库区人工林生境鸟类群落物种多样性最高;3）库区由于长期以来人类活动的影响,生境日趋单一,已逐渐形成一种以农田灌丛鸟类为主的鸟类生态系统。     

西洞庭湖鸟类物种多样性分析

2003年7月~2005年6月,按月对西洞庭湖的鸟类资源进行调查,共记录到鸟类198种,分属11目39科。其中雀形目和鹳形目占有绝对优势,分别占鸟类群落组成的40.9%和32.8%。各科中,鸭科种类最多,有26种。候鸟134种,占总数的67.7%。豆雁、绿翅鸭、罗纹鸭等为优势种。记录到包括白鹤、白尾海雕、黑鹳、东方白鹳等4种属国家Ⅰ级重点保护物种和大天鹅等21种国家Ⅱ级重点保护物种。对各季度的个体数、物种数和物种多样性指数进行年动态分析表明,个体数和物种数的年动态总体上相似,因受候鸟的影响,季节性明显,物种多样性指数年动态则存在差异。     

北京小龙门林区夏季鸟类群落物种组成及多样性变化

本文研究了小龙门林区夏季鸟类群落物种组成和多样性及其在 1999年～ 2 0 0 3年时间段内的变化。通过野外设置8块样地 ,采用网捕环志、望远镜观察、鸣叫识别三种方法统计 ,得到了以下结论 :山雀科 (Paridae)、长尾山雀科 (Aegithalidae)、翁鸟科 (Muscicapidae)为该地区的优势科 ,银喉长尾山雀 (Aegithaloscaudatus)、大山雀 (Parusmajor)、褐头山雀 (Parusmontanus)、冠纹柳莺 (Phylloscopusreguloides)为该地区的优势种 ;林区鸟类物种及生物多样性丰富 ,且在研究阶段内呈现逐渐增长的趋势 ;另外 ,通过分析也发现林区内空间距离是决定不同森林生境类型间鸟类群落相似程度的主要因素 ,这些结论对于太行山生态恢复工程如何继续实施有重要意义。     

中国不同地理区域鸟兽物种丰富度的相关性

生物类群之间物种丰富度的相关性研究是当前物种多样性研究中的热点问题之一,目前,中国尚无相关的研究报道。我们收集了中国三种区域类型：动物地理亚区、行政区和保护区的鸟兽名录,分析了行政区与保护区、动物地理区和经纬度带中鸟兽物种数比值及其相关性。 结果表明：不同区域、动物地理区和经纬度带中鸟兽物种数都显著相关。保护区尺度鸟兽物种 数的相关系数为0.818和动物地理区中的华北区为0.768,其他所有区域和地理区域的鸟兽物 种数的相关系数都高于0.850。因此,鸟兽物种数的相关关系在一定程度上具有预测价值。我们发现不同区域鸟兽物种数比值无显著性差异;但是,不同区域间鸟兽物种数 比值差异显著。该比值在中国呈中间低四周高的分布趋势,其中东北地区最高。我们还利用历史累积调查数据与非历史累积调查数据进行了鸟兽物种数比值及其相关性分析,发现利用累积数据计算的相关性低于非累积数据计算的相关性,但利用累积数据计算的鸟兽物 种数比值高于非累积数据计算的比值。最后,探讨了为什么鸟类与兽类的物种数目会相关。我们根据物种－面积公式,S=CA^Z,导出了两个生物类群物种丰富度的相关关 系式。利用全国不同区域数据拟合,得到Z₁/Z₂＝0.913,Z₁/Z₂接近于1。于是 ,C₁/C2可视为近似等于R_am。本研究可推广到其他不同生物类群物种。物种数量的相关关系为快速评估区域的物种多样性提供了一条途径。     

物种濒危等级划分与物种保护

介绍了国际与国内濒危物种等级最新标准。探讨了濒危物处等级的划分标准存在的问题和物种的保护优先序。介绍了确定物种保护优先序时的两种不同观点。     

Quantitative criteria for species delimitation

Species are the fundamental units of biology, ecology and conservation, and progress in these fields is therefore hampered by widespread taxonomic bias and uncertainty. Numerous operational techniques based on molecular or phenotypic data have been designed to overcome this problem, yet existing procedures remain subjective or inconsistent, particularly when applying the biological species concept. We address this issue by developing quantitative methods for a classic technique in systematic zoology, namely the use of divergence between undisputed sympatric species as a yardstick for assessing the taxonomic status of allopatric forms. We calculated mean levels of differentiation in multiple phenotypic characters – including biometrics, plumage and voice – for 58 sympatric or parapatric species‐pairs from 29 avian families. We then used estimates of mean divergence to develop criteria for species delimitation based on data‐driven thresholds. Preliminary tests show that these criteria result in relatively few changes to avian taxonomy in Europe, yet are capable of extensive reassignment of species limits in poorly known tropical regions. While we recognize that species limits are in many cases inherently arbitrary, we argue that our system can be applied to the global avifauna to deliver taxonomic decisions with a high level of objectivity, consistency and transparency.     

DNA-based species delimitation in algae

Given the problems of species delimitation in algae using morphology or sexual compatibility, molecular data are becoming the standard for delimiting species and testing their traditional boundaries. The idea that species are separately evolving metapopulation lineages, along with theoretical progress in phylogenetic and population genetic analyses, has led to the development of new methods of species delimitation. We review these recent developments in DNA-based species delimitation methods, and discuss how they have changed and continue to change our understanding of algal species boundaries. Although single-locus approaches have proven effective for a first rapid and large-scale assessment of species diversity, species delimitation based on single gene trees falls short due to gene tree–species tree incongruence, caused by confounding processes like incomplete lineage sorting, trans-species polymorphism, hybridization and introgression. Data from unlinked loci and multi-species coalescent methods, which combine principles from phylogenetics and population genetics, may now be able to account for these complicating factors. Several of these methods also provide statistical support regarding species boundaries, which is important because speciation is a process and therefore uncertainty about precise species boundaries is inevitable in recently diverged lineages.     

Avian species diversity in different habitat types in and around North Nandi Forest,Kenya

Forest fragmentation and degradation leads to formation of modified habitats whose ability to support existing avifaunal diversity is still largely unknown. Bird diversity in indigenous forest, disturbed forest, plantation forest and farmlands adjacent to North Nandi Forest reserve was studied between January 2015 and June 2015. The distribution of bird feeding guilds in these habitat patches was also evaluated. Birds were surveyed using point counts, timed species counts and line transects and classified into six feeding guilds. A total of 3,232 individual birds of 151 species were recorded in the four habitats. Significant difference on bird abundance across the four habitats (F = 15.141, P ≤ 0.05, df = 3, 1121) was noted. Shannon–Weiner diversity index H′ for bird community ranged from 3.06 for plantation forest to 4.05 for disturbed forest showing a relatively diverse bird community. Insectivores (F = 3.090, P ≤ 0.05, df = 3, 297) dominated the foraging species assemblage in all the habitats significantly. Linear regression analysis revealed a strong linear relationship on bird species richness and abundance with vegetation variables (P < 0.01 in all cases). The results indicate that disturbed forest and indigenous forest support high bird species richness than plantation forest and farmlands. However, high bird abundance was observed in farmlands and plantation forest as opposed to indigenous forest and disturbed forest as they provide dispersal routes over a short distance and are important for creating corridors between primary forests.     

Multidisciplinary approaches for species delimitation in Sisyrinchium (Iridaceae)

A remarkable morphological similarity in natural populations of different groups of Sisyrinchium spp. (Iridaceae) makes classification of some species difficult. The present paper focused on two morphological categories of S. sellowianum (MC‐I and MC‐II) with distinct morphological traits. Morphological, cytogenetic, reproductive biology and genetic studies were performed, aiming to elucidate and better characterize such variation. The basic chromosome number established for the species was x = 9 and diploid and tetraploid populations were observed for MC‐I, whereas MC‐II showed only diploid populations. Different pollen morphologies were recognized in each morphological category. Based on pollination experiments, MC‐I is out‐crossing, whereas MC‐II is selfing. The populations were highly differentiated (F_ST = 0.46, θ^B = 0.62). In MC‐I, observed variation was greater within populations (69%) than among populations (31%), whereas in MC‐II, 61% of the variation was among populations and 39% within populations. This study evidenced that the two morphological categories correspond to distinct and reproductively isolated species and that floral traits reflect their breeding system, with allogamous plants in MC‐I and autogamous in MC‐II. Furthermore, MC‐II is unveiled as S. platycaule, a neglected taxon of Sisyrinchium in Brazil. The tools applied in this study were substantially able to check the identity of the two morphological categories as two different species and present the variation encountered in the taxa.     

豫东平原蚂蚁群落结构及物种多样性

在2006年4、5月对豫东平原5种生境(人工林地、荒地、农田区、居民区和山丘)的蚂蚁进磊了广泛的调查,共获得蚂蚁62703只,隶属于5亚科,18属,43种.结果表明:5种生境中蚂蚁群落种类、组成和多样性等指标均不相同;人为干扰越强的生境,蚂蚁群落多样性指数越低;质量和异质性越高的生境,蚂蚁群落多样性指数越高.     

Coalescent-based species delimitation in an integrative taxonomy

The statistical rigor of species delimitation has increased dramatically over the past decade. Coalescent theory provides powerful models for population genetic inference, and is now increasingly important in phylogenetics and speciation research. By applying probabilistic models, coalescent-based species delimitation provides clear and objective testing of alternative hypotheses of evolutionary independence. As acquisition of multilocus data becomes increasingly automated, coalescent-based species delimitation will improve the discovery, resolution, consistency, and stability of the taxonomy of species. Along with other tools and data types, coalescent-based species delimitation will play an important role in an integrative taxonomy that emphasizes the identification of species limits and the processes that have promoted lineage diversification.     

物种概念及其界定

半世纪以来,物种概念的定义备受关注,不同研究方向的生物学家提出24种不同或至少有分歧的物种概念,根据其不同的物种概念,物种的界定和物种的数量会出现很大的差异。人们普遍认同:物种是进化分离的微居群谱系,但把谱系分离过程中获得的特征如生殖隔离、可鉴定性、单系统发生等视为鉴定物种次级特征却有不同的声音。该文提出统一的物种概念,把谱系进化分离作为物种界定的唯一而又必要的特征,把谱系分离过程中获得的次级特征作为界定谱系分离的证据。鉴于此,物种概念间的分歧就会化解。其一,物种概念化与物种界定明显分开,不再混淆;其二,谱系的次级特征只与物种界定有关,在某种程度上为谱系分离提供证据;第三,若能把合理解释的任何一个特征作为某物种客观存在的证据,这样更多的特征更能确定谱系分离;最后最重要的是,统一物种概念使我们解放思想,扬弃传统的物种界定标准,探求物种界定的新思路。     

渭河平原地区夏季鸟类群落结构

在渭河平原咸阳地区选取有代表性的7种生境,采用样带法取样,选用Shannon-Wiener、Pielou指数和多元变量分析法进行鸟类群落结构分析。共发现63种鸟类,隶属于13目29属47科。7个样区的鸟类组成表明水域面积是影响特定鸟类（水鸟）分布的重要因子。α多样性指数和干扰程度呈线性关系（Y=2.945-0.352X)。而中等偏上的均匀度表明不同样区种群的分布较为均匀。进一步对鸟类群落结构进行聚类分析、多维尺度分析以及主分量分析后表明：按照人为干扰程度的大小将7个样区划分为3－4个群落组合;多维尺度分析的结果比聚类分析的结果更接近实际情况;在人为干扰的前提下,类似生境（相同高程或相近水域面积）鸟类群落的相似性程度并不高。