微RNA介导巨噬细胞极化的转录后调控

巨噬细胞极化是根据周围刺激环境做出表型调节的一个过程.一般极化为2个表型,分别为经典激活的M1巨噬细胞和替代激活的M2巨噬细胞.简而言之,M1巨噬细胞的特征是促炎和抗肿瘤;M2巨噬细胞是抗炎和促肿瘤.巨噬细胞极化被认为是人体生理和病理的关键调节器,其发挥作用的有效性依赖于关键因子的协调表达,而这些关键因子的表达在转录后...     

巨噬细胞极化在单纯疱疹病毒1型感染中的作用研究进展

巨噬细胞具有功能可塑性，使其能够根据微环境线索不同极化为不同表型，主要分为两种类型，即促炎M1型巨噬细胞和抗炎M2型巨噬细胞，它们在单纯疱疹病毒1型（Herpes simplex virus-1, HSV-1）感染的疾病发展中行使不同的功能。当巨噬细胞出现极化失衡时，可以通过多种因素对其失衡状态进行调节，靶向调节巨噬细胞的极化状态对于治疗HSV-1感染具有重要意义。本文对巨噬细胞极化及其在HSV-1感染中的作用研究进展进行总结，以期为HSV-1感染的进一步研究及治疗提供参考依据。     

肿瘤相关巨噬细胞极化的研究进展

肿瘤相关巨噬细胞是肿瘤组织局部浸润的巨噬细胞,在肿瘤组织微环境中,这些巨噬细胞发生M2型极化,从而发挥免疫抑制效应,促进肿瘤增殖。而M2型极化的肿瘤相关巨噬细胞也能够被再次诱导逆向极化形成具有抗肿瘤效应的M1型肿瘤相关巨噬细胞,激发机体产生特异性抗肿瘤免疫应答。促进肿瘤相关巨噬细胞M1型极化由此成为当前抗肿瘤免疫防治研究的热点。将对有关肿瘤相关巨噬细胞极化的新进展进行综述,为抗肿瘤免疫研究提供新的思路。     

艾拉莫德(T-614)对巨噬细胞M1型极化的影响

[目的]研究艾拉莫德(T-614)对小鼠巨噬细胞(RAW264.7)M1型极化的影响。[方法]细胞毒性实验观察3个浓度(400 g/L,800 g/L,1 200 g/L)的T-614对RAW264.7的影响,使用LPS/IFN-γ诱导RAW264.7发生M1型分化,同时进行T-614干预。流式细胞术检测RAW264.7表面F4/80+CD86+与MHCⅡ+的比例,ELISA检测细胞中IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α的含量,RT-PCR检测细胞中IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α、MCP-1、CD86和iNOS基因的表达,Western Blot检测细胞中MCP-1、CD86和iNOS蛋白表达水平。[结果]3个浓度T-614对未分化的巨噬细胞没有毒性;高浓度T-614降低M1巨噬细胞表面的F4/80+CD86+与MHCⅡ+比例(P<0.05),降低MCP-1、CD86和iNOS的基因表达水平与蛋白表达水平(P<0.05),降低IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α基因表达与减少IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α的含量(P<0.05)。[结论]T-614能抑制RAW264.7进行M1型极化,抑制MCP-1、CD86和iNOS的表达,减少IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α的形成与分泌。     

巨噬细胞的极化及其意义

表型可变性和功能多样性是单个核吞噬细胞的重要特征。近年来巨噬细胞的极化受到关注。一般认为极化巨噬细胞是单核细胞活化后一系列功能状态两个极端。而它的分化受到各种微环境信号的诱导与调节。极化的巨噬细胞能够进一步影响局部免疫反应,与各种因子协同作用调节病原体微生物感染结局和肿瘤免疫,参与免疫调节,组织修复重塑过程。对巨噬细胞亚型诱导因素及功能的研究将有助于了解免疫反应的调节机制。     

极化过程影响巨噬细胞的铁代谢

本文旨在研究巨噬细胞极化过程对自身铁代谢调节的影响.用20 ng/mLγ干扰素(interferon gamma,1FN-γ)刺激猪肺泡巨噬细胞(3D4/2细胞)24 h,诱导其为M1型巨噬细胞,另外用10 ng/mL白细胞介素4(interleukin-4,IL-4)联合10 ng/mL巨噬细胞集落刺激因子(macr...     

芍药甘草汤通过调节NDUFS1表达抑制巨噬细胞向M1极化缓解小鼠溃疡性结肠炎

目的 本研究旨在探索并阐明芍药甘草汤（Shakuyakukanzoto,SKT）通过调节巨噬细胞的能量代谢和极化来改善小鼠溃疡性结肠炎（ulcerative colitis,UC）的可能作用机制。方法 通过给予3%葡聚糖硫酸钠盐（dextran sulfate sodium salt,DSS）构建小鼠UC模型并通过灌胃SKT进行治疗。首先,对两个数据集GSE21157和GSE210415进行单细胞测序分析和代谢通路富集。其次,对UC小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞的提取和代谢组学验证。然后,根据标准逆方差加权两样本的单变量孟德尔随机化分析差异代谢物富集的通路和UC风险相关性。接着,分析在GSE128682和GSE102746数据集转录水平差异。最后,使用定量反转录PCR（qRT-PCR）、蛋白质印迹法（Western blot）和流式细胞术验证结果。结果 苏木精-伊红（HE）染色结果显示,SKT可以显著缓解DSS引起的结肠损伤。单细胞测序分析在肠壁中发现了巨噬细胞、NK细胞、T细胞等10多种不同类型的细胞。在疾病组中,通过比较这两组数据发现,有49条主要涉及能量代谢的巨噬细胞代谢途径的活性显著上调。能量代谢组学中,治疗组与模型组,模型组与空白组分别鉴定了10种和18种显著上调和下调的差异表达代谢物,这些差异表达的代谢物主要与糖酵解和氧化磷酸化有关。根据标准逆方差加权两样本的单变量孟德尔随机化分析,预测糖酵解和氧化磷酸化相关基因泛醌NADH脱氢酶Fe-S蛋白1（recombinant NADH dehydrogenase ubiquinone Fe-S protein 1,NDUFS1）（OR：0.56,95% CI：0.48~0.98,P=0.000 068）与UC风险降低相关。通过对两组数据集转录水平差异分析,与正常组相比,UC中NDUFS1的转录水平降低。qRT-PCR、Western blot和流式细胞术验证结果显示,SKT可以促进NDUFS1蛋白的表达,抑制巨噬细胞向M1型极化。此外,敲低/过表达NDUFS1可以影响SKT对巨噬细胞M1型极化的影响。结论 SKT通过调节NDUFS1蛋白水平,抑制巨噬细胞向M1型极化,从而缓解小鼠UC。这些发现不仅揭示了SKT对UC的治疗机制,也为临床应用提供了新的理论基础。     

病毒感染调控巨噬细胞极化分子机制的研究进展

固有免疫是机体抵御病原微生物入侵的第一道防线。巨噬细胞(macrophages, Mφ)在机体中分布广泛并具有十分活跃的生物学功能,在宿主抗病毒固有免疫应答过程中发挥重要作用。既往研究集中于Mφ的吞噬功能及抗原提呈作用,而近年来研究发现,不同活化模式的Mφ对病毒感染后机体的炎症反应具有双重调控作用,Mφ的极化状态与病毒感染性疾病的发生和转归关系密切。病毒感染急性期,Mφ向M1方向极化,M1型Mφ可促进炎症反应,辅助机体清除病原体,但其过度活化可引起细胞因子风暴,加重组织的免疫病理损伤;随着病毒感染相关疾病的进展,Mφ向M2方向极化,M2型Mφ可通过分泌多种抑炎因子发挥免疫调控作用,参与组织修复,亦与感染慢性化密切相关。不同种类的病毒感染机体后可以诱导Mφ向不同方向极化,但其具体调控机制目前尚不清楚。现就Mφ极化在病毒感染过程中的作用及其调控机制作一概述,为相关疾病的发病机制研究奠定理论基础,并为治疗策略的研发提供新的思路。     

巨噬细胞的自噬和极化抑制其泡沫化进程

目的:巨噬细胞是动脉粥样硬化斑块中最丰富的免疫细胞,巨噬细胞泡沫化加速动脉粥样硬化,本研究探讨巨噬细胞自噬与极化对泡沫化的影响。方法:分离培养小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞,免疫荧光检测巨噬细胞的标记物F4/80。不同浓度雷帕霉素处理巨噬细胞,western blot检测自噬标记物LC3II,经典激活的巨噬细胞(Classically activated macrophages, M1)标记物白细胞介素6(interleukin 6, IL-6)和替代激活的巨噬细胞(Alternatively activated macrophages, M2)标记物转化生长因子β(transform growth factor,TGF-β)的表达。用ox-LDL诱导巨噬细胞泡沫化,油红O染色鉴定泡沫细胞形成及巨噬细胞泡沫化情况。结果:免疫荧光结果显示,小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞F4/80阳性率达87.6%;雷帕霉素处理巨噬细胞24 h,western blot结果显示LC3II表达增加,M1标记物IL-6表达增加,而M2标记物TGF-β表达减少,对其条带进行统计分析结果显示都具有显著性差异(P0.05);油红O染色结果显示雷帕霉素明显减少巨噬细胞泡沫化形成。结论:雷帕霉素能诱导巨噬细胞自噬,促进其向M1型极化,从而抑制巨噬细胞泡沫化。     

可利霉素通过调控巨噬细胞极化影响黑色素瘤的增殖*

To investigate whether carrimycin (CAM) affects the occurrence and development of melanoma by regulating the polarization of macrophages, and the following related cell biology assays were used to examine its function. Methods: The effect of CAM on macrophage polarization was detected by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (Q-RT-PCR) and Western blot. Flow cytometry and Cell Counting Kit-8 were used to detect the effect of CAM on mouse macrophages in vitro and in vivo phagocytosis and proliferation. Cell line-derived xenograft model was constructed via B16-F10 to evaluate the anti-tumor effect of CAM on melanoma. Results: In the mRNA level, CAM could up-regulate the levels of TNF-α and iNOS in M1 and down-regulate the level of Arg-1 in M2. In the protein level, CAM can increase the expression of p-STAT1 and decrease the expression of p-STAT3. In the cell line-derived xenograft model, these data shown that the occurrence and CAM development of melanoma was inhibited after CAM treatment, the tumor inhibition rate was 41.6%, and promoted the increase of the number of M1 macrophages (P<0.05). Conclusion: CAM promotes the increase in the number of M1 macrophages in vivo and inhibits the progression of melanoma, suggesting that CAM may achieve anti-tumor effects by inducing the polarization of macrophages to M1.     

The Role of Macrophage Polarization in Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases

Macrophages, found in circulating blood as well as integrated into several tissues and organs throughout the body, represent an important first line of defense against disease and a necessary component of healthy tissue homeostasis. Additionally, macrophages that arise from the differentiation of monocytes recruited from the blood to inflamed tissues play a central role in regulating local inflammation. Studies of macrophage activation in the last decade or so have revealed that these cells adopt a staggering range of phenotypes that are finely tuned responses to a variety of different stimuli, and that the resulting subsets of activated macrophages play critical roles in both progression and resolution of disease. This review summarizes the current understanding of the contributions of differentially polarized macrophages to various infectious and inflammatory diseases and the ongoing effort to develop novel therapies that target this key aspect of macrophage biology.     

Adiponectin Promotes Macrophage Polarization toward an Anti-inflammatory Phenotype

It is established that the adipocyte-derived cytokine adiponectin protects against cardiovascular and metabolic diseases, but the effect of this adipokine on macrophage polarization, an important mediator of disease progression, has never been assessed. We hypothesized that adiponectin modulates macrophage polarization from that resembling a classically activated M1 phenotype to that resembling alternatively-activated M2 cells. Peritoneal macrophages and the stromal vascular fraction (SVF) cells of adipose tissue isolated from adiponectin knock-out mice displayed increased M1 markers, including tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and decreased M2 markers, including arginase-1, macrophage galactose N-acetyl-galactosamine specific lectin-1, and interleukin-10. The systemic delivery of adenovirus expressing adiponectin significantly augmented arginase-1 expression in peritoneal macrophages and SVF cells in both wild-type and adiponectin knock-out mice. In culture, the treatment of macrophages with recombinant adiponectin protein led to an increase in the levels of M2 markers and a reduction of reactive oxygen species and reactive oxygen species-related gene expression. Adiponectin also stimulated the expression of M2 markers and attenuated the expression of M1 markers in human monocyte-derived macrophages and SVF cells isolated from human adipose tissue. These data show that adiponectin functions as a regulator of macrophage polarization, and they indicate that conditions of high adiponectin expression may deter metabolic and cardiovascular disease progression by favoring an anti-inflammatory phenotype in macrophages.     

Nesfatin-1 Stimulates CCL2-dependent Monocyte Migration And M1 Macrophage Polarization: Implications For Rheumatoid Arthritis Therapy

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a prototypic inflammatory disease, characterized by the infiltration of proinflammatory cytokines into the joint synovium and the migration of mononuclear cells into inflammatory sites. The adipokine nesfatin-1 is linked to inflammatory events in various diseases, although its role in RA pathology is uncertain. Analysis of the Gene Expression Omnibus {"type":"entrez-geo","attrs":{"text":"GSE55235","term_id":"55235"}}GSE55235 dataset revealed high levels of expression of the adipokine nesfatin-1 in human RA synovial tissue. Similarly, our human synovial tissue samples exhibited increasing levels of nesfatin-1 expression and Ccl2 mRNA expression. Nesfatin-1-induced stimulation of CCL2 expression and monocyte migration involved the MEK/ERK, p38, and NF-κB signaling pathways. Notably, nesfatin-1-induced increases in CCL2 expression favored M1 macrophage polarization, which increased the expression of proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α. Finally, nesfatin-1 shRNA ameliorated the severity of inflammatory disease and reduced levels of M1 macrophage expression in CIA mice. Our studies confirm that nesfatin-1 appears to be worth targeting in RA treatment.     

Macrophage polarity in cancer: A review

Macrophages are the most abundant cells within the tumor stroma displaying noticeable plasticity, which allows them to perform several functions within the tumor microenvironment. Tumor-associated macrophages commonly refer to an alternative M2 phenotype, exhibiting anti-inflammatory and pro-tumoral effects. M2 cells are highly versatile and multi-tasking cells that directly influence multiple steps in tumor development, including cancer cell survival, proliferation, stemness, and invasiveness along with angiogenesis and immunosuppression. M2 cells perform these functions through critical interactions with cells related to tumor progression, including Th2 cells, cancer-associated fibroblasts, cancer cells, regulatory T cells (Tregs), and myeloid-derived suppressor cells. M2 cells also have negative cross-talks with tumor suppressor cells, including cytotoxic T cells and natural killer cells. Programed death-1 (PD-1) is one of the key receptors expressed in M2 cells that, upon interaction with its ligand PD-L1, plays cardinal roles for induction of immune evasion in cancer cells. In addition, M2 cells can neutralize the effects of the pro-inflammatory and anti-tumor M1 phenotype. Classically activated M1 cells express high levels of major histocompatibility complex molecules, and the cells are strong killers of cancer cells. Therefore, orchestrating M2 reprogramming toward an M1 phenotype would offer a promising approach for reversing the fate of tumor and promoting cancer regression. Macrophage switching toward an anti-inflammatory M1 phenotype could be used as an adjuvant with other approaches, including radiotherapy and immune checkpoint blockades, such as anti-PD-L1/PD-1 strategies.     

JNK通路对M2巨噬细胞极化及其肿瘤效应的影响

探究了JNK通路对M2巨噬细胞极化及M2介导的促肿瘤效应的影响。构建单核细胞THP1来源M2 巨噬细胞模型(THP1-M2),将细胞分为3组: 用PMA 诱导的未活化巨噬细胞组(M0),用PMA、IL-4处理及阴性干扰(DMSO)的M2型巨噬细胞组(M2),用特异性抑制剂阻断JNK通路的M2 型巨噬细胞组(M2-JNKI)。实时荧光定量PCR检测M2 表型marker基因的表达;免疫蛋白印迹法检测M2 表型marker蛋白水平;细胞划痕试验检测巨噬细胞迁移能力;流式细胞数检测786O及OSRC2凋亡。结果与THP1-M2组相比,阻断JNK通路的M2组M2表型marker表达明显下降,同时其细胞迁移能力也呈下降趋势。且阻断JNK通路后,M2巨噬细胞抑制肾癌细胞凋亡的能力减弱。结果表明,抑制JNK通路后,M2巨噬细胞极化状态受损,其促肿瘤效应可转变为抗肿瘤效应。