自然保护与景观保护：英国国家公园保护的“二元方法”及机制

英国应对复杂问题形成了精细而又综合的国家公园保护机制,具有鲜明特色和重要借鉴意义。自然保护与景观保护是英国国家公园保护的“二元方法”,是国家层面保护制度在国家公园中的“投射”。基于此形成了以国家保护制度为骨架,国家公园层面补充强化的国家公园保护制度。首先,系统阐释了国家层面以生物多样性为主导的自然保护机制和国家公园层面的强化措施;其次,分析了基于景观特征评估的景观保护机制。在此基础上,提出英国国家公园自然保护与景观保护对中国当前国家公园机制建构的借鉴意义。     

景观生态分类概念释义及研究进展

景观生态分类通过建立等级分类系统,能够全面反映一定区域景观的空间分异和组织关联,揭示其空间结构与生态功能特征,是景观生态评价和规划管理的基础.本文首先对景观生态分类的概念进行剖析,然后从分类系统的制定及对分类因子选择的发展进程、分类方法的改进和创新、景观生态类型制图及应用领域等方面阐述国内外景观生态分类的进展和现状,并在总结以前研究存在不足的基础上,进一步指出今后景观生态分类研究的重点和发展趋势.

Abstract：

Landscape ecological classification (LEC), through establishing hierarchical classifi-cation system, can comprehensively reflect the spatial heterogeneities and their associations of definite regional landscape,, and reveal its spatial structural characteristics and ecological func-tions, being the basis of landscape evaluation, landscape planning, and landscape management. In this paper, the concept of LEC was paraphrased, and the research progress of LEC was reviewed and analyzed from the aspects of framing classification systems, selecting indices, im-proving classification methods, mapping landscape ecotypes, and applications. The problems of LEC research and its development trend were pointed out.     

内蒙古阿鲁科尔沁国家级自然保护区景观动态及保护成效

快速评估自然保护区的保护成效,对科学地制定管理决策具有重要意义.本文通过遥感解译进行景观分类和景观动态变化分析,使用保护性景观质量指数、人工景观干扰指数和景观保护成效综合指数等开展内蒙古阿鲁科尔沁国家级自然保护区2004—2014年的保护成效研究.结果表明: 2004—2014年,该自然保护区内自然景观所占比例由92.2%增加到92.8%,天然草地和灌木林面积显著增加,但湖泊、河流快速减少;景观格局变化较大,主要景观类型面积转出率和转入率高,景观转类指数为0.33.自然保护区内各功能区的保护性景观及其占比均明显增加,保护性景观质量指数由24.37增长为25.36,景观质量得到提升.各功能区均存在不同程度的人工干扰,人工干扰景观面积增大;2004和2014年人工景观干扰指数分别为-0.79和-0.96,人工干扰强度变大.研究期间,内蒙古阿鲁科尔沁自然保护区的景观保护成效综合指数为3.5%,其景观保护成效达到“很好”,野生动植物生境趋于好转.     

乡村景观特征的保护与更新

乡村景观特征主要表现为乡村景观要素的形态、空间特点,以及它们之间的相互关系。多元化乡村景观特征具有文化、景观与生态等价值。工业化、城镇化导致传统乡村景观衰败及消失,并引发景观特征减少、多样性降低。乡村景观特征的保护与更新是乡村景观可持续发展的关键。本文对乡村景观规划建设中乡村景观特征的保护与更新进行探讨,包括内容、范畴以及具体措施和技术要点,以期对我国乡村景观的可持续发展以及乡村规划体系建设有所启示。     

乡村文化复兴背景下的乡土景观规划与设计

城市化背景下,人们对乡村乡土生活的向往和回归,映射了中华民族的文化复兴一定会是在传统基础上的进一步发展。设计师需要从文化重建的高度去确立乡村题材的景观规划与设计的立足点并建立系统的工作框架。从操作层面看,设计师应视“乡愁”为魂,将乡村自然与人文环境注入活的情感,让受众得到精神上的共鸣。列举了义乌缸窑村、绍兴禹陵村建设更新的规划实例,有助于对乡土景观规划与设计涉及的理论问题和实际问题的探索。     

Partitioning the diversity of riverine fish: the roles of habitat types and non-native species

1. Quantifying how biological diversity is distributed in the landscape is one of the central themes of conservation ecology. For this purpose, landscape classifications are being intensively used in conservation planning and biodiversity management, although there is still little information about their efficacy. 2. I used data from 158 running water sites in Hungary to examine the contribution of six a priori established habitat types to regional level diversity of fish assemblages. Three community measures [species richness, diversity (Shannon, Simpson indices), assemblage composition] were examined at two assemblage levels (entire assemblage, the native assemblage). The relative role of non‐native species was quantified to examine their contribution to patterns in diversity in this strongly human influenced landscape. 3. Additive diversity partitioning revealed the primary importance of beta diversity (i.e. among‐site factors) to patterns in species richness. Landscape‐scale patterns in species richness were best explained by between‐habitat type (beta₂: 41.2%), followed by within‐habitat type (beta₁: 37.7%) and finally within‐site (alpha: 21.1%) diversity. Diversity indices showed patterns different from species richness, indicating the importance of relative abundance distributions on the results. Exclusion of non‐natives from the analysis gave similar results to the entire‐assemblage level analysis. 4. Canonical analysis of principal coordinates, complemented with indicator species analysis justified the separation of fish assemblages among the habitat types, although classification error was high. Multivariate dispersion, a measure of compositional beta diversity, showed significant differences among the habitat types. Contrary to species diversity (i.e. richness, diversity indices), patterns in compositional diversity were strongly influenced by the exclusion of non‐natives from the analyses. 5. This study is the first to quantify how running water habitat types contribute to fish diversity at the landscape scale and how non‐native species influence this pattern. These results on riverine fish assemblages support the hypothesis that environmental variability (i.e. the diversity of habitat types) is an indication of biodiversity and can be used in large‐scale conservation designs. The study emphasises the joint application of additive diversity partitioning and multivariate statistics when exploring the contribution of landscape components to the overall biodiversity of the landscape mosaic.     

A low-cost procedure for automatic seafloor mapping, with particular reference to coral reef conservation in developing nations

Loss of marine biodiversity through benthic habitat destruction has created urgent needs for low-cost, high-performance seafloor survey methods. However, accurate seafloor mapping and classification is usually an expensive undertaking requiring sophisticated equipment, which excludes important low-budget user groups in developing nations. In this paper, we introduce a low-cost procedure for seafloor mapping based on free-of-charge data acquisition software that can be downloaded from the Internet. Using a Malaysian coral-reef case-study, we show how comprehensive bathymetric mapping can be implemented with such software using inexpensive eccosounder and GPS, and describe principles for integration of environmental data, either by connecting additional instruments to the computer (up to 32 instruments with up to eight channels each can be handled simultaneously), or by using simple synchronisation techniques with equipment that records to separate media, such as video cameras. We mapped a Malaysian coral-reef area of 114 hectares in 6 hours of video mapping, achieving reef mapping rates that matches rates currently achieved only with air-borne imaging devices. However, the present methodology results in completely ground-truthed data that can be classified according to many schemes by direct observation of the habitat, and provides detailed bathymetric data that satellite imagery or air-borne spectrographic sensors do not provide. The method can be used as a stand-alone reef mapping and classification tool on the scale of tens to hundreds of square kilometres. On larger scales (thousands of square kilometres), airborne survey methods are likely to remain more cost-effective than boat-based methods, yet also in such settings this simple method offer unprecedented capacity for ground truthing and thereby increased capacity for habitat classification.     

景观生态学与生物多样性保护

景观生态学的发展为生物多样性保护提供了新理论,方法和技术手段,从景观多样性与遗传多样性,物种多样性,生态系统多样性各层次生物多样性之间的相互关系及生物多样性保护的景观规划等方面评述近年来景观生态学应用于生物多样性保护的主要内容及研究进展,阐述了生物多样性动态及反馈,生物多样性保护的地理途径（ＧＡＰ分析）,景观生态安全格局,区域和大陆尺度的生态网络等一些新的概念和方法。     

景观生态分类的研究现状及其发展趋势

景观生态分类是景观生态学研究的一项重要内容 ,是开展景观评价、规划与管理等工作的基础 ,对实现景观的可持续发展具有重要的意义。本文对国内外在景观生态分类的理论和方法方面的研究情况进行了论述、分析和讨论 ,总结了目前研究存在的一些问题和不足 ,并进一步指出了今后景观生态分类研究的重点和发展趋势     

景观分类的研究进展与发展趋势

景观分类既是景观结构、过程和功能研究的基础,又是开展景观评价、规划、保护和管理的前提条件,直接影响景观研究结果的精度和实用性.本文综述了国内外景观分类系统、理论、方法体系等,总结了目前研究中存在的主要问题和不足.同时系统介绍了LANMAP、MUFIC等景观分类体系.最后指出基于功能结构形态分类思想以及综合考虑景观分类实用目的、景观功能、景观结构、自然地理因子、人类活动的干扰强度等多种因素的定性和定量综合分类方法是未来该研究领域的发展方向;综合运用地学图件、3S技术、数学定量模型、计算机人工智能、专业学科知识等多种方法以提高景观分类体系的科学性和分类结果的精度水平,将是未来景观分类研究的重点和发展趋势.     

浙江天童国家森林公园景观的遥感分类与制图

利用Landsat-TM多时相数据,采用非监督分类方法,对浙江省天童国家森林公园的景观进行分类。并利用野外实地调查的数据进行检验和校正。结果表明,天童国家森林公园范围内的景观可分为常绿阔叶林、成熟常绿阔叶林、次生常绿-落叶阔叶林、山脊常绿-落叶阔叶林、谷地常绿-落叶阔叶林、林缘灌丛、次生灌丛、针叶林(杉木)、竹林、生长作物的农田／菜园地、旱地、裸土、居住区、水体14个类型,这14个景观类型,根据植物群落学分类的群落复合体(cammunity complex)和群落复合体的地-综合群落学(Geo-synsociology)的方法,归并为山坡常绿阔叶林、常绿落叶阔叶混交林、人工林(针叶林、竹林)、农田、水体、居住区6个景观单元。在景观分类和合并的基础上,对天童国家森林公园的景观进行了制图。     

川滇生态屏障区景观生态风险评价及影响因素

探究重点生态功能区景观生态风险时空演变特征,揭示人类活动对景观生态风险恶化的潜在影响,对防范和化解景观生态风险、促进区域可持续发展具有重要意义.以2000、2010、2020年土地覆被数据为基础,运用ArcGIS 10.8和Fragstats 4.2等软件,基于景观格局指数和脆弱度指数构建景观生态风险评价模型,借助空间...     

基于InVEST-图论模型的西双版纳州亚洲象生境网络评价

在大力推进生物多样性保护工作的背景下,亚洲象的活动范围与人类生产生活空间不断重叠,人象冲突矛盾日益严重,对物种栖息地生境网络进行优化能从源头缓解这一矛盾。在亚洲象国家公园建设之际,研究以西双版纳州为例,提出了一种基于InVEST-图论复合模型识别并优化生境网络的方法:即以土地利用数据为基础,结合亚洲象生活习性与栖息地偏好,通过海拔、坡度、距水源距离3个约束因子矫正生境质量数据,运用Graphab软件识别潜在生境网络,结合最小累积阻力模型理念与景观图论的分析方法,从\"源地-廊道\"角度定量化分析西双版纳州国家级亚洲象保护区的保护空缺,探讨保护区的空间布局优化策略与生境分级保护策略,以期为亚洲象国家公园的建设与西双版纳州国土空间规划提供新视角。结果表明,西双版纳州共识别出生态源地335个,总面积4595.60km²,总体上高质量生境分布较为均衡,连通性较好的生境网络集中分布在北部与东部区域,中部B4勐仑片区存在较为显著的生态孤岛现象,西南部高质量生境斑块小而破碎,联系紧密但缺少作为核心栖息地的大面积生境。保护空缺方面,国家级保护区范围内的生态源地仅占总源地面积的31.68%,大型保护空缺集中分布于B3勐养片区东北部;优化后的生境网络能形成以B3勐养片区为核心,以国家自然保护区为主的\"B5-A-B3-B4-B1-B2\"生物迁徙廊道。     

Correspondences between classifications and between classes of entities in molecular genetics

Certain correspondences appear between the classifications and between the classes of various entities at molecular genetic level: types of fundamental correspondences between classifications and between classes of normal entities, on the one hand, and of mutant entities on the other hand; ranks of correspondences between classifications and between classes of entities. The concept of universality of the genetic code was reformulated on the basis of the above correspondences.     

景观保护与受胁景观红皮书

地球上大多数景观是自然过程与人类文化过程交互作用的产物,是长期适应和演化形成的稳定类型。它们可以作为协调人类与环境相互关系的模型,具有十分重要的科学、文化和示范价值。但近几十年来,随着人口的快速增长,新技术的采用,世界各地的景观正受到严重威胁,使它们面临退化,有些走向消失。保护和抢救一部分有价值的景观已成为当前的紧迫任务。 国际上于1991年在 IUCN 的 CESP 内成立了“景观保护工作组”,制定了“景观保护计划”,接着在意大利和英国分别举行了两次景观保护专题讨论会,并在希腊克里特岛开展了事例研究。现正着手编制事例研究地点的《受胁景观红皮书》和世界范围的《濒危景观红色名录》。