植物几丁质酶的研究进展

几丁质酶是植物抗真菌基因工程的热点之一。本文叙述了植物几丁质酶的特性、结构和功能、基因结构;按最新资料对以前的植物几丁质酶的分类系统进行了完善;概述了几丁质酶的分子进化的各家观点及其模型,并归纳了植物几丁质酶的生物学作用。     

植物几丁质酶的基因工程与分子生物学研究进展

植物几丁质酶具有广泛的生理活性,尤其在植物的抗病性方面具有重要作用,因而植物几丁喷酶基因工程或为目前抗真菌基因工程研究的热点。本介绍了植物几丁质酶基因结构的研究进展,综述了植物几丁质酶基因工程和微生物产几丁质酶转入植物的基因工程研究成果,概述了植物几丁质酶分子比较和分子进化研究,并展望了植物几丁质酶基因工程的应用前景。     

21科41种(变种)植物叶片几丁质酶系的研究

对广州地区常见的21科41种（变种）植物叶片几丁质酶系研究的结果表明,所有受试植物都具有几丁质酶活性。几丁质酶不仅存在于被子植物的双子叶植物和单子叶植物中,而且也存在于裸子植物及蕨类植物中。几丁质酶活性及比活性均较高的有蕹菜、葱、蕨类植物、蒜、茄科植物、玉米、菜豆、番木瓜等。植物一般都具有两种几丁质酶:外切酶和内切酶。几丁质外切酶活性及比活性均较高的有蕨类植物、葱、茄科植物等。几丁质内切酶活性及比活性均较高的有蕹菜、裸子植物等。不同植物几丁质外切酶与内切酶的比例相差较大。有些植物的几丁质酶系以外切酶为主,如茄科植物、大部分豆科植物、番木瓜等;有些植物以内切酶为主,如裸子植物、伞形科植物、蕹菜等;有些植物的外切酶与内切酶含量相差不大。     

转几丁质酶基因防植物病害研究:进展、问题与展望

综合评述了近几年转几丁质酶基因防植物病害研究中的发现与进展：（１）至少３１种病原真菌（含变种和专化型）可诱导植物几丁质酶,（２）据称已提纯的植物几丁质酶对立枯丝核菌等真菌呈现了体外抑菌活性;（３）一些生防细菌的防病作用依赖于其几丁质酶基因的存在;（４）数种植物几丁质酶基因和一种细菌几丁质酶基因已被转入水稻、烟草、番茄等植物,一些转基因株系抗病性显著增强;（５）粘质沙雷氏菌的一种几丁质酶基因已被转入荧光假单胞菌和根瘤菌中,转基因细菌对立枯丝核菌有显著抑制作用。就几丁质酶抑菌谱、转基因的策略和研究中存在的疑点进行了分析讨论。建议今后的研究方向应集中在以下几方面：（１）加速转几丁质酶基因或几丁质酶基因与其它基因组合的植物实用化;（２）进一步研究不同基因组合的增效作用及增效机理;（３）查明个别几丁质酶基因的抑菌谱及选择性抑菌机制;（４）转几丁质酶基因或与其它基因的组合于植物内生细菌。     

谈谈植物中的几丁质酶

几丁质酶及其底物几丁质均广泛存在于自然界.由于几丁质酶及其降解产物在生物学、医学、化学、农业及环境科学等方面的潜在价值而越来越受到重视.着重介绍了几丁质酶的作用原理,植物的几丁质酶基因,植物中几丁质酶的特性以及几丁质酶在植物中的作用和在转基因植物中的应用.     

植物几丁质酶及其在抗真菌病害中的应用

植物几丁质酶的研究是抗真菌基因工程的热点之一。几丁质酶能够水解真菌细胞壁的主要成分几丁质,在植物抗真菌病害反应中发挥重要的作用。介绍了几丁质酶的基本生物学特性、基因的诱导表达,并对植物几丁质酶基因在抗真菌病害基因工程中的应用进行了阐述。     

转几丁质酶基因防植物病害研究：进展,问题与展望

综合评述了近几年转几丁质酶基因防植物研究中的发现与进展：（１）至少３１种病原真菌可诱导植物几丁质酶（２）据称已提纯的植物几丁质酶对立枯丝核菌等真菌呈现了体外抑菌活;     

几丁质酶及其在抗植物真菌病害中的作用

几丁质酶 (ChitinaseEc .3.2 .1 4 )广泛存在于植物、动物及微生物细胞和组织中 ,参与多种生理过程。几丁质是构成大多数真菌细胞壁的主要成分。研究发现许多微生物都可以产生几丁质酶。几丁质酶的生物活性可显著抵抗植物真菌病害。对几丁质酶的研究历史和现状进行了综合论述 ,并对几丁质酶及其抗病性、几丁质酶在植物病害生物防治和抗病基因工程中的应用前景进行了展望。     

植物中几丁质酶的作用

几丁质酶 (EC3.2 .1.14)是降解几丁质的糖苷酶。很多植物包括草本植物和木本植物都能产生几丁质酶 [1] 。由于几丁质酶在植物抗真菌病害中起着重要的作用 ,因而成为近年抗真菌病害研究的热点之一 [2 ] 。随着对几丁质酶研究的深入 ,发现该酶不仅与抗真菌病害有关 ,而且在植物发育、抗胁迫及共生固氮等方面都发挥着作用。1　参与植物的发育调控植物几丁质酶基因的表达具有组织特异性 ,参与了植物的发育调控 ,尤其在早期胚胎发育过程中。胡萝卜中 ,几丁质酶 EP3 参与控制早期胚胎发育 [3 ] 。在云杉体胚发育中 ,几丁质酶也起到了调控作用。…     

昆虫几丁质酶及其在植物抗虫品种改良中的应用

几丁质是昆虫外壳和围食膜的重要组成成分 ,在适当的时期昆虫分泌适量的几丁质酶降解几丁质以保证昆虫的正常生长。植物几丁质酶能够抵御病原菌的入侵 ,但是对昆虫没有明显的效果 ,而昆虫几丁质酶基因在转基因植物中的组成型表达却对昆虫具有明显的抗性。本文综述了昆虫几丁质酶的特性 ,阐述了昆虫几丁质酶及其在植物抗虫方面应用的研究进展。     

植物几丁质酶的结构与功能、分类及进化

近年来对几丁质酶的研究越来越深入,资料也愈来愈多,有的植物几丁质酶除具有几丁质酶活性,还具有其它的活性,典型的几丁质酶由－N－端信号区,催化区和C－端延伸区组成,有的还有几丁质结合域,各项能域具有各自的功能,对植物几丁质酶的分类已经过多次改进,目前公认的分成4组9个亚组,有证据表明植物几丁质酶在进化过程中有遗传转座现象,但具有进化过程还有待进一步确证,对几丁质酶与其它一些蛋白的关系的了解有助于理解几丁质酶的起源和进化,由于几丁质酶具有独特的抗真菌特性,因而几丁质酶基因成为目前抗真菌基因工程研究的热之一。     

植物几丁质酶的结构与功能、分类及进化

近年来对几丁质酶的研究越来越深入,资料也愈来愈多。有的植物几丁质酶除具有几丁质酶活性,还具有其它的活性。典型的几丁质酶由N_端信号区、催化区和C_端延伸区组成,有的还有几丁质结合域。各功能域具有各自的功能。对植物几丁质酶的分类已经过多次改进,目前公认的是分成4组9个亚组。有证据表明植物几丁质酶在进化过程中有遗传转座现象,但具体进化过程还有待进一步确证。对几丁质酶与其它一些蛋白的关系的了解有助于理解几丁质酶的起源和进化。由于几丁质酶具有独特的抗真菌特性,因而几丁质酶基因成为目前抗真菌基因工程研究的热点之一。     

Killer toxin-like chitinases in filamentous fungi: Structure,regulation and potential roles in fungal biology

Fungal chitinases are hydrolytic enzymes responsible for degradation of chitin. Chitinases are involved in several aspects of fungal biology, including cell wall remodelling during hyphal growth, conidial germination, autolysis, mycoparasitism and nutrient acquisition. They are divided into three distinct phylogenetic groups; A, B and C. Chitinases from the C group show structural similarities with the killer toxin zymocin produced by the yeast Kluyveromyces lactis and it is speculated that they have a similar function in filamentous ascomycetes, by facilitating penetration of toxins into cells of competing individuals. Genome analyses show that certain fungal species with a mycoparasitic lifestyle contain high numbers of killer toxin-like chitinases, compared with specialized saprotrophs and plant pathogens. Recent developments within this research field have revealed considerable variation in the modular structure and regulation of killer toxin-like chitinases, suggesting more diverse roles than merely fungal-fungal interactions. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge about this intriguing class of chitinases, including their modular structure, evolution, gene regulation, and functional analyses in mycoparasitic as well as in saprotrophic species. We also propose important questions for future research.     

Plant chitinases--regulation and function

The aim of this review is to present the current state of knowledge on plant chitinases and their regulation and function. Chitinases are up-regulated by a variety of stress conditions, both biotic and abiotic, and by such phytohormones as ethylene, jasmonic acid, and salicylic acid. Like other PR proteins, chitinases play a role in plant resistance against distinct pathogens. Moreover, by reducing the defence reaction of the plant, chitinases allow symbiotic interaction with nitrogen-fixing bacteria or mycorrhizal fungi. However, recent investigations have shown that these enzymes are also involved in numerous physiological events. The involvement of chitinases in development and growth processes is also described.     

几丁质酶与植物防卫反应

几丁质酶广泛存在于自然界,亦普遍存在于高等植物中,但在植物体内,至今尚未发现几丁质酶作用的底物。最近的研究不断发现植物防卫反应诱导表达的基因中包含着编码几丁质酶的基因［１］。许多研究已经表明,几丁质酶在植物体内的诱导与积累,对于增强植物防卫能力发挥着重要作用［２］,而植物自身防卫反应是目前植物分子生物学研究的热点之一。本文将着重介绍几丁质酶的特性、诱导及其参与防卫反应的机制的研究进展     

A comparative proteomic approach to analyse structure, function and evolution of rice chitinases: a step towards increasing plant fungal resistance

Glycoside hydrolase family 19 chitinases (EC 3.2.1.14) widely distributed in plants, bacteria and viruses catalyse the hydrolysis of chitin and play a major role in plant defense mechanisms and development. Rice possesses several classes of chitinase, out of which a single structure of class I has been reported in PDB to date. In the present study an attempt was made to gain more insight into the structure, function and evolution of class I, II and IV chitinases of GH family 19 from rice. The three-dimensional structures of chitinases were modelled and validated based on available X-ray crystal structures. The structural study revealed that they are highly α-helical and bilobed in nature. These enzymes are single or multi domain and multi-functional in which chitin-binding domain (CBD) and catalytic domain (CatD) are present in class I and IV whereas class II lacks CBD. The CatD possesses a catalytic triad which is thought to be involved in catalytic process. Loop III, which is common in all three classes of chitinases, reflects that it may play a significant role in their function. Our study also confirms that the absence and presence of different loops in GH family 19 of rice may be responsible for various sized products. Molecular phylogeny revealed chitinases in monocotyledons and dicotyledons differed from each other forming two different clusters and may have evolved differentially. More structural study of this enzyme from different plants is required to enhance the knowledge of catalytic mechanism and substrate binding.     

The Latex of Hevea brasiliensis Contains High Levels of Both Chitinases and Chitinases/Lysozymes

The latex of the commercial rubber tree, Hevea brasiliensis, was fractionated by ultracentrifugation as described by G. F. J. Moir ([1959] Nature 184: 1626-1628) into a top layer of rubber particles, a cleared cytoplasm, and a pellet that contains primarily specialized vacuoles known as lutoids. The proteins in each fraction were resolved by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Both the pellet fraction and cleared cytoplasm contained large amounts of relatively few proteins, suggesting that laticifers serve a very specialized function in the plant. More than 75% of the total soluble protein in latex was found in the pellet fraction. Twenty-five percent of the protein in the pellet was identified as chitinases/lysozymes, which are capable of degrading the chitin component of fungal cell walls and the peptidoglycan component of bacterial cell walls. Both the chitinase and lysozyme activities were localized exclusively in the pellet or lutoid fraction. The chitinases/lysozymes were resolved into acidic and basic classes of proteins and further purified. An acidic protein (molecular mass 25.5 kD) represented 20% of the chitinase activity in latex; this protein lacked the low level of lysozyme activity that is associated with many plant chitinases. Six basic proteins, having both chitinase and lysozyme activities in various ratios and molecular mass of 27.5 or 26 kD, were resolved. Two of the basic proteins had very high lysozyme specific activities which were comparable to the specific activities reported for animal lysozymes. Like animal lysozymes, but unlike previously characterized plant chitinases/lysozymes, these basic chitinases/lysozymes were also capable of completely lysing or clearing suspensions of bacterial cell walls. These results suggest that laticifers may serve a defensive role in the plant.     

微生物产几丁质酶的研究和应用进展

从产几丁质酶的微生物类群生态分布及微生物产几丁质酶的种类、理化性质等方面论述了微生物产几丁质酶的研究进展。着重论述了提高微生物产几丁质酶能力的方法。介绍了微生物产几丁质酶在植物病虫害防治中的应用进展 ,尤其是微生物产碱性几丁质酶在害虫防治中的增效作用。     

Truncation of class IV chitinases from Arabidopsis by secreted fungal proteases

Plant class IV chitinases have a small amino‐terminal chitin‐binding domain and a larger chitinase domain, and are involved in plant defence against fungal infection. Our previous work on the chitinases ChitA and ChitB from the model monocotyledon Zea mays showed that the chitin‐binding domain is removed by secreted fungal proteases called fungalysins. In this article, we extend this work to dicotyledons. The effects of fungalysin‐like proteases on four class IV chitinases from the model dicotyledon Arabidopsis thaliana were analysed. Four Arabidopsis chitinases were heterologously expressed in Pichia pastoris, purified and shown to have chitinase activity against a chitohexaose (dp6) substrate. The incubation of these four chitinases with Fv‐cmp, a fungalysin protease secreted by Fusarium verticillioides, resulted in the truncation of AtchitIV3 and AtchitIV5. Moreover, incubation with secreted proteins from Alternaria brassicae, a pathogen of A. thaliana and brassica crops, also led to a similar truncation of AtchitIV3 and AtchitIV4. Our finding that class IV chitinases from both dicotyledons (A. thaliana) and monocotyledons (Z. mays) are truncated by proteases secreted by specialized pathogens of each plant suggests that this may be a general mechanism of plant–fungal pathogenicity.