反复呼吸道感染患儿血清微量元素及体液免疫水平测定及临床意义

目的:探讨反复呼吸道感染患儿血清微量元素及体液免疫水平测定及其临床意义。方法:选取2016年1月至2017年1月在我院接受治疗的反复呼吸道感染患儿64例作为观察组,另外选取同期来我院体检的健康儿童60例作为对照组,比较两组儿童血清微量元素钙(Ca)、铁(Fe)、铜(Cu)、锌(Zn)、镁(Mg)等的水平、体液免疫因子免疫球蛋白A(IgA)、免疫球蛋白M(IgM)、免疫球蛋白G(IgG)水平及血清补体C3、C4、C5水平,并分析其相关性。结果:观察组患儿血清Ca、Fe、Zn水平显著低于对照组儿童(P0.05),两组儿童血清Cu、Mg水平比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。观察组患儿血清IgA、IgM、IgG水平低于对照组儿童(P0.05)。两组儿童血清补体C3、C4、C5水平比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。经Pearson相关性分析可得:反复呼吸道感染患儿血清Ca、Fe、Zn与血清IgA、IgM、IgG水平呈正相关(P0.05)。结论:反复呼吸道感染患儿存在血清Ca、Fe、Zn微量元素缺乏及血清IgA、IgM、IgG水平降低现象,且它们之间具有正相关关系,可能共同促进反复呼吸道感染的发生。     

青岛地区2010 年2044 例儿童微量元素测量结果分析

目的:了解青岛地区2010年儿童体内微量元素水平。方法:随机抽样2010年来我院健康查体的2044例儿童,分别测量末梢血Cu、Zu、Ca、Mg、Fe、Pb、Cd 7种元素水平,将结果按年龄分组进行统计分析。结果:各年龄段儿童均无Cu、Mg两种元素的缺乏和Cd元素的超标;Zn、Ca、Fe三种元素在不同年龄段儿童中均有不同程度缺乏,且含量及缺乏率的差异在不同年龄段均有统计学意义(P<0.05);Pb仅有22个超标。结论:微量元素整体水平不容乐观,并且不同年龄段儿童中的含量水平及缺乏程度差异较大,了解这种年龄差异对指导不同时期儿童的保健工作有重要意义。     

青岛地区2010年2044例儿童微量元素测量结果分析

目的：了解青岛地区2010年儿童体内微量元素水平。方法：随机抽样2010年来我院健康查体的2044例儿童,分别测量末梢血Cu、Zu、Ca、Mg、Fe、Pb、Cd7种元素水平,将结果按年龄分组进行统计分析。结果：各年龄段儿童均无Cu、Mg两种元素的缺乏和Cd元素的超标;Zn、Ca、Fe三种元素在不同年龄段儿童中均有不同程度缺乏,且含量及缺乏率的差异在不同年龄段均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;Pb仅有22个超标。结论：微量元素整体水平不容乐观,并且不同年龄段儿童中的含量水平及缺乏程度差异较大,了解这种年龄差异对指导不同时期儿童的保健工作有重要意义。     

微波消解-ICP-AES法测定硫熏对党参重金属及微量元素含量的影响

采用硝酸消解党参,建立电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法(ICP-AES)测定党参及硫磺熏蒸党参药材的重金属(Cu、Cd、Pb、Hg、As)及微量元素(Al、Cr、Fe、Mg、Zn、P、K、Ca)含量变化,研究传统硫磺熏蒸方法对党参重金属及微量元素含量的影响。结果表明,党参经硫磺熏蒸后镉(Cd)含量增加63.51%,铅(Pb)含量增加35.47%,砷(As)含量增加108.63%。Fe含量减少36.64%,K含量减少20.48%。党参硫磺熏蒸后重金属及微量元素含量有显著变化,应加强检测,以便全面评价和控制党参药材质量,确保临床用药安全。     

贵阳花溪区石灰土林地土壤重金属含量特征及其污染评价

选取贵阳市花溪区典型石灰土林地土壤作为研究对象,分析了林地石灰岩和土壤中7种重金属(Cu、Zn、Mn、Cd、Ni、Pb、Co)的含量特征,以贵州省土壤背景值和全国石灰(岩)土类背景值为评价标准进行林地土壤重金属污染评价和潜在生态风险评价.结果表明:林地石灰岩以Pb的平均含量(40.21mg·kg-1)最高,Zn的(5.78 mg·kg-1)最低,7种重金属平均含量高低顺序为:Pb＞Ni＞Mn＞Co＞Cu＞Cd＞Zn;林地土壤中以Mn的平均含量(451.16 mg·kg-1以上)最高,Cd的(2.87mg·kg-1以下)最低,7种重金属含量的变异系数在8.57%～63.10%之间,Zn的平均含量明显低于贵州省土壤背景值和全国石灰(岩)土类背景值,Cu、Mn、Cd、Pb、Ni、Co的平均含量高于或接近于贵州省土壤背景值和全国石灰(岩)土类背景值.Cu、Zn、Mn、Ni、Co,Ni与Pb,Cd与Pb,Cd与Co来源相同的可能性较大,而Cd与Cu、Ni,Pb与Mn、Cu、Co的来源不同;石灰土偏碱性,富含Ca、Mg元素,有利于重金属Cd、Pb的累积.单因子污染指数和多因子综合指数(内梅罗指数法)与Hakanson潜在生态危害指数的评价结果一致,林地土壤重金属综合污染指数在3.67以上,达到重污染程度,以Cd的污染指数(4.94以上)最高,污染程度最为严重,其次是Pb(1.82以上),Zn、Mn污染程度最低,林地土壤重金属潜在生态危害指数(RI)为173.75以上,为中度生态危害程度,产生最大生态危害的是Cd,其次是Pb、Ni、Co、Cu,危害程度最小的是Mn、Zn,在相同的成土母岩和人为活动影响下,无林地土壤重金属的综合污染指数和潜在生态危害指数均明显高于有林地.     

长沙城市森林土壤7种重金属含量特征及其潜在生态风险

采用调查分析方法,研究长沙城市森林土壤Zn、Cu、Ni、Pb、As、Cd、Hg7种重金属含量,并以长沙市土壤背景值和湖南省土壤背景值为参比值,采用Hakanson潜在生态危害指数法评价不同城市化梯度森林土壤重金属潜在生态风险.结果表明:7种重金属的平均含量均随着城市化程度提高而增加,Pb增幅最大,As增幅最小.同一城市化梯度森林土壤均以Zn平均含量最高,Cd最低,但均未超过土壤环境质量标准(GB15618-1995)Ⅱ级标准值.在城市中心区,桂花树林、樟树+桂花树混交林土壤Zn、Cu、Pb、As、Hg平均含量普遍较高,而樟树+马尾松混交林、桂花树+杜英混交林土壤Cu、Ni、As、Cd、Hg平均含量普遍较低,Pb、Zn空间分布差异明显,Cd、Ni、As空间分布比较均匀,Cu、Ni、Pb、As、Cd、Hg之间(除Cd与As、Ni之间外)均存在显著(P＜0.05)或极显著(P＜0.01)的相关性,与土壤有机质之间也呈显著(P＜0.05)或极显著(P＜0.01)的相关性,Zn、Cu、Ni、Pb、As、Cd、Hg主要是人为输入;中心区森林土壤重金属的潜在生态危害已达到中等生态危害程度,边缘区接近中等生态危害程度,郊区为轻微生态危害程度,Zn、Cu、Ni、Pb、As均为轻微生态危害程度,Cd、Hg已达到中等生态危害程度以上.     

不同土壤生境下斑茅对重金属的富集特征

为了筛选Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd多重金属离子的富集植物,对不同土壤生境(铜铁矿、钨矿、铅锌矿和无矿场污染)的优势种斑茅(Saccharum arundinaceum(Retz.)Jeswiet)对Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd离子富集情况进行了调查。结果表明,斑茅对Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd离子有富集优势并以Cu富集显著,斑茅根系土壤与斑茅地上部Cu含量存在相关性(P<0.05),斑茅对Pb和Cd的富集与转运存在极显相关性(P<0.01);在强酸、多金属污染弃耕农田土壤中,斑茅不仅符合Cu超富集植物的特征,而且其对Zn、Pb和Cd3种重金属的富集系数和转运系数均>1。在Cd、Cu、Pb和Zn均低于国家土壤环境质量二级标准(GB15618-1995)的弃耕农田中,斑茅对Cu、Zn和Cd的富集系数均>1。研究表明,斑茅可以作为Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd多金属污染土壤的富集植物进行人工修复。     

海南岛86种植物的化学成分特点及元素间的关系研究

收集了海南岛49个植物采样点约300个样品,用光谱法和化学法测定了植物中大量元素(N、P、K、Ca、Mg)和微量元素(Zn、Cu、Mo、Pb、Cr、Ni、Cd、Fe、As、Hg)的含量。在应用数理统计处理数据的基础上,对海南岛86种植物的化学成分特点及各元素间的相关关系进行了分析和讨论,初步建立海南岛植物元素间的相关方程式,从而可了解元素间含量变化的特征。     

包头南海子湿地三种鹭鸟羽毛与环境中重金属含量的关系

于2016年7至10月采用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法(ICP-OES),测定了内蒙古包头南海子湿地繁殖期过后的白琵鹭(Platalea leucorodia)、苍鹭(Ardea cinerea)和夜鹭(Nycticorax nycticorax)3种鹭鸟初级飞羽及环境因子(水、土壤、食物)中As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb、Zn、Fe、Mn、Hg 10种重金属的含量,采用单因素方差分析方法比较了不同鹭鸟种类羽毛重金属含量差异,并通过生物富集系数及Pearson相关性检验分析了羽毛与环境因子间重金属含量之间的关系,以揭示包头南海子湿地环境中重金属污染现状及生物富集特征。结果表明:(1)被检测的10种重金属中,As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Pb、Zn、Hg 7种元素在湿地环境中均已超标,尤其土壤中Fe、Zn、Cu已达到重度污染的程度。(2)不同重金属元素在鹭鸟羽毛中的含量存在差异,其中Fe元素在白琵鹭羽毛中的含量水平最高(388.77 mg/kg),Cd元素在夜鹭羽毛中的含量最低(0.12 mg/kg)。在鹭鸟羽毛中重金属含量由高至低的顺序分别为,白琵鹭Fe、Zn、Mn、Cu、Hg、Cr、Ni、Pb、As、Cd,苍鹭Zn、Fe、Cu、Cr、Ni、As、Mn、Hg、Pb、Cd,夜鹭Zn、Fe、Mn、Cu、Ni、Pb、Hg、Cr、As、Cd。除Pb和Cd元素外,其他8种元素含量在3种鹭鸟羽毛中的含量种间差异显著。(3)相关分析表明,鹭鸟羽毛中的重金属含量与环境因子中的重金属含量显著相关且呈现富集特征,为此可作为监测当地环境污染的指示性材料。     

铜尾矿库剑叶金鸡菊根际尾矿和植株的重金属元素含量及相关性分析

以安徽省铜陵市杨山冲铜尾矿库复垦区(覆土复垦)和未复垦区生长的剑叶金鸡菊(Coreopsis lanceolata Linn.)为研究对象,对2个区域剑叶金鸡菊根际尾矿的基本理化性质和6种重金属元素含量进行了比较,并对2个区域剑叶金鸡菊不同器官的重金属元素含量及其转移系数和富集系数,以及Ca和总磷含量及其比值(R)进行了比较;在此基础上,对不同器官重金属元素含量与根际尾矿相应重金属元素含量以及相应器官Ca和总磷含量及R值进行了Pearson相关性分析。结果表明:2个区域的根际尾矿均偏碱性;复垦区根际尾矿的电导率及有机质、总碳、总氮、总磷、速效磷、速效钾、Cu、Zn、Pb和Cd含量均高于未复垦区;并且,2个区域根际尾矿的Cu、Zn、As和Cd含量均超过国家土壤二级标准。2个区域剑叶金鸡菊各器官的Cu、Zn和Mn含量均较高,而Pb、Cd和As含量较低;主根和须根的Cu和As含量以及茎叶的Cd和Zn含量均较高。与未复垦区相比,复垦区剑叶金鸡菊主根的Zn、Pb、Cd、Mn和As含量较高,而茎叶的重金属元素含量却较低。2个区域剑叶金鸡菊中Cd的转移系数最大,而Cu和As的转移系数分别为最小和未检出;并且,复垦区剑叶金鸡菊中Zn、Pb、Cd和Mn的转移系数显著(P0.05)低于未复垦区。2个区域剑叶金鸡菊不同器官重金属元素的富集系数大多较低。另外,复垦区剑叶金鸡菊主根的Ca和总磷含量以及须根和茎叶的总磷含量均高于未复垦区。相关性分析结果表明:剑叶金鸡菊主根和须根的Pb含量与根际尾矿的Pb含量分别呈显著和极显著(P0.01)正相关,茎叶的Cu和Zn含量与根际尾矿的相应重金属元素含量分别呈极显著和显著负相关;主根的Mn含量与Ca和总磷含量呈显著正相关;须根的Cd和As含量与Ca含量分别呈极显著和显著负相关,Mn含量与总磷含量呈显著负相关;茎叶的Cu、Zn和Cd含量与Ca含量以及Cu和Mn含量与R值均呈显著正相关,Mn含量与Ca含量呈极显著正相关。综合分析结果显示:剑叶金鸡菊对6种重金属元素均有一定的吸收和积累能力,属于多重金属耐性植物;并且,覆土复垦可显著降低重金属元素从剑叶金鸡菊根部向茎叶转移,建议将其作为Cu和As污染地植物固定修复的物种。     

Ectogenesis and the case against the right to the death of the foetus

Ectogenesis, or the use of an artificial womb to allow a foetus to develop, will likely become a reality within a few decades, and could significantly affect the abortion debate. We first examine the implications for Judith Jarvis Thomson’s violinist analogy, which argues for a woman’s right to withdraw life support from the foetus and so terminate her pregnancy, even if the foetus is granted full moral status. We show that on Thomson’s reasoning, there is no right to the death of the foetus, and abortion is not permissible if ectogenesis is available, provided it is safe and inexpensive. This raises the question of whether there are persuasive reasons for the right to the death of the foetus that could be exercised in the context of ectogenesis. Eric Mathison and Jeremy Davis have examined several arguments for this right, doubting that it exists, while Joona Räsänen has recently criticized their reasoning. We respond to Räsänen’s analysis, concluding that his arguments are unsuccessful, and that there is no right to the death of the foetus in these circumstances.     

On the diversity of the Cladocera in the tropics

The mythical concept of an impoverished tropical cladoceran fauna is refuted. On a planetary scale, around half of the cladoceran species presently known occur exclusively in the tropics-subtropics, often with considerable restriction to particular geographical subzones. On a regional (political) scale, the situation is often unclear because of the continued fragmentary nature of studies, and because political units are not a good basis for biogeographical comparisons. At the finest level of resolution (lake-perlake comparisons), there appears to be an upper limit of c. 50 cladoceran species per individual lake. No significant difference between lakes in the temperate zone and in the tropics could be established here. Daphnia is largely absent from the tropics, but is replaced by more Sidids, Moinids, and Bosminids, such that the average cladoceran community in the limnetic zone of a tropical lake is not characterized by less species but rather by lower population densities. This, in turn, is considered a consequence of higher prevalent predation levels in the tropics.     

Tubular networks in the terminal endings of the visual receptor cells in the human,the monkey,the cat and the dog

Summary A tubular network was found in the terminal endings of the visual receptor cells in the human, the monkey (Macaca mulatta), the cat and the dog. These tubules are arranged in close groups in the vicinity of the synaptic lamellae and the invaginated dendrites. According to the form, diameter, density of the tubules and to the consistence of the network formed by them one can distinguish at these places an initial type (type I), a transitory (type II) and a vesicular one (type III). In the the type III branching, bizarre forms are frequent. The diameter of all the tubules reaches 500–600 Å, their density and walls being the same as in the synaptic vesicles.Similar networks also occur in the axons of the visual receptor cells of the monkey.

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Zusammenfassung In den Endigungen der Photorezeptorzellen von Mensch, Affe (Macaca mulatta), Katze und Hund kommen aus Tubuli bestehende Komplexe vor. Organellenartig in geschlossenen Gruppen angeordnet, liegen sie in Nähe der synaptischen Lamellen und der invaginierten Dendriten. An diesen Stellen kann man nach Form, Durchmesser, Dichte und Konsistenz der von den Tubuli gebildeten Komplexe drei Typen unterscheiden: 1. einen initialen (Typus I), 2. einen Übergangstypus (Typus II) und 3. einen vesiculären Typus (Typus III). In letzterem kommen häufig verzweigte, bizarre Formen vor. Der Durchmesser sämtlicher Tubuli erreicht 500–600 Å. Ihre Dichte und ihre Wand gleicht denen der synaptischen Vesikel.Ähnliche Komplexe fanden wir auch in den Axonen der Photorezeptorzellen vom Affen.

     

Assessing the Physiological State of the Fucoids from the Barents Sea Littoral by the End of the Polar Night

Methods of amperometry and potentiometric titration were used to follow dark respiration (DR) and apparent photosynthesis (AP) in the fucoids Ascophyllum nodosum (L.) Le Jol, Fucus vesiculosus L., and F. serratus L. from the Barents Sea littoral by the end of the 40-day-long polar night. The macroalgae were shown to manifest species-specific low rates of photosynthesis and respiration. However, in spite of their low photosynthetic status due to the effects of subzero temperature and prolonged low or zero illumination, the macroalgae have been able to restore DR and AP to the initial level already by the day 9; the ability to restore AP depended on the level of illumination. The study of the changes in the carbonate–bicarbonate system in the light and darkness demonstrated that the macroalgae grown in darkness, in contrast to those grown in twilight, could absorb bicarbonate in darkness; however, they lost this capacity after two-day-long illumination at an irradiance of 7 mol/(m² s). Bicarbonate uptake in darkness and the capacity to restore the systems of photosynthesis and respiration in fucoid cells are discussed in the context of algal energy metabolism under the polar night conditions.     

Arranging the elements of the potassium channel: the T1 domain occludes the cytoplasmic face of the channel

The voltage-gated potassium channel is currently one of the few membrane proteins where functional roles have been mapped onto specific segments of sequence. Although high-resolution structures of the transmembrane portions of three bacterial potassium channels, the tetramerization domain and the cytoplasmic ball are available, their relative spatial arrangement in mammalian channels remains a matter of ongoing debate. Cryo-electron microscopic images of the six transmembrane voltage-gated Kv channel have been reconstructed at up to 18 Å resolution, revealing that the T1 domain tetramerizes and is suspended below the transmembrane segments. However, the resolution of these images is insufficient to reveal the location of the third piece of the puzzle, the inactivating ball domain. We have used the aberrant interactions observed in a series of chimæric channels to establish that an assembled T1 domain restricts access to the cytoplasmic face of the channel, suggesting that the N-terminal ball and chain may be confined in the space between the T1 domain and the transmembrane portion of the channel.     

Feeding the vertebrate retina from the Cambrian to the Tertiary

The retina of the vertebrate eye is metabolically active and requires nutritive support. During the last 540 million years it has evolved into forms as complicated and nutritionally demanding as those found in avian or primate eyes. Diffusion from the choroid is generally able to supply the metabolic needs of thin retinae. However, when the thickness exceeds the limits of diffusion, structures are needed to supplement the vascular supply from the choroid. These supplemental nutritive devices include the choroidal gland, the falciform process and preretinal vascular plexus of fish, the conus papillaris of lizards, the pecten oculi of birds, the intraretinal vessels of mammals and a few novel systems that remain difficult to classify. These vascular systems are among the most variable features of the vertebrate eye. Here, we review classical and recent findings regarding such retinal nutrition systems, propose a three category classification for them based on histologic origins and speculate on the evolutionary forces which drove their development.     

Observations on the permeability of the choriocapillaris of the eye

Summary The choriocapillaris is a fenestrated capillary bed located posterior to the retinal pigment epithelium. It serves as the main source of supply to the photoreceptors, retinal pigment epithelium, and other cells of the outer retina. The permeability of these capillaries to intravenously injected ferritin (MW — approx. 480,000; mol. diam. 11 nm) was examined in the mouse, rabbit, and guinea pig, each of which is characterized by a different type of retinal vascularization. In all three species, the bulk of the ferritin remained in the capillary lumina, where it appeared to be blocked at the level of the diaphragmed fenestrae. Some ferritin was present in endothelial cell vacuoles. The results confirm previous work on the rat choriocapillaris and indicate that the barrier function of the choriocapillary endothelium is present even among species in which the retinal circulation differs significantly.Supported by NIH grant EY03418     

Separation of the pineal vesicle from the wall of the third ventricle during the post-hatching development of the chicken

Summary According to light- and electron-microscopic observations the pineal organ of the 3-day-old chicken consists of a prominent end vesicle and a tapering parenchymal stalk. During this stage the pineal lumen is in open communication with the third ventricle. However, in the 40-day-old chicken, which still possesses a well-developed end vesicle, the proximal portion of the pineal stalk displays regressive changes leading to local fragmentation. At this stage the pineal stalk is reduced, and the pineal lumen is missing. In 1-year-old chickens the parenchyma of the proximal portion of the stalk is further diminished, and in 3-year-old domestic fowl is completely displaced by bundles of collagenous fibers, only some nerve fibers being present. This post-hatching pineal development may reflect the sequence of changes leading from pineal sense organs to pineal glands.This work was supported by a grant-in-aid for Scientific Research from the Ministry of Education, Science and Culture of Japan