NGF及其受体TrkA、p75在翼状胬肉组织中的表达

目的 研究翼状胬肉组织中的NGF及其受体TrkA、p75蛋白表达,探讨其与翼状胬肉形成的关系。方法应用免疫组织化学检测30例翼状胬肉组织以及5例正常结膜组织中NGF、TrkA和p75蛋白的表达。结果NGF、TrkA和p75蛋白在翼状胬肉组织的上皮细胞、成纤维细胞、血管内皮细胞中呈阳性表达;NGF、TrkA蛋白在正常结膜组织上皮细胞和成纤维细胞中呈弱阳性表达;p75蛋白仅在正常结膜组织上皮细胞中呈弱阳性表达。结论NGF、TrkA、p75可能共同参与翼状胬肉的发生、发展过程。     

原发性翼状胬肉中COX-2与iNOS的表达及相关研究

目的:探讨环氧合酶2(COX-2)与诱导型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)在原发性翼状胬肉中的表达及其在发生发展过程中的作用.方法:原发性翼状胬肉组织与对照组的正常结膜组织标本均取自石河子大学第一附属医院眼科行手术治疗的患者,采用免疫组织化学Elivision法分别检测56例原发性翼状胬内、20例正常结膜中COX-2、iNOS的表达;脱氧核苷酸末端转移酶介导的脱氧尿苷三磷酸末端标记法(terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated 2'-deoxyuridine 5'-triphosphate-biotin nick end labeling,TUNEL),检测不同时期原发性翼状胬肉细胞中凋亡细胞的表达.结果:56例原发性翼状胬肉中COX-2的阳性表达率,静止期为50%,进行期为87.5%,正常结膜为0(0/20).iNOS的阳性表达率,静止期为50%,进行期为92.5%,正常结膜50%.COX-2、iNOS阳性表达在原发性翼状胬肉与正常结膜两组间差异有显著意义,P＜0.001.正常结膜对照组无凋亡细胞表达,静止期和进行期胬肉组织中均出现凋亡细胞,凋亡细胞的表达在静止期和进行期2组间的表达有明显差异(P＜0.05)).结论:COX-2、iNOS在翼状胬肉中的表达,提示COX-2、iNOS可促进新生血管形成,可能与翼状胬肉的发生、发展以及术后复发有关,细胞凋亡在翼状胬肉的发生中起重要作用,COX-2、iNOS抑制剂以及细胞凋亡的调控可望成为降低翼状胬肉复发率新的依据.     

ABCG2与胶质瘤血管形成及预后的相关研究

目的:研究ABCG2在胶质瘤血管形成过程中与VEGF、VEGFR和CD34的关系,探讨其在血管形成中的作用及对胶质瘤患者生存预后的影响。方法:采用脑胶质瘤的组织芯片技术,分析ABCG2、VEGF和VEGFR(flt-1)在胶质瘤中的表达率,根据CD34阳性的血管计数判定微血管密度(MVD);另用免疫荧光共聚焦检测ABCG2与CD34、VEGF的共表达;用COX回归模型分析ABCG2对胶质瘤患者预后影响。结果:ABCG2、VEGF、VEGFR(flt-1)和CD34阳性表达率随着胶质瘤恶性程度的增加而增高。ABCG2Ⅰ、Ⅱ级之间无统计学差异,其余各级别之间存在统计学差异(P0.05);ABCG2与病理级别呈正相关;ABCG2表达水平与MVD显著相关,γ=0.540,P0.001。ABCG2、VEGF和VEGFR(flt-1)均为阳性表达的肿瘤标本MVD平均值显著高于ABCG2阴性表达者,P0.001。ABCG2与CD34、VEGF共表达于血管壁。COX回归模型证明ABCG2是胶质瘤患者预后的危险因素。结论:ABCG2阳性表达细胞具有向肿瘤血管细胞分化的潜能,对肿瘤血管研究重要意义,且ABCG2表达可作为考察胶质瘤患者预后的重要指标。     

miR-30a-5p对CD133~+ Huh7人肝癌干细胞侵袭和迁移能力的影响

目的本研究采用磁珠法对肝癌干细胞进行分选,进而使用mi R-30a-5p模拟物和抑制物进行基因治疗,观察其对肝癌干细胞侵袭和迁移能力的影响,并探讨其可能的分子生物学机制。方法采用免疫磁珠分选法分选CD133+Huh7肝癌干细胞,流式细胞术检测分选后CD133+细胞比例,分别采用mi R-30a-5p模拟物或抑制物转染肝癌干细胞设为模拟物转染组(30a M组)和抑制物转染组(30a I组),并设立空白对照组(NC组)。采用RT-PCR法检测细胞mi R-30a表达水平,Transwell法测细胞侵袭和迁移能力,western blot法检测功能蛋白表达量,荧光素酶报告基因实验测定Wnt/β-catenin信号通路荧光素酶活性,每组实验重复3次。肝癌干细胞分选效率、mi R-30a-5p表达水平实验数据的比较采用单因素方差分析和t检验。结果磁珠分选后的Huh7细胞中CD133阳性率为(84.6±0.56)﹪,明显高于未进行分选的Huh7肝癌细胞的CD133阳性率(1.38±0.12)﹪,差异具有统计学意义(t=-16.41,P=0.01)。30a M组CD133+Huh7肝癌干细胞中的相对表达水平(6.23±0.12)较NC组的(1.00±0.04)明显上调;mi R-30a-5p抑制物转染组(30a I组)的相对表达水平(0.07±0.01)较NC组明显下调,差异均具有统计学意义(t=15.98,-7.76,P=0.00,0.00)。Transwell侵袭实验显示,NC组、30a M组和30a I组的CD133+Huh7肝癌干细胞的穿膜细胞数量分别为(28.33±2.10)个/孔、(12.52±1.03)个/孔和(72.09±7.11)个/孔,差异具有统计学意义(t=15.00,-23.01,P=0.01,0.00)。Transwell迁移实验结果显示,NC组、30a M组和30a I组的CD133+Huh7肝癌干细胞的穿膜细胞数量分别为(21.76±1.21)个/孔、(8.74±1.96)个/孔和(145.51±11.23)个/孔,差异具有统计学意义(t=8.09,-33.10,P=0.02,0.00)。Western blot实验结果显示,30a M组的兔抗人波形蛋白(Vimentin)、wnt1、基质金属蛋白酶(MMP)2、MMP3蛋白的表达量较NC组低,上皮-钙粘素(E-cadherin)蛋白的表达量较NC组高,神经-钙粘素(N-cadherin)、锌指转录因子(Snail)、MMP9蛋白的表达量没有明显差异;30a I组的Vimentin、wnt1、MMP2、MMP3蛋白的表达量较NC组高,E-cadherin蛋白的表达量较NC组低,N-cadherin、Snail、MMP9蛋白的表达量没有明显差异。荧光素酶报告基因实验结果显示,30a M组Wnt/β-catenin信号通路的转录活性(3.23±0.51)明显低于NC组的(16.45±1.22)(t=-16.33,P=0.01)。30a I组Wnt/β-catenin信号通路的转录活性(27.16±0.96)与NC组相比,差异具有统计学意义(t=20.94,P=0.00)。30a M组Vimentin的转录活性(4.98±0.33)明显低于NC组的(7.80±0.64)(t=-13.01,P=0.02)。30a I组Vimentin的转录活性(9.31±1.50)与NC组相比,差异具有统计学意义(t=12.39,P=0.02)。结论 mi R-30a-5p对CD133+Huh7肝癌干细胞的侵袭和迁移具有明显的抑制效果,有望通过对肝癌干细胞的治疗提高肝癌基因治疗的效果。     

PEI-壳聚糖在结肠癌细胞CD133~+梯度表达的转染研究

目的:以PEI-壳聚糖(CP)为载体材料,考察CD133~+呈梯度表达的4种结肠癌细胞上的转染效率,将特异性结合CD133的TR多肽修饰CP材料,探讨材料与转染的关系。方法:根据CD133~+含量将细胞分为高表达组和低表达组,合成法制备CP材料,激光粒度仪测定纳米粒粒径、电位,CCK8实验检测细胞毒性,用质粒p GL3和EGFP考察CP材料的转染效果,Western印记检测CD133~+蛋白的表达。结果:CD133~+高表达组SW480、HCT116的CD133~+含量为96.97%、92.96%,低表达组CaCO_2、SW620的CD133~+含量为2.00%、0.56%;CCK8结果得出,CP材料按质量比N/P=5时,生物安全性较高;质粒p GL3转染高表达组,其CD133~+RLU值低于低表达组;质粒EGFP转染高表达组,绿色荧光弱于低表达组,Western blot检测接TR肽的CP材料CD133~+表达高于CP材料。结论:CP材料在低表达CD133~+组转染效率高,且接TR肽的CP材料针对CD133~+有可能介导材料进入细胞。     

顺铂对HepG2细胞增殖、细胞周期及肝癌干细胞标志物的影响

目的:研究顺铂对HepG2细胞增、细胞周期及肝癌干细胞标志物(CD133、ICAM-1和ABCG2)的影响。方法:选取HepG2作为研究对象,分别采用MMT比色法、PI染色法及免疫荧光法检测不同浓度顺铂对其增殖、细胞周期、CD133、ICAM-1和ABCG2表达的影响。结果:每个浓度顺铂作用后均可以显著抑制HepG2细胞增殖力(F=12.23,P=0.004);顺铂对HepG2细胞增殖力的抑制作用和浓度可能与时间成正比。0 mg/L组静息期(G0/G1期)细胞比例为(50.25±0.79)%、2 mg/L组G0/G1期细胞比例为(89.24±0.41)%、4 mg/L组G0/G1期细胞比例为(29.54±3.02)%,2 mg/L组和4 mg/L组分别比0 mg/L组显著上升和下降,差异明显有统计学意义(t=6.53、-3.65,均P0.05)。0 mg/L组DNA合成期(S期)细胞比例为(47.13±0.74)%、2 mg/L组S期细胞比例为(5.65±0.42)%、4 mg/L组S期细胞比例为(67.46±3.24)%,2 mg/L组和4 mg/L组分别比0 mg/L组显著下降和上升,差异明显有统计学意义(t=-7.35、3.79,均P0.05)。结果提示2 mg/L组和4 mg/L组顺铂可让HepG2在G0/G1期与S期显著阻滞,差异有统计学意义(P0.01);顺铂处理后,剩余的HepG2细胞的CD133、ICAM-1和ABCG2呈现高表达水平。结论:HepG2细胞系中会有很少部分肝癌干细胞避开了顺铂的杀灭作用,是造成临床上肝癌反复发作的重要因素之一,临床上应予以重视。     

miR-30a-5p对人肝癌干细胞增殖和凋亡的影响

目的采用mi R-30a-5p模拟物转染CD133~+MHCC97L肝癌干细胞,观察增殖和凋亡能力的变化,明确mi R-30a-5p对肝癌干细胞的基因治疗效果。方法采用免疫磁珠分选法分选CD133~+MHCC97L肝癌干细胞并采用流式细胞术检测分选效果。分别采用mi R-30a-5p模拟物或抑制物转染肝癌干细胞设为30 a M组或30 a I组,并设立空白对照NC组。采用RT-PCR法检测细胞mi R-30a-5p表达水平。采用CCK-8法检测细胞增殖能力。采用琼脂克隆形成实验检测细胞克隆形成能力。采用流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡率。肝癌干细胞分选效率、mi R-30a-5p表达水平、CCK-8实验测得A值、克隆形成数量和细胞凋亡率实验数据的比较采用单因素方差分析和t检验。结果未进行磁珠分选的MHCC97L肝癌细胞CD133阳性率为(1.42±0.26)﹪,低于分选后的MHCC97L细胞中CD133的阳性率(94.48±2.32)﹪,差异具有统计学意义(t=-6.78,P=0.04)。RT-PCR实验结果显示,30a M组CD133~+MHCC97L肝癌干细胞中mi R-30a-5p的相对表达水平(20.21±1.92)较NC组(1.03±0.02)明显上调;30 a I组的相对表达水平(0.13±0.01)较NC组明显下调,差异均具有统计学意义(t=20.96,-6.22;P=0.01,0.03)。CCK-8实验结果显示,30 a M组细胞于24 h、48 h和72 h测得的A值分别为(0.40±0.00,0.68±0.03,0.75±0.02),明显低于NC组的(0.83±0.01,1.34±0.03,2.47±0.12),差异具有统计学意义(t=-12.15,-15.66,-6.42;P=0.01,0.02,0.01);30a I组细胞测得的A值分别为(0.95±0.05,1.64±0.03,3.28±0.07),明显高于NC组,差异具有统计学意义(t=9.45,18.97,7.58;P=0.00,0.01,0.03)。软琼脂克隆形成实验结果显示,30 a M组细胞的克隆形成数量为(61.81±1.76)个/孔,低于NC组的(131.96±8.15)个/孔,差异具有统计学意义(t=-8.31,P=0.00);30 a I组的克隆形成数量为(195.75±6.16)个/孔,高于与NC组,差异具有统计学意义(t=15.61,P=0.01)。流式细胞术结果显示,30 a M组的细胞凋亡率为(19.67±0.06)﹪,高于NC组的(10.65±0.12)﹪,差异具有统计学意义(t=15.90,P=0.02);30 a I组的细胞凋亡率为(4.85±0.03)﹪,低于NC组,差异具有统计学意义(t=-6.96,P=0.00)。结论 mi R-30a-5p对CD133~+MHCC97L肝癌干细胞的增殖具有明显的抑制效果,有望成为针对肝癌的有效靶向性治疗手段。     

c-Myc通过调控ATP结合盒转运蛋白表达对CD133~+肠癌干细胞耐药性的影响

本文旨在探讨c-Myc通过调控ATP结合盒(ATP-binding cassette,ABC)转运蛋白表达对CD133~+肠癌干细胞耐药性的影响及机制。以人肠癌HT29细胞系为模型,通过流式细胞分选术获得CD133~+肠癌干细胞,以核心基因c-Myc为靶点设计小干扰RNA(siRNA),靶向抑制CD133~+细胞中c-Myc基因表达;免疫印迹法检测c-Myc沉默后ABC转运蛋白家族成员(ABCG2、MDR-1和ABCB5)表达水平变化;药敏实验检测肠癌干细胞对化疗药物(5-FU或/和奥沙利铂)的耐药性。结果显示,CD133~+细胞高表达核心基因c-Myc,si RNA显著抑制肠癌干细胞中c-Myc的表达水平;CD133~+肠癌干细胞对化疗药物(5-FU或/和奥沙利铂)具有耐药性;si RNA通过抑制c-Myc下调CD133~+肠癌干细胞ABC转运蛋白(ABCG2、MDR-1和ABCB5)的表达水平;靶向抑制c-Myc表达提高CD133~+肠癌干细胞对化疗药物的敏感性(P0.05)。以上结果表明,c-Myc通过调控ABC转运蛋白表达水平参与肿瘤干细胞的耐药机理,靶向抑制c-Myc能提高CD133~+肠癌干细胞对化疗药物的敏感性。     

翼状胬肉切除联合自体角膜缘干细胞移植术对翼状胬肉患者视觉质量和泪膜功能的影响

目的:探讨翼状胬肉切除联合自体角膜缘干细胞移植术治疗翼状胬肉的疗效及对视觉质量和泪膜功能的影响。方法:选取2017年2月～2018年12月期间我院收治的翼状胬肉患者201例,根据乱数表法将患者随机分为对照组(n=100)和研究组(n=101),对照组给予翼状胬肉切除术治疗,研究组在此基础上联合自体角膜缘干细胞移植术治疗。比较两组临床疗效、视觉质量、泪膜功能、并发症以及角膜上皮修复时间。结果:研究组术后6个月的临床总有效率为90.10%(91/101),显著高于对照组的73.00%(73/100)(P0.05)。研究组角膜上皮修复时间均短于对照组(P0.05)。两组术后6个月角膜散光度降低,且研究组低于对照组(P0.05);角膜水平曲度、角膜垂直曲度、视力、泪膜破裂时间(BUT)、基础泪液分泌试验(SIT)均升高,且研究组高于对照组(P0.05)。研究组随访期间并发症发生率低于对照组(P0.05)。结论:翼状胬肉患者在翼状胬肉切除术的基础上联合自体角膜缘干细胞移植术治疗,疗效确切,可有效改善患者的视觉质量和泪膜功能,并可减少术后并发症的发生率,临床应用价值较高。     

Cox-2、P504s、CK3413E12和P63在前列腺腺癌中的表达及其临床意义

目的:研究Cox-2、P504s、CK34βE12和P63在前列腺腺癌组织中的表达及其临床病理学意义.方法:用免疫组织化学法检测134例正常前列腺、良性前列腺增生和前列腺腺癌石蜡包埋组织中Cox-2、P504s、CK34βE12和P63的表达.结果:正常前列腺组织或良性前列腺增生组织未见或偶见P504s弱表达,但CK34βE12和P63均表达良好;前列腺腺癌组织中P504s表达良好,但CK34βE12和P63均表达消失,P504s表达阳性率为91.07%;与正常前列腺组和良性前列腺增生组相比.前列腺癌组的P504s阳性表达率存在显著性差异(p=0.001).COX-2在正常的前列腺组织几乎不表达,而良性前列腺增生组织及前列腺腺癌组织均可见阳性表达,阳性率分别为4.76%和80.36%;COX-2阳性表达率在正常前列腺组或良性前列腺增生组和前列腺腺癌组间有显著性差异(p=0.0027).COX-2与P504s表达存在相关性(r=0.377,P=0.039);COX-2的表达与年龄、临床分期、分化程度、有无远处转移等临床病理特征间无明显相关关系.结论:联合P504s、P63、CK34βE12和COX-2免疫组化检测可提高前列腺腺癌病理诊断的准确率.     

CD44 and CD24 cannot act as cancer stem cell markers in human lung adenocarcinoma cell line A549

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are subpopulations of tumor cells that are responsible for tumor initiation, maintenance and metastasis. Recent studies suggested that lung cancer arises from CSCs. In this study, the expression of potential CSC markers in cell line A549 was evaluated. We applied flow cytometry to assess the expression of putative stem cell markers, including aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 (ALDH1), CD24, CD44, CD133 and ABCG2. Cells were then sorted according to the expression of CD44 and CD24 markers by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) Aria II and characterized using their clonogenic and sphere-forming capacity. A549 cells expressed the CSC markers CD44 and CD24 at 68.16% and 54.46%, respectively. The expression of the putative CSC marker ALDH1 was 4.20%, whereas the expression of ABCG2 and CD133 was 0.93%. Double-positive CD44/133 populations were rare. CD44⁺/24⁺ and CD44⁺/CD24^?/low subpopulations respectively exhibited 64% and 27.92% expression. The colony-forming potentials in the CD44⁺/CD24⁺ and CD44⁺/CD24^?/low subpopulations were 84.37 ± 2.86% and 90 ± 3.06%, respectively, while the parental A549 cells yielded 56.65 ± 2.33% using the colony-formation assay. Both isolated subpopulations formed spheres in serumfree medium supplemented with basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and epidermal growth factor (EGF). CD44 and CD24 cannot be considered potential markers for isolating lung CSCs in cell line A549, but further investigation using in vivo assays is required.     

肿瘤干细胞标记物CD_(133)与miR-429在大肠癌组织中的表达及其相关性研究

目的:检测CD133不同亚群大肠癌细胞HT-29的miR-429表达情况,探讨miR-429及CD133的表达与肿瘤的发生发展之间的关系。方法:采用荧光活化细胞分选法(FACS)分选出CD133不同亚群细胞,实时荧光定量PCR分别检测两组细胞miR-429的表达,合成miR-429寡核苷酸和阴性对照miRNA并分别转染CD133+和CD133-两个亚群细胞。再将细胞种植于非肥胖糖尿病/严重联合免疫缺陷(NOD/SCID)小鼠体内构建移植瘤模型,不同时间测量肿瘤体积和重量,RT-PCR及蛋白质印迹检测CD133+和CD133-两组肿瘤CD133mRNA和蛋白质表达。结果:血清检出CD133+细胞为67.9%,miR-429的表达量是CD133+细胞的(1.83±0.91)倍(P0.05),CD133+比例与miR-429表达呈负相关(r=0.591,P0.05);miR-429+/CD133+组的移植瘤体积及重量与对照组比较有统计学差异(P0.05),且miR-429+/CD133+组成瘤时间较对照组晚约2周,但miR-429+/CD133+组的移植瘤CD133表达量低,与阴性对照组比较无明显差异(P0.05)。结论:miR-429可能作为CD133的负性调控因子,具有抑制肿瘤生长的作用,但miR-429与CD133在肿瘤发生、发展过程中的作用机制有待进一步研究阐明。     

Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor C in human pterygium

Vascular endothelial growth factor C (VEGF-C) and its receptor VEGFR-3 mediate lymphangiogenesis. In this study, we analyzed the expression of VEGF-C and VEGFR-3 as well as lymphatic vessels in the pterygium and normal conjunctiva of humans. Fifteen primary nasal pterygia and three normal bulbar conjunctivas, surgically removed, were examined in this study. The lymphatic vessel density (LVD) and blood vessel density were determined by the immunolabeling of D2-40 and CD31, markers for lymphatic and blood vessels, respectively. VEGF-C and VEGFR-3 expression in pterygial and conjunctival tissue proteins was detected by Western blotting and were evaluated using immunohistochemistry. The LVD was significantly higher in the pterygium than normal conjunctiva (p < 0.05). Western blot demonstrated high-level expression of VEGF-C and VEGFR-3 in the pterygium compared with normal conjunctiva. VEGF-C immunoreactivity was detected in the cytoplasm of pterygial and normal conjunctival epithelial cells. The number of VEGF-C-immunopositive cells in pterygial epithelial cells was significantly higher than in normal conjunctival cells (p < 0.05). VEGFR-3 immunoreactivity was localized in the D2-40-positive lymphatic endothelial cells. The present findings suggest the potential role of VEGF-C in the pathogenesis and development of a pterygium through lymphangiogenesis and the VEGF-C/VEGFR-3 pathway as a novel therapeutic target for the human pterygium.     

人喉癌细胞系Hep-2 中CD133 阳性肿瘤干细胞的分离及意义

目的:研究喉癌细胞系Hep-2中CD133的表达;比较CD133~+细胞、未分选细胞、CD133~-细胞的体外增殖、克隆形成能力及其在裸鼠体内的成瘤能力;探讨喉癌肝细胞对化疗药物顺铂(cisplatin,DDP)的抵抗作用。方法:采用流式细胞仪检测CD133在Hep-2细胞系中的表达;免疫磁珠分选技术纯化CD133阳性肿瘤细胞;使用四甲基偶氮唑蓝(MTT)法和平板克隆形成实验检测分选所得各细胞亚群细胞以及未分选细胞的体外增殖能力和克隆形成能力;将CD133阳性肿瘤细胞和CD133阴性肿瘤细胞以一定的数量级注入重症联合免疫缺陷小鼠腹部皮下,比较其成瘤差异性;此外,使用DDP干预分选所得各细胞亚群细胞,检测比较CD133阳性肿瘤细胞和CD133阴性肿瘤细胞的体外增殖能力与体内成瘤能力。结果:流式细胞仪示CD133在Hep-2细胞系中呈微量恒定表达,表达概率为40.12±1.32%;CD133阳性肿瘤细胞的体外增殖能力显著强于CD133阴性肿瘤细胞的增殖能力(P0.05),且其克隆形成能力也强于CD133阴性肿瘤细胞;体内成瘤实验结果显示CD133阳性肿瘤细胞较CD133阴性细胞、未分选细胞在重症联合免疫缺陷小鼠体内具有更强的成瘤性(P0.05);在DDP的干预下,相对于CD133阴性肿瘤细胞,CD133阳性肿瘤细胞表现出更强的抵抗力。结论:喉癌Hep-2细胞系中,CD133阳性癌细胞具有强的体外增殖能力、体内成瘤能力且对化疗药物具有较强的抵抗性,可作为喉癌肿瘤干细胞的标志之一。     

Proliferative and migratory aptitude in pterygium

Pterygium is a chronic fibrovascular overgrowth on the corneal surface and is often associated with inflammation, astigmatism and obstructed vision. The common treatment is surgical removal but post-operative recurrences with more aggressive behavior are common. However, there is a controversy in the pathogenesis of primary pterygium between limbal stem cell failure versus proliferation. In this study, we explore the proliferative and migratory aptitude in pterygium by characterizing the growth and migration pattern of pterygial cells in the head (on the cornea), the neck (over the focal limbus), and the body (on the conjunctiva) epithelia of 12 full-length primary pterygia. Immunofluorescence and quantification analyses showed a spatial expression pattern of markers for stem cells, cell growth, and matrix metalloproteinases. Beside the basal epithelia in all three regions, p63α^strong cells were located in suprabasal layers in head, weak in the body and absent in neck. Pertinent cell proliferation in head than body epithelia was revealed by its higher colony-forming efficiency. ATP-binding cassette transporter glycoprotein family member-2 and cytokeratin-15 were found mainly in the body basal epithelia, similar to that in normal conjunctiva. Much fewer proliferating stem-like cells in the neck region supported the limbal failure as a cause of pterygium formation. Pax6, matrix metalloproteinase-2 and -9 were more expressed in the head than in the other two regions. Our results indicate the importance of pterygium head in tissue growth and invasion and its likely involvement in post-operation recurrence.     

CDl33＋／ABCG2＋的人肺癌多耐药性肿瘤细胞亚群的分离及鉴定

肿瘤干细胞的多耐药性是导致肿瘤化疗失败的重要因素之一。因此,鉴定和明确耐药性肺癌干细胞亚群（cancer stem-cell subpopulations）的特征和机制是当前的热点。该研究从肺癌病人的肿瘤组织中分离出一个高表达CDl33和ABCG2蛋白的细胞亚群。发现该CDl33＋／ABCG2＋肺癌细胞高表达干细胞的生物标志,如：Nanog、Oct4、Sox2、Nestin、CD44、CDll7、CDl33和ABCG2等。不仅如此,这群细胞在体外具有高增殖性和高侵袈性,对于多种常用的化疗药物（如：顺铂和吉西他滨等）都具有耐受性。而且,少量的CDl33＋／ABCG2＋肺癌细胞即可以在免疫缺陷小鼠体内形成肿瘤。为了研究耐药性机制,我们检测了CDl33＋／ABCG2＋中ABCG2基因启动子区域的cpG岛（cpGislands）DNA甲基化修饰状态。实验结果表日月,该细胞中,ABCG2基因启动子区域的cpG岛处于去甲基化修饰状态。综上所述,作者成功地从肺癌病人肿瘤组织中分离、富集得到了CDl33＋／ABCG2＋细胞亚群,并利用该群细胞在体外建立了肿瘤耐药性研究模型。对于肺癌CDl33＋／ABCG2＋细胞的研究可为开发肺癌个体化治疗和新型化疗药物的设计和研发提供理论依据．     

Exploring the stem cell and non-stem cell constituents of human breast milk

The immense potency of nutritional components of human breast milk and importance of breastfeeding is known worldwide. Recent researches had identified stem cells as integral component of human breast milk. Nevertheless, there is little proof of evidence on the stem cell constituents of breast milk. It is imperative to explore the cellular constituents of human breast milk, including of stem cells, to open new avenue in child’s development and regeneration. Thus, we aimed at identifying the cellular constituents of human breast milk by phenotypic characterisation of diverse cell surface markers of hematopoietic stem cells (CD 34, CD 133, CD 117), mesenchymal stem cells (CD 90, CD 105, CD 73), myoepithelial cells (CD 29, CD 44), Immune cells (CD 209, CD 86, CD 83, CD 14, CD 13, HLADR, CD 45), as well as cell adhesion molecules (CD 31, CD 54, CD 166, CD 106, CD 49d), and other markers (ABCG2, CD140b) using flowcytometry. We found a lower expression of CD 34 (13.07 ± 2.0 %), CD 90 (7.79 ± 0.8 %) and CD 73 (2.19 ± 0.41 %), indicating scanty hematopoietic and mesenchymal stem cell population in human breast milk. On contrary, myoepithelial progenitors, cell adhesion molecules, immune cells and growth factors were identified as the major constituents of breast milk. Overall, this study illuminates the benefits of breast feeding as breast milk encompasses heterogeneous cellular components that benefits child’s growth, immunity and development. However, further research on these constituents of human breast milk will widen their applicability in treatment of neonatal disorders.     

Angiotensin II: Immunohistochemical Study in Sardinian Pterygium

The Angiotensin II (Ang II) is the principal effector peptide of the RAS system. It has a pleiotropic effect and, beside its physiological role, it has the property to stimulate angiogenesis and activate multiple signalling pathways related to cell proliferation. The purpose of the study was to determinate the Ang II expression and localization in Sardinian pterygium and normal conjunctiva by immunohistochemistry, and its possible involvement in the development and progression of the disease. Twenty-three pterygiums and eleven normal conjunctiva specimens obtained from Sardinian patients, were processed for paraffin embedding and assessed for the immunohistochemi-cal revelation of Ang II. Significant Ang II expression was identified in pterygium and conjunctiva. Particularly, thirteen pterygium specimens (n=13) displayed exclusively moderate to strong nuclear staining; some specimens (n=5) showed exclusively a moderate cytoplasmic immunoreactivity, and few specimens (n=2) displayed moderate to strong immunoreactivity in both cytoplasm and nucleus. Only 3 specimens were negative. Statistical significance difference in respect of nuclear and cytoplasmic localization was observed between normal conjunctiva and pterygium (P=0.020). The results showed a predominant intranuclear localization of Ang II in pterygium epithelial cells, in spite of conjunctiva that mainly showed cytoplasmic localization. These findings suggest a possible role for Ang II in the development and/or progression of pterygium mediated by the activation of local RAS system.Key words: Renin-angiotensin system (RAS), angiotensin II (Ang II), intracellular, immunohistochemistry