椎弓根钉置入内固定治疗胸腰椎骨折的应用进展

目的:分析椎弓根钉置入内固定治疗胸腰椎骨折的应用。方法:采用计算机检索CNKI数据库,在检索词处输入椎弓根钉、内固定、胸腰椎骨折、进展等检索词。选择与椎弓根钉置入生物力学分析、解剖学基础以及临床应用相关的文献。共选入文献5篇。结果:椎弓根钉置入内固定可以帮助患者神经管得到全面有效的改善,其作用机理是能够有效恢复生理弧度以及椎体高度,恢复移位骨块结构同时进行有效固定,从而提供更好的生物力学稳定性。随着医学技术的不断发展,胸腰椎骨折的治疗方式越来越多,但椎弓根钉置入内固定依然是治疗的基础。结论:在对胸腰椎骨折患者进行治疗的过程中,选择采用椎弓根钉置入内固定治疗,能够起到良好的治疗效果,矫正畸形同时维持脊柱三维位置,临床中值得推广使用。     

人工半骨盆假体置换联合腰椎椎弓根螺钉固定术后生物力学的有限元分析

目的:建立人工半骨盆假体置换与联合腰椎椎弓根螺钉固定后的三维有限元模型,评价腰骶段生物力学改变后半骨盆假体力学结构的特点。方法:采用CT薄层扫描采集原始数据,分别建立正常骨盆、半骨盆假体置换术后以及半骨盆假体置换联合腰椎椎弓根螺钉固定术后骨盆的三维有限元模型,分别在第4腰椎上终板平面施以500 N的垂直纵向载荷,分析不同骨盆模型的应力分布特点。结果:与正常骨盆有限元模型相比,半骨盆假体置换术后健侧骨盆应力分布以骶髂关节、髋臼窝及耻骨为主,置换侧半骨盆假体以耻骨连接棒、髋臼杯及髂骨座为主,最大应力出现在耻骨连接棒,应力峰值为65.62 MPa。联合腰椎椎弓根螺钉固定后健侧应力相对减小,置换侧髂骨固定座与骶骨固定处应力相对减小,应力分布以腰椎椎弓根钉棒、耻骨连接棒及髋臼杯为主,最大应力出现在椎弓根螺钉,应力峰值为107 MPa。结论:半骨盆假体置换联合腰椎椎弓根螺钉固定后钉棒分担了半骨盆置换后健侧骨盆及置换侧髂骨固定座与骶骨固定处附近的部分应力,缓解应力集中现象,降低术后骨盆破坏风险,一定程度上增加了半骨盆置换后骨盆的稳定性。     

椎弓根螺钉抗拔出强度的生物力学测试

目的:分析骨密度(bone mineral density,BMD)和植入角度对椎弓根螺钉拔出强度的影响.方法:6例新鲜尸体脊柱T10-L2骨,分解为单个椎体30个,共60个椎弓根.根据骨密度检查结果分组,每个标本脊椎左侧使螺钉在椎弓根平行植入,在脊柱右侧使螺打在与椎弓根成7°角植入.将60个椎弓根分别进行拔出测试(5mm/min的速度垂直方向拔出).结果:螺打平行植入与椎弓根成7°角植入,后者其拔出力大20%(P<0.05).骨密度时拔出力的影响,正常组与骨质疏松组相差57%(P<0.05).结论:选择与椎弓根成角度植入螺钉有助于提高螺固定相对稳定性;对于骨质疏松的病例,应注意抗拔出力不能满足生理要求的危险性.     

后路椎弓根螺钉内固定结合后外侧植骨融合治疗胸腰椎骨折的临床观察

目的：观察后路椎弓根螺钉内固定结合后外侧植骨融合治疗胸腰椎骨折的临床效果及安全性。方法：回顾性分析2010年6月-2012年4月在我院脊柱骨科住院治疗的71例胸腰脊椎骨折患者,所有患者随机被分成2组,治疗组38例接受采用后路椎弓根螺钉内固定结合后外侧植骨融合治疗,对照组33例接受传统椎弓根螺钉内固定。术后对患者椎体前缘高度、脊柱Cobb’s角、腰背痛、神经功能恢复情况、内固定并发症等方面进行手术效果的评价。结果：治疗组术后及随诊患者的椎体前、后缘高度的比值与对照组相比,均有统计学差异（P〈0．05）;治疗组术后及随诊患者的Cobb’s角较对照组明显减小,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）,治疗组手术时间与对照组相比差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;两组患者医疗费用、神经功能改善筝级相互比较,无统计学意义咿0．05）。结论：后路复位椎弓根螺钉内固定结合后外侧植骨融合治疗胸腰椎骨折的临床疗效确切。     

脊柱-骨盆固定系统的生物力学研究

目的:研究髂骨钉在脊柱-骨盆固定系统中对腰骶稳定性及螺钉应力分布的影响。方法:6具成人腰椎-骨盆防腐标本,分别按照三种不同的固定方式完成置钉连接操作,制成3个实验组:单纯腰椎后路长节段固定组(L2-L5组)、腰骶固定组(L2-S1组)、髂骨钉固定组(L2-S1-I组)。生物力学测试采用8 N·m纯力矩执行前屈、后伸、左右侧弯、左右旋转6个工况运动,比较各固定组L2、L5水平活动度以及L5椎弓根钉、S1螺钉应力。结果:L2-S1组、L2-S1-I组内固定系统以及腰骶关节活动度均明显降低(P0.05),L2-S1-I组的优势更加显著,尤其在抵抗固定系统旋转活动以及腰骶关节前屈活动时作用更明显。L2-S1-I组、L2-S1组L5椎弓根钉应力均较L2-L5组明显减小(P0.05);L2-S1-I组S1螺钉应力较L2-S1组显著减小(P0.05)。结论:髂骨钉技术能够提供良好的脊柱-骨盆固定效果,在维持腰骶稳定性方面优势明显;对近端固定螺钉有保护作用,在与S1螺钉联合使用时,能有效分担S1螺钉所受应力,显著降低螺钉松动、拔出的风险。     

经骨折椎体椎弓根螺钉短节段固定治疗胸腰段骨折疗效

目的:评估和分析经骨折椎体椎弓根螺钉短节段固定治疗胸腰段单椎体粉碎性骨折的临床疗效。方法:选取胸腰段单椎体粉碎性骨折30例患者,分为两组,甲组20例,采用经骨折椎体椎弓根螺钉短节段固定治疗,均行骨折椎体及骨折椎体上下相邻椎体的椎弓根螺钉+双侧连接杆固定;乙组10例,只行骨折椎体的上下相邻椎体的椎弓根螺钉+连接杆固定术。术后随访。测定两组患者手术前后的椎体后凸畸形角和骨折椎体前方高度,评估其临床疗效。结果:术前平均后凸畸形角纠正:甲组15°,乙组11°,P0.05。术后骨折椎体前方的平均高度(和正常椎体前方高度比):甲组89%,乙组81%,P0.05;术后3个月随访:平均后凸畸形角纠正丢失,甲组2°,乙组6°,P0.05;骨折椎体前方的平均高度(和正常椎体前方高度比):甲组87%,乙组73%,P0.05。结论:经骨折椎体椎弓根螺钉短节段固定治疗胸腰段单椎体粉碎性骨折能提供更好的生物力学稳定性,更有利于骨折的复位和后凸畸形的纠正。     

数字化骨科理念辅助椎弓根置钉在寰枢椎不稳中的临床应用

目的:探讨3D打印辅助置钉技术用于寰枢椎不稳椎弓根置钉的安全性及准确性。方法:收集2013年1月到2015年1月西安交通大学第一附属医院收治的寰枢椎不稳病例,术前采用3D打印技术构建个体化3D打印模型,在模型上模拟置钉,获取最佳置钉点、置钉角度等个体化置钉数据,并于术中辅助椎弓根螺钉置入。通过CT扫描评价置钉准确性,测量术前、术后患者寰齿间隙判断寰枢椎复位情况,测量颈延角评价脊髓压迫改善情况,并采用日本骨科学会(JOA)评分判断患者脊髓功能改善情况。术后定期随访观察固定效果、稳定性、神经损伤等手术并发症的发生情况。结果:13例患者均采用3D打印辅助置钉技术进行内固定治疗,手术顺利,术中及术后无血管、神经损伤等并发症,复位及内固定效果满意。共置入椎弓根螺钉31枚,其中29枚完全在椎弓根内,置钉准确率为93.5%。寰枢椎较术前明显复位,术后寰齿间隙、颈延角和JOA评分较术前明显改善,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:3D打印技术辅助上颈椎椎弓根置钉的准确性及安全性均较高。     

AF手术治疗胸腰椎骨折56例观察及护理

AF脊柱椎弓根固定器治疗胸腰椎骨折,是近年来骨科开展的一项新技术。其优点为治疗胸腰椎骨折具有短节段三维固定,固定强度可独立完成。固定既精确又稳定,可提高复位效果,重建生理弯曲,防止脊柱慢性失稳导致的脊髓受压,利于神经功能的恢复,减少长期卧床所致的各种并发     

改良空心椎弓根钉和钉道强化的生物力学研究

目的:探讨改良空心椎弓根钉、钉道强化技术增强骨质疏松椎体固定强度的效果.方法:通过自行设计并加工的空心侧孔椎弓根螺钉、空心钉道强化装置向钉道内灌注骨水泥以强化椎弓根钉道.选取4具骨密度在(0.715±0.13)g/cm2的老年脊柱标本(L1-L4),共16个椎体,32个椎弓根,随机平均分成四组,设计四种固定方法.Ⅰ组:普通椎弓根螺钉(conventional pedicle screw,CPS),Ⅱ组:CPS+钉道内灌注骨水泥,Ⅲ组:空心侧孔椎弓根螺钉+骨水泥灌注,Ⅳ组:空心钉道强化装置灌注骨水泥+CPS.骨水泥完全凝固后测每个椎弓根螺钉的最大轴向拔出力.结果:四组的最大轴向拔出力分别为:Ⅰ组为(458±81)N,Ⅱ组为(596±107)N,Ⅲ组为(828±133)N,Ⅳ组为(857±155)N.Ⅲ、Ⅳ两组的最大轴向拔出力高于Ⅰ、Ⅱ两组(P＜0.01),Ⅱ组的最大轴向拔出力高于Ⅰ组(P＜0.05),Ⅲ、Ⅳ两组之间差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论:自行设计的空心侧孔椎弓根螺钉、空心钉道强化装置分别与骨水泥联合应用行钉道局部强化可明显增强椎弓根螺钉在骨质疏松椎体的固定强度.     

经皮穿刺椎弓根螺钉内固定治疗胸腰段脊柱骨折的疗效及对患者氧化应激与术后疼痛的影响

摘要 目的：探讨经皮穿刺椎弓根螺钉内固定治疗胸腰段脊柱骨折的疗效及对患者氧化应激及术后疼痛的影响。方法：选取本院2017年4月到2021年4月在本院诊治的胸腰段脊柱骨折患者126例作为研究对象,依据手术方式的不同将其分为微创组与开放组各63例。微创组给予经皮穿刺椎弓根螺钉内固定治疗,开放组给予开放式椎弓根内固定术治疗。结果：微创组的切口长度等围手术指标均少于开放组（P<0.05）;微创组术后1 d、3 d、5 d与7 d的疼痛视觉模拟评分（VAS）低于开放组（P<0.05）;微创组术后7 d的的感染、切口愈合不良、内固定移位、神经根脊髓压迫等并发症发生率为3.2 %,低于开放组的22.2 %（P<0.05）;两组术后7 d的血清P物质（SP）,和β-内啡肽（β-EP）含量高于术前1 d,微创组高于对照组（P<0.05）;两组术后7 d的血清谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH-Px）与晚期氧化蛋白产物（AOPP）含量高于术前1 d,微创组高于开放组（P<0.05）。结论：经皮穿刺椎弓根螺钉内固定治疗胸腰段脊柱骨折可有效控制氧化应激指标、疼痛介质水平,减少创伤,减轻术后疼痛,降低并发症,有利于患者康复。     

Pedicle Screw Fixation Study in Immature Porcine Spines to Improve Pullout Resistance during Animal Testing

The porcine model is frequently used during development and validation of new spinal devices, because of its likeness to the human spine. These spinal devices are frequently composed of pedicle screws with a reputation for stable fixation but which can suffer pullouts during preclinical implantation on young animals, leading to high morbidity. With a view to identifying the best choices to optimize pedicle screw fixation in the porcine model, this study evaluates ex vivo the impact of weight (age) of the animal, the level of the vertebrae (lumbar or thoracic) and the type of screw anchorage (mono- or bi-cortical) on pedicle screw pullouts. Among the 80 pig vertebrae (90- and 140-day-old) tested in this study, the average screw pullout forces ranged between 419.9N and 1341.2N. In addition, statistical differences were found between test groups, pointing out the influence of the three parameters stated above. We found that the the more caudally the screws are positioned (lumbar level), the greater their pullout resistance is, moreover, screw stability increases with the age, and finally, the screws implanted with a mono-cortical anchorage sustained lower pullout forces than those implanted with a bi-cortical anchorage. We conclude that the best anchorage can be obtained with older animals, using a lumbar fixation and long screws traversing the vertebra and inducing bi-cortical anchorage. In very young animals, pedicle screw fixations need to be bi-cortical and more numerous to prevent pullout.     

Finite Element Analysis of Minimal Invasive Transforaminal Lumbar Interbody Fusion

The purpose of our study is to develop and validate three-dimensional finite element models of transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion, and explore the most appropriate method of fixation and fusion by comparing biomechanical characteristics of different fixation method. We developed four fusion models: bilateral pedicle screws fixation with a single cage insertion model (A), bilateral pedicle screws fixation with two cages insertion model (B), unilateral pedicle screws fixation with a single cage insertion model (C), and unilateral pedicle screws fixation with two cages insertion model (D); the models were subjected to different forces including anterior bending, posterior extension, left bending, right bending, rotation, and axial compressive. The von Mises stress of the fusion segments on the pedicle screw and cages was recorded. Angular variation and stress of pedicle screw and cage were compared. There were differences of Von Mises peak stress among four models, but were within the range of maximum force. The angular variation in A, B, C, and D decreased significantly compared with normal. There was no significant difference of angular variation between A and B, and C and D. Bilateral pedicle screws fixation had more superior biomechanics than unilateral pedicle screws fixation. In conclusion, the lumbar interbody fusion models were established using varying fixation methods, and the results verified that unilateral pedicle screws fixation with a single cage could meet the stability demand in minimal invasive transforaminal interbody fusion.     

Biomechanical differences of Coflex-F and pedicle screw fixation combined with TLIF or ALIF--a finite element study

Lumbar interbody fusion is a common procedure for treating lower back pain related to degenerative disc diseases. The Coflex-F is a recently developed interspinous spacer, the makers of which claim that it can provide stabilisation similar to pedicle screw fixation. Therefore, this study compares the biomechanical behaviour of the Coflex-F device and pedicle screw fixation with transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (TLIF) or anterior lumbar interbody fusion (ALIF) surgeries by using finite element analysis. The results show that the Coflex-F device combined with ALIF surgery can provide stability similar to the pedicle screw fixation combined with TLIF or ALIF surgery. Also, the posterior instrumentations (Coflex-F and pedicle screw fixation) combined with TLIF surgery had lower stability than when combined with ALIF surgery.     

Biomechanical differences of Coflex-F and pedicle screw fixation combined with TLIF or ALIF – a finite element study

Lumbar interbody fusion is a common procedure for treating lower back pain related to degenerative disc diseases. The Coflex-F is a recently developed interspinous spacer, the makers of which claim that it can provide stabilisation similar to pedicle screw fixation. Therefore, this study compares the biomechanical behaviour of the Coflex-F device and pedicle screw fixation with transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (TLIF) or anterior lumbar interbody fusion (ALIF) surgeries by using finite element analysis. The results show that the Coflex-F device combined with ALIF surgery can provide stability similar to the pedicle screw fixation combined with TLIF or ALIF surgery. Also, the posterior instrumentations (Coflex-F and pedicle screw fixation) combined with TLIF surgery had lower stability than when combined with ALIF surgery.     

Biomechanical effects of posterior pedicle fixation techniques on the adjacent segment for the treatment of thoracolumbar burst fractures: a biomechanical analysis

Abstract

Posterior pedicle fixation technique is a common method for treating thoracolumbar burst fractures, but the effect of different fixation techniques on the postoperative spinal mechanical properties has not been clearly defined, especially on adjacent segments. A finite element model of T10-L2 with moderate T12 vertebra burst fracture was constructed to investigate biomechanical behavior of three posterior pedicle screw fixation techniques. Compared with traditional short-segment 4 pedicle screw fixation (TS-4) and intermediate long-segment 6 pedicle screw fixation (IL-6), mono-segment 4 pedicle screw fixation (MS-4) provides a safer surgical selection to prevent the secondary degeneration of adjacent segments in the long-term.     

Treatment Results in the Different Surgery of Intradural Extramedullary Tumor of 122 Cases

Study Design

A retrospective study of intradural extramedullary tumor.

Objective

To compare the treatment results in the different surgeries of spinal intradural extramedullary tumor.

Methods

The study retrospectively reviewed 122 patients. The minimally invasive surgery (MIS) group was divided into Group A (hemilaminectomy + tumor microscopic excision) and Group B (laminectomy + tumor microscopic excision + pedicle screw fixation). Meanwhile, the non-MIS group was divided into Group C (hemilaminectomy + tumor excision), Group D (laminectomy + tumor excision), and Group E (laminectomy + tumor excision + pedicle screw fixation). In order to study postoperative spinal stability, we simultaneously divided all of the subjects into three categories, namely Group HE: hemilaminectomy + tumor excision; Group LE: laminectomy + tumor excision; and Group LEPSF: laminectomy + tumor excision + pedicle screw fixation.

Results

The MIS group exhibited fewer postoperative complications (p<0.05), better short-term clinical efficacy (p<0.05) and less non-surgical cost (p<0.05) than in non-MIS group. The rate of postoperative spinal instability in hemilaminectomy was lower than in laminectomy in a single spinal segment (p<0.05). The rate of postoperative spinal instability in laminectomy + pedicle screw fixation was lower than in hemilaminectomy and laminectomy in two or more spinal segments (p<0.05).

Conclusion

In the case of appropriate surgical indications, minimally invasive surgery for intradural extramedullary tumor is a useful method that can successfully produce good clinical results and reduce non-surgical cost. In addition, pedicle screw fixation helps avoid spinal postoperative instability.     

Treatment of Upper Cervical Spine Instability with Posterior Fusion Plus Atlantoaxial Pedicle Screw

Clinical results of posterior fusion plus pedicle screw fixation in the treatment of upper cervical spine instability were taken under consideration. 24 patients with atlantoaxial instability were treated with C1-2 pedicle screws and rods fixation under general anesthesia. There were 18 males and 6 females with mean age of 49.8 years (age range 17–69 years). The postoperative radiographs verified good position of all screws, with satisfactory atlantoaxial reduction. Follow-up for 3–45 months (average 23 months) showed no spinal cord and vertebral artery injury or interfixation failure. Atlantoaxial alignment and stability were restored without complication due to instrumentation. In conclusion, posterior atlantoaxial pedicle screw and rod fixation provide immediate three-dimensional rigid fixation of atlantoaxial joint and are more effective techniques compared with previously reported techniques.     

半椎板切除全椎管减压治疗退行性腰椎管狭窄症的效果观察

目的：探讨半椎板切除全椎管减压治疗退行性腰椎管狭窄症的手术效果。方法：2005年7月．2009年6月手术治疗退行性腰椎管狭窄症的患者162例,均行半椎板切除全椎管减压结合椎弓根内固定及后外侧植骨融合术。结果：随访6～24个月,平均10．5个月,术后JOA评分由术前的（15．26±5．26）分提高到术后的（21．38±5．16）分（配对t检验P〈0．05）。结论：行半椎板切除全椎管减压结合椎弓根内固定及后外侧植骨融合手术治疗腰椎管狭窄症既可以起到椎管彻底减压的目的,又可以尽可能保留脊柱后柱结构的稳定性及完整性。     

A pedicle screw bridging device for posterior segmental fixation of the spine: preliminary mechanical testing results

Mechanical assessment of a new pedicle screw bridge device for spinal surgery is reported. Results are given for a series of single tests to failure and a fatigue cyclical loading test. Comparative testing of torsional and lateral bending resistance on three surgical spinal fixation systems was carried out: Luque, wired Hartshill rectangle and pedicle screwed bridge with Hartshill rectangle and pedicle screwed bridge with Hartshill rectangle. The results show the superiority of the bridged Hartshill in both rotational and lateral bending resistance. The new bridge device could also improve the versatility of the Hartshill system to cover a wider spectrum of spinal fixations. A test to determine the axial pull-out strength of three screw designs was undertaken. The differences between the forces needed were insignificant. At failure a cylinder of bone tissues greater than the major diameter of the screw was pulled out without breaking the bone.