心房颤动的流行病学研究现状及进展

心房颤动(atrial fibrillation,AF)简称房颤,是最常见的心律失常之一。为了能更好的预防房颤及其并发症,国外对该病的流行病学做了较多的研究,认为房颤的患病率和发病率均随着年龄的增长不断升高,尤其是80岁以上的老年人;男性的房颤患病率一般高于女性。房颤的危险因素不局限于既往较为公认的年龄、高血压、糖尿病、肥胖等,许多新的危险因素也陆续被发现,如高尿酸血症、阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停、剧烈运动、气候等。我国在房颤方面的研究起步较晚,目前多局限于横断面的研究,无大规模纵断面的临床研究,和国外相比有一定的差距。房颤可导致机体发生脑卒中、心力衰竭、认知功能障碍甚至死亡。本文主要对心房颤动的流行病学研究现状及进展、发生的危险因素以及对机体的不利影响进行综述。     

小儿泌尿系结石的超声诊断

近三年来,我们B超共检出小儿泌尿系结石9例,现总结分析如下: 资料和方法 临床资料:本组9例,男性8例、女性1例,年龄4～14岁。临床有肾绞痛、血尿、排尿困难及尿痛病史,其中2例有排石史。尿常规:红细胞+-++++。腹部平片(KUB)及肾盂静脉造影(IVP)提示8例阳性结石,1例阴性结石。     

中国近十年胰管结石流行病学特征及诊治经验的Meta分析

目的:探讨中国近10年胰管结石的流行病学特征和诊疗经验的Meta分析.方法:联合检索中国知网和维普数据库有关胰管结石的文章,提取文章内有关数据输入特定excel表格,然后分类计算人数、性另q比例、百分比,分析胰管结石的流行病学特征和诊治经验.结果:中国从2000.1.1至2010.7.1共报道1841例胰管结石,男女比例为2.16:1,有准确年龄及平均年龄报道1585例,平均年龄45.68岁,平均年龄在35～55岁之间占总病例数81.86%.12.66%病例分布在浙江,为各省最多,96.91%的病人有腹痛表现.胰管切开取石,胰管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术是最主要的治疗手段.结论:胰管结石男性好发,以中青年为主.浙江省病例最多,胰管切开取石,胰管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术为主要治疗手段.     

浅议泌尿系结石的治疗进展

泌尿系结石作为一种全球性的疾病,其人群患病率为19／6～5％,治疗后易复发,半年复发率为5．8％,1年复发率为14%,10年复发率高达30%～70%。虽然外科治疗已取得了巨大进展,但其发病率和复发率居高不下,尤其是上尿路结石仍有继续升高的趋势。因此,针对其病因的诊断和防治越来越受到重视,同时也取得了一些进展。     

总攻疗法治疗泌尿系结石125例体会

河池市地处矿石山区,泌尿系结石发病率极高。笔者在2006-2008年间,运用总攻疗法治疗泌尿系结石125例,获得满意效果,现报道如下。     

先天性小耳畸形危险因素研究进展

先天性小耳畸形即小耳症,主要指耳廓、外耳道的畸形、听力损害等,少数患者合并外耳道闭锁、中耳及面部畸形。尽管先天性小耳畸形的发病机制尚未完全明确,但已有研究证实其发生可能与环境和遗传因素有关。因此,对于相关流行病学调查的相关因素与风险因素的研究与规避,并以此指导开展针对性防治工作显得尤为重要。本文将从流行病学特征及相关危险因素两个方面对于病因学进行探讨与总结。     

北京海淀部分人群骨质疏松流行病学及相关危险因素研究

目的:探讨当前北京市海淀区部分人群骨质疏松相关危险因素。方法:选择我院2018年1月至6月的346例体检人群,采用双能X线吸收仪进行髋部骨密度检查,统计受检者身高、体重和体重指数,并通过自制问卷调查获取既往基础病史、药物使用史及日常生活习惯等相关信息。统计骨质疏松患病率,并筛查其相关危险因素。结果:当前人群的总体骨质疏松患病率为26.8%,女性达35.3%;骨量异常人群占69.5%。对于全部人群,高龄、饮用咖啡和碳酸饮料是骨质疏松危险因素(OR 1.098,95%CI1.072-1.125;OR 3.576,95%CI 1.302-9.826;OR 5.407,95%CI 1.317-22.202)。对于男性,年龄、激素使用和饮用咖啡是骨质疏松危险因素(OR 1.103,95%CI 1.065-1.142;OR 127.924,95%CI 10.045-999.999;OR 11.863,95%CI 2.969-47.400)。对于女性,年龄是骨质疏松的危险因素(OR 1.088,95%CI 1.059-1.117)。结论:当前北京市海淀区部分中老年人群具有较高的骨质疏松患病率,高龄和不良生活习惯是骨质疏松的相关危险因素,高体重是骨质疏松的保护因素。超过60岁的中老年人,特别是高危人群,应及早进行骨密度筛查、健康宣教、抗骨质疏松综合性治疗。     

智能型肾图在诊断泌尿系结石中的价值

本文对３０例肾绞痛患者的智能性肾图作了分析结果８０％出现梗阻性肾面并伴有不同程度的肾功能损害。经Ｘ线或Ｂ超检查,与其相同的侧别有结石存在。梗阻解除后复查肾功能有恢复趋势。证实肾图检查能较正确显示结石有无梗阻和肾功能的情况。     

输尿管镜钬激光碎石术后残留结石的危险因素分析

目的：分析与输尿管镜钬激光碎石术后致使结石残留相关的临床危险因素。方法：选取我院214例接受输尿管镜钬激光碎石术的输尿管结石患者进行回顾性分析,对14个特征性临床因素与结石残留的关系应用单因素方差分析进行评价,对存在相关性的临床因素再应用计算机COX比例风险模型进行多因素分析。结果：全组患者结石残留率为42．52％（91／214）。单因素方差分析：ESWL史、惠侧肾功能、结石位置、结石最大径、击碎后最大径、术后第1日输液量、术后第1日尿量、术后下床时间、术后解痉利尿药使用与术后结石残留相关（P值均〈0．05）;经过COX比例风险模型检测,患侧肾功能、结石位置、击碎后最大径、是结石残留的危险因素（P〈0．05）,而术后第1日尿量及术后解痉利尿药使用是结石残留的保护因素（P〈0．05）。结论：患侧肾功能不良、结石位于上段、击碎后直径仍大易导致残留结石,而术后第1天尿量较多且适当应用解痉利尿药能减少残留结石。     

胆总管结石取石术后复发的临床特征及其危险因素分析

目的:探讨胆总管结石取石术后复发的临床特征并分析其危险因素。方法:回顾性分析2005年1月~2016年7月在我院手术的胆总管结石患者730例的病例资料,其中接受开腹胆道探查取石术550例定义为开腹组,腹腔镜胆总管探查取石术(LCBDE)30例定义为LCBDE组,经内镜十二指肠乳头括约肌切开取石术(EST)150例定义为EST组,对比三组复发率;按照有无复发分为复发组(n=227)和未复发组(n=503),采用单因素和多因素Logistic回归分析复发患者的临床特征和危险因素。结果:EST组复发率为38.67%,显著高于LCBDE组的26.67%和开腹组的29.27%(P0.05);单因素分析结果为患者在年龄、HBV感染史、黄疸、总胆红素异常、乳头旁憩室、胆道感染、胆道狭窄、乳头狭窄、Oddis括约肌功能障碍、胆道手术史、胆囊切除、胆总管直径≥15 mm、胆管角≤120°、手术类型、结石数量≥2粒、结石直径≥10 mm、有无胆囊结石具有统计学差异(P0.05);Logistic多因素回归分析结果为患者的年龄、有乳头旁憩室、有胆道手术史、胆总管直径≥15 mm、结石数量≥2粒、手术类型为EST均是胆总管结石取石术后复发的独立危险因素(P0.05)。结论:胆总管结石取石术后复发的危险因素较多,临床应当根据患者的结石大小、数量及患者体质等综合考虑手术方式,并加强预防措施,力求控制胆总管结石取石术后的复发。     

Rapporteur report: Epidemiology

Three talks were presented in the session on “Epidemiology”. The first talk was a review of prenatal studies. The second talk presented epidemiological evidence from prenatal studies. The third talk presented general issues regarding the planning of an epidemiological study. It was noted that epidemiological studies of prenatal exposures use data from the early 1980s when ultrasound was first introduced for foetal scans. These studies did not show associations between prenatal ultrasound scanning and childhood cancer, reduced birth weight, impaired childhood growth or neurological development in childhood. However, there was a possible association between prenatal ultrasound scanning and left-handedness in boys. The aetiology of this association remains uncertain.     

An Update on the Epidemiology of Candidemia in Children

Candidemia is a cause of significant morbidity and mortality in neonates and children. Risk factors for candidemia include prolonged stay in the intensive care unit, prior antibiotic therapy, immunosuppression related to malignancy, transplantation, use of immunosuppressants or steroids, neutropenia, need for mechanical ventilation, use of vasopressors, recent surgery (especially gastrointestinal), intravenous catheters and receipt of total parenteral nutrition. Candida albicans followed by C. parapsilosis are the most common species causing candidemia in children. Clinicians must be aware of the risk factors for candidemia and the local epidemiology of Candida species in order to direct antifungal therapy appropriately. Ongoing efforts to minimize health care-associated candidemia through infection control practices, judicious antimicrobial use and antifungal prophylaxis in appropriate situations are important to reducing Candida-associated morbidity and mortality in neonates and children.     

Active cigarette smoking and the risk of breast cancer: a cohort study

BackgroundTobacco use has been implicated in the etiology of a large number of cancers, and there exists substantial biological plausibility that it could also be involved in breast carcinogenesis. Despite this, epidemiological evidence to date is inconsistent. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of active smoking and the risk of incident, invasive breast cancer using a prospective cohort of women from the Canadian Study of Diet, Lifestyle and Health.MethodsUsing a case-cohort design, an age-stratified subcohort of 3314 women was created from 39,532 female participants who returned completed self-administered lifestyle and dietary questionnaires at baseline. A total of 1096 breast cancer cases were identified in the entire cohort (including 141 cases from the subcohort) by linkage to the Canadian Cancer Registry. Cox regression models were used to estimate hazard ratios for the association between the different smoking exposures and the risk of breast cancer, using a modification for the case-cohort design.ResultsAfter carefully considering early-life exposures and potential confounders, we found no association between any smoking exposure and risk of breast cancer in this study (Hazard ratio = 1.00, 95% confidence interval = 0.87–1.17 for ever vs never smokers).ConclusionsAlthough these results cannot rule out an association between smoking and breast cancer, they do agree with the current literature suggesting that, if an association does exist, it is relatively weak.     

Global colorectal cancer burden in 2020 and projections to 2040

As the third most common malignancy and the second most deadly cancer, colorectal cancer (CRC) induces estimated 1.9 million incidence cases and 0.9 million deaths worldwide in 2020. The incidence of CRC is higher in highly developed countries, and it is increasing in middle- and low-income countries due to westernization. Moreover, a rising incidence of early-onset CRC is also emerging. The large number of CRC cases poses a growing global public health challenge. Raising awareness of CRC is important to promote healthy lifestyle choices, novel strategies for CRC management, and implementation of global screening programs, which are critical to reducing CRC morbidity and mortality in the future. CRC is a heterogeneous disease, and its subtype affiliation influences prognosis and therapeutic response. An accurate CRC subtype classification system is of great significance for basic research and clinical outcome. Here, we present the global epidemiology of CRC in 2020 and projections for 2040, review the major CRC subtypes to better understand CRC molecular basis, and summarize current risk factors, prevention, and screening strategies for CRC.     

Risk factors associated with head and neck cancer in former smokers: A Brazilian multicentric study

BackgroundReduced tobacco consumption in the population has not been associated with reduced incidence rates of head and neck cancer in several countries.ObjectiveTo explore the associations between HNC and sociodemographic characteristics and lifestyle of former smokers from three Brazilian cancer centers.MethodsA multicenter case-control study was conducted with 229 former smokers diagnosed with squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity, oropharynx, larynx, and 318 controls (former smokers without head and neck cancer). Bivariate and multiple logistic regression analyses were conducted to estimate odds ratios (ORs) with a 95% confidence interval (CI).Results11–20 years after smoking cessation showed significant impact on HNC reduction (OR 0.22, 95% CI, 0.12–0.39), which reached 82% (95% CI, 0.09–0.35) among 20 + former smokers when compared to individuals who had stopped smoking for up to 5 years. A history of high-intensity smoking (>40 pack-years) increased HNC risk by 2.09 times (95% CI 1.13–3.89) when compared to subjects who smoked up to 20 pack-years. Past alcohol consumption (OR 1.99, 95% CI, 1.06–3.82) was also associated with head and neck cancer risk in former smokers when compared to no alcohol consumption. There was a decreased head and neck cancer risk in former smokers who had high school level of education (OR 0.38, 95% CI, 0.16–0.91) compared to illiterate former smokers; and former smokers with moderate intake of vegetables (OR 0.49, 95% CI, 0.28–0.85) and fruits (OR 0.43, 95% CI, 0.25–0.73) compared to those with low intake.ConclusionHead and neck cancer risk in former smokers decreases after 11 years after smoking cessation, former smokers with past alcohol consumption showed an increased risk of HNC. High school level of education and moderate intake of vegetables and fruits reduced HNC risk among former smokers.     

Coccidioidomycosis: An Update

Coccidioidomycosis is the oldest of the major mycoses. In recent years the incidence of the disease has increased in California and Arizona, which may be partially due to the massive migration to the endemic region. The endemic region for the disease lays exclusively in the Western Hemisphere, between the 40° latitudes north and south. The disease manifests in one of four clinical syndromes: acute pulmonary, chronic pulmonary and acute or chronic disseminated coccidioidomycosis. Serologic tests identifying anticoccidioidal antibodies are the most frequently employed assays for diagnosis. Primary coccidioidomycosis is usually self-limited; therapy of primary disease is recommended when symptoms persist for more than 6 weeks, for severe acute cases and for patients with impaired cellular immunity. Chronic pulmonary coccidioidomycosis and all forms of disseminated coccidioidomycosis require antifungal therapy. The drugs of choice are either fluconazole or itraconazole.     

社区老年人慢性肾脏病患病率调查及其危险因素分析

目的:调查北京市通州区永顺社区老年人的慢性肾脏病(CKD)患病率,并分析其危险因素。方法:采用横断面调查方法,对该社区长期居住的65岁及以上的通州区户籍老年人进行问卷调查、肾脏损伤指标及其他实验室指标的检测,收集资料并分析CKD患病的危险因素。结果:本次调查共获得948例该社区常住老年人的完整资料,参与研究的老年人平均年龄为70.86±4.89岁;镜下血尿患病率为9.39%,白蛋白尿患病率为22.15%,5.70%的老年人出现肾功能下降,该人群中CKD患病率为36.81%(349/948)。单因素分析结果显示,两组吸烟史、饮酒史、血肌酐、体质量指数(BMI)、尿微量白蛋白肌酐比(ACR)、糖尿病、甘油三酯、总胆固醇及血尿酸水平对比无显著性差异(P0.05),而CKD组较非CKD组年龄更大、合并高血压的比例更高、女性占比更高(P0.05),多因素logistic回归分析显示年龄、女性与高血压是通州区永顺社区老年人CKD患病的危险因素(OR=1.432、1.163、1.335,P0.05)。结论:北京市通州区永顺社区老年人CKD患病率较高,其危险因素为年龄、女性与高血压。