姜黄素和紫杉醇联用对前列腺癌PC3裸鼠移植瘤作用的研究

目的:探讨姜黄素和半量紫杉醇联用对前列腺癌PC3裸鼠移植瘤生长增殖的影响及其机制。方法:构建人雄激素非依赖性前列腺癌细胞系PC3裸小鼠皮下移植瘤模型,随机分为溶酶对照组,姜黄素组,紫杉醇组和姜黄素+紫杉醇(半量)组(n=6)。姜黄素每隔2天腹腔注射100mg/kg,紫杉醇每3天腹腔注射10mg/kg,联合组紫杉醇减半,对照组注射药物溶剂。每6天测量计算移植瘤体积并绘制肿瘤生长曲线。药物注射30天后,取移植瘤组织标本分别进行免疫组化和定量RT-PCR,检测金属基质蛋白酶2(MMP2),增殖细胞核抗原(PCNA)蛋白及mRNA的表达。结果:移植瘤体积在24～30天时,姜黄素组和紫杉醇组肿瘤体积较对照组有不同程度的减小。姜黄素+紫杉醇(半量)组在第30天内肿瘤生长体积和紫杉醇组相近,30天后合用组肿瘤体积小于单纯紫杉醇组(P<0.05)。姜黄素和紫杉醇明显降低PC3移植瘤组织中PCNA和MMP2mRNA的表达(P<0.01)。姜黄素+紫杉醇(半量)组瘤组织中PCNA和MMP2的mRNA表达均低于紫杉醇组(P<0.05)。免疫组化染色显示PCNA和MMP2蛋白表达在治疗组均降低,和瘤组织中mRNA表达变化相一致。结论...     

RhoA蛋白和cAMP对人前列腺癌细胞株PC-3形态的影响（简报）

小G蛋白RhoA是细胞内信号转导的重要成分,参与对细胞的多种功能活动的调控。溶血磷脂酸（lysophosphatidic acid,LPA）与多种细胞的G蛋白偶连受体结合而发挥作用,除刺激细胞增殖外,还通过活化RhoA,诱导细胞骨架改变。cAMP是经典的第二信使,其下游激酶PKA可抑制RhoA活性,因此,cAMP在许多细胞活动中对RhoA有拮抗作用。     

PC-1增强受体酪氨酸激酶家族成员EphA3在前列腺癌细胞中的转录

为了研究前列腺癌相关基因(prostate and colon gene 1, PC-1）对受体酪氨酸激酶家族分子EphA3表达的影响,用RT-PCR、实时PCR和Western印迹检测表达不同水平PC-1的前列腺癌细胞系LNCaP和C4-2中EphA3的表达情况. 发现PC-1可诱导EphA3基因表达上调. 采用荧光素酶实验检测PC-1对于EphA3启动子转录活性的影响,结果显示,PC-1对转录起始位点上游916 bp的启动子活性没有影响,而可增强转录起始位点上游2011 bp启动子的活性.对EphA3启动子－916 bp～－2　011 bp区域进行生物信息学分析,结果显示,此区域包含HSF、NF-1、Nkx-2、SP1和GATA-1等多种转录因子结合位点.实验结果表明,PC-1可通过影响EphA3启动子诱导EphA3基因高表达,其调控区域位于转录起始位点上游－2　011　bp至－916 bp之间,提示PC-1可能通过影响一些结合于此区域的转录因子来影响EphA3启动子的转录活性.     

PC-1基因在前列腺癌细胞系LNCaP和C4-2不同细胞周期的表达

目的:检测PC-1基因在前列腺癌细胞周期中各时间点的表达变化。方法:用200 ng/mL诺可唑(nocoda-zole)处理前列腺癌细胞系LNCaP和C4-2,16 h后使细胞处于G2/M期,在不同时间点收获细胞,分别进行流式分析和Western印迹,检测PC-1基因的表达。结果:流式分析和Western印迹结果显示,在G2/M期,LNCaP和C4-2前列腺癌细胞系中PC-1基因高表达。结论:PC-1基因的表达与前列腺癌细胞的细胞周期有关,提示PC-1可能在细胞周期调控中发挥作用。     

PC-1在前列腺癌细胞中促进c-myc基因的表达

前列腺癌相关基因PC-1(Prostate and colon gene1)是属于癌基因D52家族成员,具有促进前列腺癌细胞雄激素非依赖性生长的功能。为了研究PC-1发挥这种生物功能的分子机制,文章在PC-1高表达的LNCaP-pc-1及对照LNCaP-zero细胞中,利用RT-PCR和Western blotting等方法检测c-myc基因表达;提取两细胞胞质和胞核蛋白,利用Western blotting分析c-myc上游调节蛋白β-catenin变化;利用c-Myc蛋白抑制剂10058-F4作用前列腺癌细胞C4-2,Western blotting检测PC-1蛋白表达变化。发现PC-1促进c-myc基因表达,并促进β-catenin入核;c-Myc蛋白抑制剂10058-F4可抑制PC-1的表达。结果表明:PC-1在前列腺癌中促进c-myc基因的表达,并且这种促进作用可能是通过Wnt/β-catenin信号通路实现的。同时,PC-1与c-Myc蛋白间可相互促进,进一步促进前列腺癌细胞雄激素非依赖性生长。     

斑蝥素酸镁对人肝癌细胞SMMC-7721裸鼠皮下移植瘤凋亡的影响

建立人肝癌细胞SMMC-7721裸鼠皮下移植瘤模型,实验组每只裸鼠瘤周注射斑蝥素酸镁6.26×10-5mmol,对照组给予相同容积的无菌生理盐水瘤周注射。给药22 d后,观察斑蝥素酸镁对皮下移植瘤增殖的影响,并在此基础上,利用HE染色观察药物对人肝癌裸鼠皮下移植瘤组织形态学特征的影响。实验发现斑蝥素酸镁组移植瘤细胞体积变小、胞浆固缩、嗜酸性变,细胞核固缩、碎裂。透射电镜观察人肝癌裸鼠皮下移植瘤组织超微结构的改变,镜下见斑蝥素酸镁组移植瘤细胞核膜基本消失、核染色质聚集成团等改变。免疫组化二步法检测人肝癌裸鼠皮下移植瘤组织中bcl-2、bax的表达水平,结果显示斑蝥素酸镁组瘤组织中bcl-2的表达低于生理盐水组,而bax的表达高于生理盐水组(P0.05)。本实验提示斑蝥素酸镁能明显抑制人肝癌裸鼠皮下移植瘤的增殖,并能诱导移植瘤细胞发生凋亡,其机制可能与上调bax和下调bcl-2表达有关。     

PC-１基因表达增强C4-2B前列腺癌细胞生存

建立稳定表达外源PC-１基因的人前列腺癌骨转移C4-2B细胞模型,初步探讨PC- １基因表达对前列腺癌发展的影响.通过脂质体介导的方法,将融合PC-１基因的真核表达载体pcDNA3.1PC-１稳定转染C4-2B细胞,Western 印迹和RT-PCR技术,分别从蛋白水平和RNA水平确定外源PC-１基因表达. MTT和软琼脂集落形成能力等一系列方法,研究PC-１基因的功能,RT-PCR和实时定量PCR检测前列腺癌发生发展相关基因表达的变化. 结果表明,PC-１基因的高表达能够诱导雄激素受体（AR）调控基因和一系列重要的信号通路成员基因PSA、PSMA、NKX31、Jagged1、EphA3、SGEF和 NOTCH3等表达发生变化. 实验结果初步证明,PC-１基因表达在晚期前列腺癌中,以及在雄激素非依赖的转变中可以发挥作用,PC-１基因表达可调控一些重要信号通路.对PC-１基因功能深入研究将有可能为发现新的前列腺癌的诊断治疗分子靶标提供线索.     

敲低前列腺癌相关基因PC-1的表达抑制前列腺癌细胞C4-2雄激素非依赖性生长

目的:研究敲低癌基因D52家族成员PC-1的表达对前列腺癌细胞雄激素非依赖性生长的影响。方法:利用RNA干扰技术构建PC-1稳定低表达的C4-2细胞株;利用四唑盐(MTT)比色实验检测敲低PC-1基因表达对C4-2细胞雄激素非依赖生长的影响。结果:敲低PC-1表达抑制前列腺癌C4-2细胞的生长,并降低了C4-2细胞雄激素非依赖性生长的能力。结论:PC-1基因参与了前列腺癌向雄激素非依赖阶段发展和维持的过程,为进一步研究PC-1在促进前列腺癌细胞发生发展过程中的作用奠定了基础。     

胡桃醌不同给药途径对人肝癌细胞BEL-7402裸鼠皮下移植瘤生长的影响

目的采用裸鼠皮下移植瘤模型,通过不同给药途径对胡桃醌抗肿瘤活性和毒性进行评价。方法建立人肝癌BEL-7402细胞裸鼠皮下移植瘤模型,通过腹腔注射和局部注射两个给药途径观察胡桃醌抑制肿瘤生长的效果。结果①以600、300和150μg/kg胡桃醌腹腔注射于人肝癌BEL-7402细胞裸鼠皮下移植瘤模型,发现该剂量胡桃醌对肿瘤生长没有明显的影响;NK细胞活性检测发现,600、300μg/kg胡桃醌对裸鼠免疫功能有影响(P均<0.01),150μg/kg胡桃醌则没有影响(P>0.05);与阳性对照组(5-Fu)相比,600μg/kg胡桃醌组NK细胞活性差异无显著性(P>0.05),300和150μg/kg胡桃醌组NK细胞活性差异有显著性(P<0.05,P<0.01),结果提示胡桃醌对小鼠免疫系统有一定的损伤作用。②以4.5、3和1.5 mg/kg胡桃醌腹腔注射于人肝癌BEL-7402细胞裸鼠皮下移植瘤模型,抑瘤率分别为为78.24%、66.57%、48.94%;4.5、3 mg/kg胡桃醌的抑瘤作用可与阳性对照组比拟(P均>0.05)。但4.5 mg/kg胡桃醌组裸鼠出现明显的皮下脂肪减少、消瘦,并有死亡现象。③以pH 7.4和pH 4.0的600、300和150μg/kg胡桃醌人肝癌BEL-7402细胞裸鼠皮下移植瘤模型局部给药,结果发现不同pH(pH 7.4或4.0)600、300μg/kg的胡桃醌局部注射抑瘤作用与阳性对照组(5-Fu)组差异无显著性(P>0.05),而不同pH的150μg/kg胡桃醌抑瘤作用不明显。同一浓度不同pH药物的抑瘤作用差异无显著性(P均>0.05),但pH 4.0的胡桃醌组肿瘤细胞肝转移较少。结论胡桃醌不同给药途径均可抑制人肝癌BEL-7402细胞裸鼠皮下移植瘤的生长,但有一定的毒副作用,药物安全范围较小。     

Sesquiterpenoids from the Resina Commiphora Promoting the Apoptotic Activity of PC-3 Prostate Cancer Cells

Four new germacrane-type sesquiterpenes commiphoranes M1-M4 ( 1 - 4 ) together with eighteen sesquiterpenes were isolated from the Resina Commiphora. The structures and relative configurations of new substances were determined by using spectroscopic methods. Biological activity investigation revealed that nine compounds including 7 , 9 , 14 , 16 , (+)- 17 , (−)- 17 , 18 , 19 , and 20 could induce the apoptosis of prostate cancer originated PC-3 cells, through classic apoptosis signaling pathway, even using flow cytometry showed that the compound (+)- 17 caused apoptosis of PC-3 cells more than 40 %, suggesting their potential therapeutic application in the development of novel drugs against prostate cancer.     

PC-1在前列腺癌细胞系LNCaP中的定位

目的:研究PC-1分子在前列腺癌细胞系LNCaP中的亚细胞定位。方法:利用常规PCR和重叠PCR技术在pEGFP-C1-PC-1上分别扩增PC-1的不同截短体及缺失体基因,PCR产物经酶切后克隆到真核表达载体pEGFP-C1中;经测序确定构建成功的载体在LNCaP细胞中瞬时高表达,在荧光显微镜下观察这些载体表达产物在LNCaP细胞中的定位情况,并通过Western印迹验证这些载体在LNCaP细胞中的表达。结果:构建了多个用于PC-1亚细胞定位研究的、能在LNCaP细胞中表达的载体;同时,还找到了一段对PC-1定位有重要影响的氨基酸序列。结论:为进一步研究PC-1的亚细胞定位及其发挥功能的方式提供了基础。     

Alpha-tomatine synergises with paclitaxel to enhance apoptosis of androgen-independent human prostate cancer PC-3 cells in vitro and in vivo

Alpha (α)-tomatine, a major saponin found in tomato has been shown to inhibit the growth of androgen-independent prostate cancer PC-3 cells. The effects of α-tomatine in combination with the chemotherapeutic agent paclitaxel against PC-3 cells were investigated in the present study. Combined treatment with a sub-toxic dose of α-tomatine and paclitaxel significantly decreased cell viability with concomitant increase in the percentage of apoptotic PC-3 cells. The combined treatment, however, had no cytotoxic effect on the non-neoplastic prostate RWPE-1 cells. Apoptosis of PC-3 cells was accompanied by the inhibition of PI3K/Akt pro-survival signaling, an increase in the expression of the pro-apoptotic protein BAD but a decrease in the expressions of anti-apoptotic proteins, Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL. Results from a mouse xenograft model showed the combined treatment completely suppressed subcutaneous tumor growth without significant side effects. Consistent with its in vitro anti-cancer effects, tumor materials from mice showed increased apoptosis of tumor cells with reduced protein expression of activated PI3K/Akt. These results suggest that the synergistic anti-cancer effects of paclitaxel and α-tomatine may be beneficial for refractory prostate cancer treatment.     

A New Proteasome Inhibitor,TP-110, Induces Apoptosis in Human Prostate Cancer PC-3 Cells

Proteasome inhibitors are useful in the treatment of cancer. Recently, we found a new proteasome inhibitor, TP-110, derived from tyropeptin A produced by Kitasatospora sp. Here we report that TP-110 induces apoptosis in human prostate cancer PC-3 cells. TP-110 showed strong cytotoxicity to PC-3 cells (IC₅₀=0.05 μM). It increased the number of cells in the G₂-M phase and increased the accumulated amounts of the p21 and p27 proteins, which are negative regulators of cell cycle progression. Furthermore, it induced apoptosis along with chromatin condensation and DNA fragmentation in PC-3 cells, and TP-110-induced apoptosis appeared to be associated with caspase activation. Additionally, TP-110 inhibited not only the degradation of IκB and the nuclear translocation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), but also the DNA binding activity of NF-κB. These results indicate that TP-110 shows a strong growth inhibition and apoptosis in PC-3 cells.     

Cholesterol regulates prostasome release from secretory lysosomes in PC-3 human prostate cancer cells

Prostasomes are vesicles secreted by epithelial cells of the prostate gland. However, little is known about the mechanism and the regulation of prostasome secretion. Since endocytic organelles may be involved in prostasome release, PC-3-derived prostasomes were investigated by Western blot analysis for the presence of marker proteins normally associated with these organelles. Prostasomes secreted by PC-3 cells contain clathrin, Tsg101, Hrs, Rab11, Rab5, LAMP-1, LAMP-2, LAMP-3/CD63, and annexin II. Moreover, electron microscopy of PC-3 cells revealed the presence of characteristic multivesicular body-like secretory lysosomes containing vesicles with the same size-distribution as released prostasomes. Ultrastructural immunogold labelling showed that LAMP-1, LAMP-2 and LAMP-3/CD63 were associated with these vesicles. In addition, we have investigated whether cholesterol plays a role in prostasome release by the human prostate cancer cell line PC-3. Interestingly, prostasome release was significantly increased when the cholesterol levels of PC-3 cells were reduced by the cholesterol-sequestering agent methyl-beta-cyclodextrin (MBCD), or by treatment with lovastatin and mevalonate. In conclusion, these studies indicate that cholesterol plays an important role in the release of prostasomes by the human prostate cancer PC-3 cells, and suggest that prostasomes may be released after fusion of secretory lysosomes with the plasma membrane.     

The vanilloid capsaicin induces IL-6 secretion in prostate PC-3 cancer cells

Capsaicin (8-methyl-N-vanillyl-6-nonenamide), a constituent of green and red peppers, has been linked with suppression of tumorigenesis through a mechanism that is not well understood. In the present study, we examined the effects of capsaicin on the production of the cytokine interleukin (IL)-6 by PC-3 cells at both protein and mRNA levels which were evaluated by ELISA and real-time PCR, respectively. Capsaicin-treated PC-3 cells increased the synthesis and secretion of IL-6 which was abrogated by the transient receptor potential vanilloid receptor subtype 1 (TRPV1) antagonist capsazepine, as well as by inhibitors of PKC-α, phosphoinositol-3 phosphate kinase (PI-3K), Akt and extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK). We analyzed the role of capsaicin in the tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α secretion by PC-3 cells which was increased at shorter times than IL-6 production. Furthermore, incubation of PC-3 cells with an anti-TNF-α antibody blocked the capsaicin-induced IL-6 secretion. These results raise the possibility that capsaicin-mediated IL-6 increase in prostate cancer PC-3 cells is regulated at least in part by TNF-α secretion and signaling pathway involving Akt, ERK and PKC-α activation.