蓝舌病毒HbC株与不同种系细胞相互作用及群特异性抗原特征

BTV HbC株和蓝舌病毒标准株BTV 10分别接种在不同种系细胞如猴肾传代细胞 (Vero)、人宫颈癌细胞(Hela)和小鼠神经胶质瘤细胞 (C6)等细胞株上 ,比较研究了BTV HbC在不同种系细胞上的增殖特征 ,BTV HbC与BTV 10在相同细胞上的复制增殖特征 ,病毒与细胞相互作用的显微和超微结构特征。用免疫交叉反应研究了BTV HbC株与BTV 10型标准株之间的血清学关系。本研究结合本室对BTV HbC株基因组图谱分析和蓝舌病毒群特异性抗原编码基因S7的RT PCR分析 ,进一步证实了BTV HbC株可能是一个新的血清型蓝舌病毒     

蓝舌病毒HbC3株诱导人肝癌细胞Hep-3B的凋亡

采用MTT法检测BTV-HbC3对Hep-3B细胞的增殖抑制作用,流式细胞术检测BTV-HbC3诱导Hep-3B细胞的凋亡情况,透射电镜观察感染BTV-HbC3的Hep-3B细胞超微结构变化.结果表明BTV-HbC3对Hep-3B细胞具有抑制效应,并呈浓度和时间依赖性;BTV-HbC3作用下Hep-3B细胞呈现凋亡特征;BTV-HbC3能有效感染人肝癌细胞株Hep-3B,并在其中有限地复制,同时抑制该细胞增殖,诱导其进入凋亡.本研究证实了蓝舌病毒HbC3株对人肝癌细胞Hep-3B的杀伤及其诱导凋亡作用,结合本室已反复证实该病毒不感染人源正常细胞的事实,提示了该病毒具有抗人肝癌之潜能.     

蓝舌病毒HbC3株对小鼠乳腺癌MA-782细胞的感染特性

体外研究蓝舌病毒湖北株3(BTV-HbC3)对鼠乳腺癌细胞MA782的感染性并探讨BTV-HbC3靶向性溶癌的机制.观察MA782细胞感染BTV-HbC3的病变效应(CPE);MTT法研究病毒致细胞病变率的特征;透射电镜观察感染病毒后细胞超微结构的变化;免疫组化研究病毒蛋白在细胞内的表达特点;凋亡染色(TUNEL法)观察病毒诱导细胞凋亡的情况;流式细胞仪测定病毒对MA782细胞周期的影响.结果证明BTV-HbC3感染MA782细胞后有明显的细胞病变效应;病毒蛋白主要表达在细胞的胞膜及胞浆内;凋亡染色发现大量的凋亡细胞;流式细胞仪可见明显的亚二倍体峰.故认为BTV-HbC3在体外能有效的感染MA782细胞,并能诱导MA782细胞凋亡.     

蓝舌病毒HbC3对几株人和动物肿瘤细胞的感染特性研究

用BTV-HbC3感染人肺癌SPC—A-1细胞,人宫颈癌HeLa细胞,人星型胶质瘤U251细胞,小鼠星形胶质瘤C6细胞及人胚肺HEL细胞后,观察细胞病变效应(CPE);运用透射电镜技术及琼脂双扩散试验检测BTV-HbC3对各种不同肿瘤细胞及人胚肺HEL细胞的感染性;并用RT-PCR技术检测蓝舌病毒的增殖情况。结果显示,BTV-HbC3对正常HEL不感染,但能在不同来源的某些肿瘤细胞中选择性增殖,产生不同程度的细胞病变效应(CPE)及调亡现象,终致肿瘤细胞死亡。其中以人肺癌SPC-A-1细胞对其最为敏感。因此,初步认为BTV-HbC3株能靶向性杀死某些肿瘤细胞,从而为深入开展BTV-HbC3靶向性抗肿瘤的研究提供了第一手实验室依据。     

蓝舌病毒HbC3对几株人和动物肿瘤细胞的感染特性研究

用BTV-HbC3感染人肺癌SPC-A-1细胞,人宫颈癌HeLa细胞,人星型胶质瘤U251细胞,小鼠星形胶质瘤C6细胞及人胚肺HEL细胞后,观察细胞病变效应(CPE);运用透射电镜技术及琼脂双扩散试验检测BTV-HbC3对各种不同肿瘤细胞及人胚肺HEL细胞的感染性;并用RT-PCR技术检测蓝舌病毒的增殖情况.结果显示,BTV-HbC3对正常HEL不感染,但能在不同来源的某些肿瘤细胞中选择性增殖,产生不同程度的细胞病变效应(CPE)及调亡现象,终致肿瘤细胞死亡.其中以人肺癌SPC-A-1细胞对其最为敏感.因此,初步认为BTV-HbC3株能靶向性杀死某些肿瘤细胞,从而为深入开展BTV-HbC3靶向性抗肿瘤的研究提供了第一手实验室依据.     

蓝舌病毒HbC3株对小鼠乳腺癌MA-782细胞的感染特性

体外研究蓝舌病毒湖北株3(BTV-HbC3)对鼠乳腺癌细胞MA782的感染性并探讨BTV-HbC3靶向性溶癌的机制。观察MA782细胞感染BTV-HbC3的病变效应(CPE);MTT法研究病毒致细胞病变率的特征;透射电镜观察感染病毒后细胞超微结构的变化;免疫组化研究病毒蛋白在细胞内的表达特点;凋亡染色(TUNEL法)观察病毒诱导细胞凋亡的情况;流式细胞仪测定病毒对MA782细胞周期的影响。结果证明BTV-HbC3感染MA782细胞后有明显的细胞病变效应;病毒蛋白主要表达在细胞的胞膜及胞浆内;凋亡染色发现大量的凋亡细胞;流式细胞仪可见明显的亚二倍体峰。故认为BTV-HbC3在体外能有效的感染MA782细胞,并能诱导MA782细胞凋亡。     

蓝舌病毒HbC3株诱导人肝癌细胞Hep-3B的凋亡

采用MTT法检测BTV-HbC3对Hep-3B细胞的增殖抑制作用,流式细胞术检测BTV-HbC3诱导Hep-3B细胞的凋亡情况,透射电镜观察感染BTV-HbC3的Hep-3B细胞超微结构变化。结果表明BTV-HbC3对Hep-3B细胞具有抑制效应,并呈浓度和时间依赖性;BTV-HbC3作用下Hep-3B细胞呈现凋亡特征;BTV-HbC3能有效感染人肝癌细胞株Hep-3B,并在其中有限地复制,同时抑制该细胞增殖,诱导其进入凋亡。本研究证实了蓝舌病毒HbC3株对人肝癌细胞Hep-3B的杀伤及其诱导凋亡作用,结合本室已反复证实该病毒不感染人源正常细胞的事实,提示了该病毒具有抗人肝癌之潜能。     

蓝舌病病毒基因节段2与6的重配导致病毒血清型与增殖特性的改变

【背景】蓝舌病病毒(Bluetongue Virus,BTV)是一种侵染反刍动物的虫媒病毒,基因重配可引起病毒的快速变异。【目的】通过我国强致病性BTV-16型毒株与弱致病性BTV-4型毒株间Seg-2与Seg-6基因节段的重配,探讨病毒基因重配与表型变异之间的关系。【方法】采用全长cDNA扩增与高通量测序获取BTV-16/V158的全基因组序列,构建病毒的真核表达质粒,通过免疫荧光与WesternBlot检测目的蛋白表达;通过RT-PCR、体外转录与细胞转染等方法建立BTV反向遗传体系并获取基因重配病毒;通过蚀斑分析、增殖曲线分析与血清中和试验,比较亲本毒株与基因重配病毒在生物学特性上的差异。【结果】获取的BTV-16/V158毒株基因组大小为19 186 bp,与中国和印度BTV-16型毒株具有最近的亲缘关系;将表达BTV VP1、VP3与NS2的真核表达质粒转染细胞,检测到目的蛋白的表达;将BTV的7种真核表达质粒与基因组ssRNA共转染BHK-21细胞,成功拯救出与亲本毒株生物学特性一致的病毒;将BTV-16/V158毒株的Seg-2与Seg-6替换为BTV-4/YTS4毒株的对应基因节段,拯救出基因重配病毒BTV-16/V158-RG (BTV-4/S2,S6);与亲本病毒相比较,基因重配病毒在BHK-21细胞上形成的蚀斑变小,增殖能力减弱,血清型由BTV-16型转化为BTV-4型。【结论】建立了我国流行BTV-16型毒株的反向遗传体系,BTVSeg-2与Seg-6的基因重配可引起病毒在细胞上增殖能力的改变与血清型改变。研究结果为BTV基因重配致病毒变异与新型基因工程疫苗的研究提供了基础。     

蓝舌病毒血清5型毒株S7基因编码区的分子克隆与序列分析

目的:对蓝舌病毒(BTV)血清5型毒株(BTV-5)的S7基因编码区(ORF)进行克隆和序列分析。方法:用TRIzol LS试剂提取病毒总RNA,经反转录-聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)扩增BTV-5型毒株S7基因的编码区,将扩增片段克隆到pGEM-T Easy载体上,对阳性克隆进行核苷酸序列测定;采用DNAStar和DNASIS v2.5软件对环状病毒属不同种群的S7基因ORF序列及其推导的氨基酸序列进行同源性及系统进化树分析。结果:克隆的基因片段长1050bp,为S7基因开放性读码框的全长序列,编码349个氨基酸残基;与环状病毒属不同血清型毒株比较,核酸序列同源性范围为42.2%～96.6%,推导的氨基酸序列同源性范围为40.4%～99.7%。结论:蓝舌病毒与非洲马瘟病毒、鹿流行性出血热病毒分属于不同种群,群内不同血清型的S7基因ORF序列及其推导的氨基酸序列显示出很高的同源性,而不同种群之间的同源性很低。     

一株抗蓝舌病病毒8型VP2蛋白单克隆抗体识别的线性抗原表位的鉴定

为研究本实验室制备的一株抗蓝舌病病毒8型(BTV-8)VP2蛋白的单克隆抗体(MAb)3G11识别的B细胞抗原表位,利用噬菌体肽库展示技术对3G11识别的抗原表位进行筛选并鉴定。经过4轮淘选后挑取蓝斑测序,测序结果经分析后获得KLLAT序列,与BTV-8 VP2蛋白氨基酸序列比对后获得共同的短肽序列为283LL284;合成4种短肽序列:KLLAA、KALAT、KLAAT和KLLAT,与3G11细胞上清和腹水分别进行间接ELISA鉴定,结果表明,短肽KLLAA和KLLAT与3G11细胞上清及腹水具有较强的结合能力;与24种BTV标准阳性血清反应结果表明,这两种短肽都可与BTV-8阳性血清发生特异性反应;序列分析结果可见,该表位的氨基酸序列283LL284在不同来源的BTV-8毒株间保守,确定283LL284为MAb3G11识别抗原表位的关键氨基酸。本研究为建立8型BTV特异性的免疫学检测方法和相关病毒蛋白的功能研究奠定了基础。     

Early onset of virus infection and up-regulation of cytokines in mice treated with cadmium and manganese

A substantial database indicates that a large number of environmental pollutants, chemicals and therapeutic agents to which organisms are exposed cause immunotoxicity. The suppression of immune functions may cause increased susceptibility of the host to a variety of microbial pathogens potentially resulting in a life-threatening state. Evaluation of the immunotoxic potential of chemical xenobiotics is of great concern and, therefore, we have investigated the impact of exposure of inorganic metals, specifically cadmium (Cd) and manganese (Mn) on Encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV), Semliki Forest virus (SFV), and Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis virus (VEEV) infection. Pretreatment with a single, oral dose of Cd or Mn increased the susceptibility of mice to a sub-lethal infection of these viruses as observed by increased severity of symptoms and mortality compared to untreated controls. An early onset of virus infection was found in brains of Cd and Mn treated animals. Histopathological observations of the brain indicate evidence of inflammation and greater tissue pathology in Cd-or Mn-exposed mice compared to control animals. Meningitis and vascular congestion was seen in virus infected mice in all the metal treated groups, and further, the perivascular inflammation appeared earlier in treated mice compared to control. Encephalitis was maximum in Cd pretreated mice. Widespread environmental contamination of metals and the potential for their exposure and subsequent infection of humans or animals is indicative that further studies of these and all other metals are important to understand the effect of environmental pollution on human health.     

肝炎病毒与EB病毒重叠感染

为探讨肝炎病毒（ＨＶ）与ＥＢ病毒（ＥＢＶ）重叠感染的状况和后果,我们用免疫酶法对１５４例各型病毒性肝炎患者作了ＥＢＶＩｇＡ抗体检测。结果发现,急性肝炎、慢性轻度肝炎、慢性中度肝炎、肝炎肝硬化、慢性重型肝炎和原发性肝癌ＶＧＡ－ＩｇＡ抗体的阳性率分别为２４．０％、３０．０％、５３．３％、６３．３％、４０．０％和７２．７％,与健康人（５．３％）比较,有非常显著升高（Ｐ＜０．０１）;原发性肝癌又较急性肝炎和慢性轻度肝炎高,并有非常显著意义差异（Ｐ＜０．０１）。ＨＢＶ和ＨＡＶ＋ＨＢＶ感染者比较,前者又较后者低（Ｐ＜０．０１）。重叠感染者的临床表现均为“肝炎型”,未见咽炎、腺热、胃肠、肺炎、肾炎、神经等类型。重叠感染者的ＣＤ＋３及ＣＤ＋４Ｔ细胞下降,ＣＤ＋８Ｔ细胞及ＩｇＧ,ＩｇＭ升高,与健康人比较差异非常显著意义（Ｐ＜０．０１）。结果提示：ＨＶ感染,不仅因免疫失调易感ＥＢＶ,又可因重叠感染而进一步使免疫功能失调;对病毒性肝炎的处理应强调免疫调节治疗。     

Expression and detection of endogenous mouse C-type RNA viruses

Summary Many naturally occurring C-type RNA viruses are of endogenous origin. The genetic information for synthesizing these RNA viruses is present in the DNA of normal mouse cells, probably as part of their chromosomal DNA. Some C-type viruses infect mouse cells (homotropic virus), while others infect certain tissue culture cells from other species but not mouse fibroblasts (xenotropic virus). All mouse strains studied appear to contain endogenous xenotropic viral genomes. However, based on the regularity with which homotropic virus is detected, inbred mice can be divided into high, low, and nonvirus-yielding strains. Nucleic acid hybridization studies have shown that DNA from high virus strains contains several copies of the homotropic virus genome, while that from low virus strains contains fewer copies, and DNA from nonvirus strains lacks a significant portion of the homotropic virus genome. In vivo and in vitro genetic studies support the nucleic acid hybridization results. In addition, high virus mouse strains are more likely than low virus strains to release virus that will replicate efficiently in their own cells. Methods for the activation and detection of endogenous C-type virus in tissue culture are discussed. Presented at the Session in Depth on Endogenous Viruses in Cell Culture at the Twenty-fifth Annual Meeting of the Tissue Culture Association, June 1974.     

Detection of measles,mumps and rubella viruses by immuno‐colorimetric assay and its application in focus reduction neutralization tests

Measles, mumps and rubella are vaccine‐preventable diseases; however limited epidemiological data are available from low‐income or developing countries. Thus, it is important to investigate the transmission of these viruses in different geographical regions. In this context, a cell culture‐based rapid and reliable immuno‐colorimetric assay (ICA) was established and its utility studied. Twenty‐three measles, six mumps and six rubella virus isolates and three vaccine strains were studied. Detection by ICA was compared with plaque and RT‐PCR assays. In addition, ICA was used to detect viruses in throat swabs (n = 24) collected from patients with suspected measles or mumps. Similarly, ICA was used in a focus reduction neutralization test (FRNT) and the results compared with those obtained by a commercial IgG enzyme immuno assay. Measles and mumps virus were detected 2 days post‐infection in Vero or Vero‐human signaling lymphocytic activation molecule cells, whereas rubella virus was detected 3 days post‐infection in Vero cells. The blue stained viral foci were visible by the naked eye or through a magnifying glass. In conclusion, ICA was successfully used on 35 virus isolates, three vaccine strains and clinical specimens collected from suspected cases of measles and mumps. Furthermore, an application of ICA in a neutralization test (i.e., FRNT) was documented; this may be useful for sero‐epidemiological, cross‐neutralization and pre/post‐vaccine studies.     

The incidence and distribution of viruses infecting lettuce, cultivated Brassica and associated natural vegetation in Spain

A virus survey was conducted during the spring and autumn of 2001 and 2002 to determine the presence, prevalence and distribution in Spain of the viruses that are most commonly found infecting lettuce and Brassica worldwide. Crop plants showing virus symptoms from the principal lettuce and Brassica-growing regions of Spain, and some samples of the annual and perennial flora nearby, were tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays using specific commercial antibodies against the following viruses: Alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV), Broad bean wilt virus 1 (BBWV-1), Beet western yellows virus (BWYV), Cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV), Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), Lettuce mosaic virus (LMV), Pea seed-borne mosaic virus (PSbMV), Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) and Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV). Samples were also tested with a Potyvirus genus antibody. Virus incidence was much lower in spring than in autumn, especially in 2001. In spring 2002, CMV and LMV were the most prevalent viruses in lettuce, while CaMV was the most important virus present in Brassica crops grown in Navarra, followed by CMV and BWYV. In the autumn, the spectrum of viruses was different; potyviruses were widespread in lettuce grown in Madrid, but TSWV and BWYV were predominant in the Murcia region. The prevalent Potyvirus detected in lettuce fields was LMV, but none of the samples collected were positive for PSbMV or TuMV. In Brassica crops, TSWV was the most abundant in autumn-sown crops, especially in the Navarra region. All of the viruses present in lettuce and Brassica were also frequently detected in their associated natural vegetation at the same time, suggesting that they probably play an important role as virus reservoirs. Sonchus spp. were particularly common and were frequently infected with CMV, LMV and BWYV. Another common species, Chenopodium album, was often infected with TSWV and BWYV. Multiple infections were common, especially in non-crop plants, and the most common combination was BWYV and TSWV. The role of weeds in the epidemiology of viruses that infect lettuce and Brassica crops in Spain is discussed.     

Biochemical and biophysical properties of flacherie virus of the silkworm

Flacherie virus of the silkworm (FVS) was extracted from diseased silkworms, both larvae and pupae, and purified by 15 to 30% sucrose density gradient centrifugation. FVS III and FVS IV, in addition to the FVS I and FVS II described in the previous paper (Himeno et al., 1974), were found. The FVS I, FVS III, and FVS IV showed the same mobility in 2.4% polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and could not be distinguished from each other in the gel. However, the purified FVS II was separated into two bands, FVS IIa and FVS IIb, in 2.4% gel. FVS III was a spherical particle with a diameter of 28 ± 1 nm and showed a sedimentation coefficient of about 90 S. FVS III was easily decomposed into FVS IV which sedimented at about 30 S in sucrose gradient centrifugation. FVS I and FVS II each contained a single molecule of RNA which showed the same molecular weight. FVS I consisted of three polypeptides with molecular weights of 67,000, 50,000, and 33,000. FVS II consisted of 10 polypeptides; among them 2 polypeptides with molecular weights of 50,000 and 33,000 were also found. Labeling experiments with [³²P]orthophosphate revealed that FVS II was found at an early stage of infection and FVS I at a late stage. FVS II was also isolated at an early stage from silkworms infected with FVS II, and FVS I was found at a late stage in these silkworms. The correlation among FVS I, FVS II, FVS III, and FVS IV was discussed and it was suggested that they might be closely related to one another and that few particles in them were immature. It is possible that FVS II changes to FVS I via FVS III by cleavage of large polypeptides.     

The pros and cons of autophagic flux among herpesviruses

Autophagy has been intensively studied in herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), a human alphaherpesvirus. The HSV-1 genome encodes a well-known neurovirulence protein called ICP34.5. When the gene encoding this protein is deleted from the genome, the virus is markedly less virulent when injected into the brains of animal models. Subsequent characterization of ICP34.5 established that the neurovirulence protein interacts with BECN1, thereby inhibiting autophagy and facilitating viral replication in the brain. However, an ortholog of the ICP34.5 gene is lacking in the genomes of other closely related alphaherpesviruses, such as varicella-zoster virus (VZV). Further, autophagosomes are easily identified in the exanthem (rash) that is the hallmark of both VZV diseases—varicella and herpes zoster. Inhibition of autophagy leads to diminished VZV titers. Finally, no block is detected in studies of autophagic flux following VZV infection. Thus autophagy appears to be proviral during VZV infection while antiviral during HSV-1 infection. Because divergence to this degree is extremely unusual for 2 closely related herpesviruses, we postulate that VZV has accommodated its infectious cycle to benefit from autophagic flux, whereas HSV-1 has captured cellular immunomodulatory genes to inhibit autophagy.