Changes in the sorption of the antigens of the causative agent of typhoid on erythrocytes in the dynamic immune response

The study of the adsorption capacity of erythrocytes in 4 strains of mice was made. According to the results of the determination of the background capacity of erythrocytes, the strains of mice, opposite with respect to the sorption of S. typhi Vi- and O-antigens, were selected. After the immunization of these mice with the killed culture of S. typhi, the process of the sorption of the antigen on erythrocytes showed a characteristic kinetics. The course of immune response was characterized by specific changes in the adsorption capacity of erythrocytes in all strains of mice: the increase of this capacity on week 1 was followed by its sharp drop on weeks 3-4 and its subsequent restoration to the initial level by weeks 7-8. The non-specific stimulation of the host had no essential influence on the kinetics of the fixation of S. typhi antigens on erythrocytes. Experiments with the passive immunization of the animals revealed that different receptors take part in the process of the sorption of Vi-antigen on erythrocytes, some of these receptors being related to antibodies.     

A high-capacity streptavidin-coated microtitration plate

A majority of current immunoassays rely on capturing a specific analyte on a solid phase to allow the separation of the bound analyte from nonbound components. Streptavidin-coated microtitration plates are widely used for immobilization of capturing antibodies, since they provide a generic surface for immobilization of any biotinylated molecule and preserve biomolecule activity much better than direct passive adsorption. Our trials to further improve the properties of the plates resulted in a development of a modified plate, which has higher binding capacity than currently used control plate. The modified coat was prepared by cross-linking streptavidin chemically prior to adsorption onto the microtitration well surfaces. The binding capacities of the plates were measured with biotinylated, europium-labeled molecules and labeled antigen. The immunoassay performance of the plates was studied with noncompetitive, sandwich-type assays of prostate specific antigen (PSA) and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). The maximum immobilization capacity of the modified plate was up to 2.5 times higher than that of the control plate. The higher binding capacity was especially emphasized with small-size molecules. The modified high capacity plate increased the linear ranges of the immunoassays and thus delayed the high-dose hook effect. At high antigen concentrations the signal increased up to 59%, and at the conventional linear ranges of the assays, the increase was up to 29%. We conclude that the modified coating method will be valuable for the future miniaturized systems, where high immobilization capacity is needed at limited areas.     

Preparation and characterization of silica gel/chitosan composite for the removal of Cu(II) and Pb(II)

Silica gel/chitosan composite (SiCS) was prepared via., sol-gel method by mixing silica gel and chitosan and cross-linked with bifunctional cross-linker glutaraldhyde. The SiCS composite was characterized using FT-IR, SEM-EDAX, XRD and BET methods. The sorption of copper and lead ions onto SiCS has been investigated. The SiCS composite was found to have excellent metal sorption capacity than the silica gel (Si) and chitosan (CS). The sorption experiments were carried out in batch mode to optimize various parameters viz., contact time, pH, initial metal ion concentration, co-ions and temperature that influence the sorption. Langmuir, Freundlich and Dubinin-Radushkevich adsorption isotherm models were applied to describe isotherm constants. Equilibrium data agreed well with the Freundlich isotherm model. Thermodynamic studies revealed that the nature of sorption is spontaneous and endothermic. The SiCS removes metals by means of adsorption and complexation. Sorption capacity of SiCS is compared with other sorbents which suggest that this composite was useful for removing copper and lead from aqueous solution.     

Optimization of the parameters that permit improvement in plate sorption activity for solid-phase immunoenzyme analysis]

The possibility of increasing the sorption activity of polystyrene plates with an initially low capacity for sorption has been shown. The qualitative and quantitative parameters of the process of physical modification have been ascertained. The empirical formula for achieving the highest degree of the sorption activity of plates by their definite exposure to ultraviolet radiation has been obtained.     

Kinetic studies on the adsorption of Cd2+, Cu2+ and Zn2+ ions from aqueous solutions by cassava (Manihot sculenta Cranz) tuber bark waste

The kinetics of Cd2+, Cu2+ and Zn2+ adsorption onto pure and thioglycolic acid treated cassava tuber bark wastes (CTBW) were investigated using a batch sorption technique at 30 degrees C. Kinetic data suggested that the adsorption process was exothermic, the rate limiting sorption step was physisorption and adsorption rates could be best described by a pseudo-second order model. Rate coefficients were determined to range between 1.39x10(-2)min(-1) and 5.94x10(-2)min(-1), 1.46x10(-3)min(-1) and 5.76x10(-3)min(-1) and 0.69x10(-3)min(-1) and 5.8x10(-3)min(-1) for Cd2+, Cu2+ and Zn2+, respectively. The results from these studies indicated that the sorption process is fast and stable. The adsorption equilibria were evaluated using the Langmuir equation and the monolayer sorption capacity was found to range between 5.88-26.3mg/g, 33.3-90.9 mg/g and 22.2-83.3mg/g for Cd2+, Cu2+ and Zn2+, respectively. Negative values of DeltaG(ads)(0) indicated that the adsorption process was spontaneous and exothermic in nature.     

Kinetic and Equilibrium Studies of Cr(VI) Biosorption by Dead <Emphasis Type="Italic">Bacillus licheniformis</Emphasis> Biomass

Many studies have been carried out on the biosorption capacity of different kinds of biomass. However, reports on the kinetic and equilibrium study of the biosorption process are limited. In our experiments, the removal of Cr(VI) from aqueous solution was investigated in a batch system by sorption on the dead cells of Bacillus licheniformis isolated from metal-polluted soils. Equilibrium and kinetic experiments were performed at various initial metal concentrations, pH, contact time, and temperatures. The biomass exhibited the highest Cr(VI) uptake capacity at 50°C, pH 2.5 and with the initial Cr(VI) concentration of 300 mg/g. The Langmuir and Freundlich models were considered to identify the isotherm that could better describe the equilibrium adsorption of Cr(VI) onto biomass. The Langmuir model fitted our experimental data better than the Freundlich model. The suitability of the pseudo first-order and pseudo second-order kinetic models for the sorption of Cr(VI) onto Bacillus licheniformis was also discussed. It is better to apply the pseudo second-kinetic model to describe the sorption system.     

Evaluation of cellulose-based biospecific adsorbents as a stationary phase for lectin affinity chromatography

Macroporous cellulose Granocel was evaluated as a matrix for the immobilization of two lectins Concanavalin A (ConA) (108 kDa) and Wheat Germ Agglutinin (WGA) (36 kDa). Two different methods were employed for the immobilization of the lectins via their protein moieties by a Schiff's bases reaction. One of them results in covalent coupling of the lectin directly to the support and the other gives the attachment through a long spacer arm which benefits the immobilization of voluminous ConA molecules. The adsorbents were characterized by the glycoproteins sorption recording adsorption kinetic data and isotherms. The adsorbents demonstrated high affinity to glycoproteins with a sorption capacity in the column up to 7.4 mg/ml support and a high recovery (up to 93%). The adsorption isotherms of glucose oxidase (GOD) onto ConA adsorbents reveals an adsorption behavior with high and low affinity binding sites. The dissociation constant K(d) of the ligand-sorbate complex is approximately 1 x 10(-6) and 0.4 x 10(-5)M, respectively. It was supposed that the second step is related to the sorption of solvated GOD onto already adsorbed GOD forming sorbate dimers.     

Removal of ammonium from aqueous solutions using alkali-modified biochars

Biochars converted from agricultural residuals can effectively remove ammonium from water. This work further improved the sorption ability of biochars to aqueous ammonium through alkali modification. Three modified biochars were prepared from agricultural residuals pre-treated with NaOH solution through low-temperature (300 °C) slow pyrolysis. The modified biochars effectively removed ammonium ions from water under various conditions with relatively fast adsorption kinetics (reached equilibrium within 10 h) and extremely high adsorption capacity (>200 mg/g). The Langmuir maximum capacity of the three modified biochars were between 313.9 and 518.9 mg/g, higher than many other ammonium adsorbents. Although the sorption of ammonium onto the modified biochar was affected by pH and temperature, it was high under all of the tested conditions. Findings from this work indicated that alkali-modified biochars can be used as an alternative adsorbent for the removal of ammonium from wastewater.     

Removal of fluoride from aqueous solution by TiO2 and TiO2–SiO2 nanocomposite

Adsorption plays an important role in the removal of pollutants such as fluoride from aqueous solutions. With the rapid development of environmental technology, TiO₂ particle has become promising material to adsorb fluoride ion because of its low cost, non-toxic, good chemical stability, and good sorption ability. This work used sol-gel and hydrothermal synthesis methods to prepare TiO₂ particles and load them onto SiO₂ particles. The physicochemical properties such as heat stability, particle size, and surface area of the resulting TiO₂ adsorbents were characterized with various analytical methods. In addition, their adsorption abilities to fluoride were determined under various conditions including different initial fluoride concentration, pH and coexisting ions. The maximum adsorption capacity of the TiO₂ adsorbents can reach up to 94.3 mg/g. The adsorption isotherms of fluoride onto the TiO₂ adsorbents can be closely described by the Langmuir model, suggesting the monolayer adsorption process.     

Sorption properties of polystyrene plates used in immunoenzyme analyses

The capacity of polystyrene carriers used in the enzyme immunoassay (EIA) for adsorbing 131I-labeled human serum albumin under different conditions has been studied, and the comparison of the plates manufactured by Dynatech AG (Switzerland) and by the Leningrad Works of Medical Polymers has been made. At the first stages of the reaction the antigen is separated from the carrier and the amount of the desorbed antigen depends on its initial dose and the dilution of the assayed sera. The irregular desorption of the antigen leads to misinterpretation of the results. Comparison of the polystyrene plates has shown that each plate is characterized by individual adsorption capacity, which impedes at present the standardization of EIA-based test systems.     

Utilization of ground eggshell waste as an adsorbent for the removal of dyes from aqueous solution

The adsorption of cationic basic blue 9 and anionic acid orange 51 from aqueous solution onto the calcified eggshell (ES) and its ground eggshell powder (ESP) was carried out by varying the process parameters such as agitation speed, initial dye concentration, adsorbent mass and temperature. The adsorption potential for basic blue 9 onto ESP is far lower than that for acid orange 51, mainly due to the ionic interaction between the acid dye with the sulfonate groups and the positively charged sites on the surface of ESP. The adsorption capacity of acid orange 51 onto ES is significantly smaller than that onto ESP, which is in line with their pore properties (i.e., 1 vs. 21 m(2)/g). The experimental results showed that the adsorption process can be well described with a simple model, the pseudo-second-order model. According to the equilibrium adsorption capacity from the fitting of pseudo-second order reaction model, it was further found that the Freundlich model yields a somewhat better fit than the Langmuir model in the adsorption of acid orange 51 onto ESP. In addition, an increase in adsorption temperature from 15 to 45 degrees C significantly enhances the adsorption capacity of acid orange 51 onto ESP, revealing that the adsorption should be an endothermic or chemisorption process. From the results, it is feasible to utilize the ground eggshell waste as an effective adsorbent for removal of anionic dye from aqueous solution.     

Selective separation of biobutanol from acetone-butanol-ethanol fermentation broth by means of sorption methodology based on a novel macroporous resin

The traditional distillation method for recovery of butanol from fermentation broth is an energy-intensive process. Separation of butanol based on adsorption methodology has advantages in terms of biocompatibility and stability, as well as economy, and therefore gains much attention. However, the application of the commercial adsorbents in the integrated acetone-butanol-ethanol (ABE) fermentation process is restricted due to the low recovery (less than 85%) and the weak capability of enrichment in the eluent (3-4 times). In this study, we investigated the sorption properties of butanol onto three kinds of adsorbents with different polarities developed in our laboratory, that is, XD-41, H-511, and KA-I resin. The sorption behaviors of single component and ABE ternary mixtures presented in the fermentation broths on KA-I resin were investigated. KA-I resin had higher affinity for butanol than for acetone, ethanol, glucose, acetic acid, and butyric acid. Multicomponent ABE sorption on KA-I resin was modeled using a single site extended Langmuir isotherm model. In a desorption study, all the adsorbed components were desorbed in one bed volume of methanol, and the recovery of butanol from KA-I resin was 99.7%. The concentration of butanol in the eluent was increased by a factor of 6.13. In addition, KA-I resin was successfully regenerated by two bed volumes of water. Because of its quick sorption, high sorption capacity, low cost, and ease of desorption and regeneration, KA-I resin exhibits good potential for compatibility with future ABE fermentation coupled with in situ recovery product removal techniques.     

表面活性剂对链霉素在内蒙古牧区土壤中吸附解吸的影响

通过静态吸附实验,研究了3种不同类型的表面活性剂(阳离子:十六烷基三甲基溴化铵,CTAB;阴离子:十二烷基苯磺酸钠,SDBS;非离子,曲拉通100,TX-100)对链霉素(Streptomycin,STR)在内蒙古牧区土壤中吸附解吸的影响。结果表明,3种表面活性剂的存在均会增加STR在土壤中吸附的线性程度。CTAB的存在抑制了STR在土壤表面的吸附同时抑制了STR的解吸,然而SDBS的存在降低了STR在土壤中的吸附量并增加了吸附过程的可逆性。与CTAB和SDBS不同,TX-100对STR在土壤中的吸附的影响取决于其添加浓度。低浓度的TX-100对STR的吸附促进作用大于高浓度。随着TX-100浓度的增加,TX-100对STR的增溶作用加剧。促使吸附在土壤表面的STR迁移到水相中,从而抑制了STR的吸附,进而促进了STR的解吸。     

Assay sensitivity and differentiation of monoclonal antibody specificity in ELISA with different coating buffers

Buffers of different pH and ionic strength were employed as coating buffers for antigen adsorption to microtitre plates. Their efficiency for coating plates with rinderpest virus (RPV) and foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) antigens was studied by ELISA with polyclonal and monoclonal antibody preparations. While the adsorption and detection of RPV antigen with polyclonal antiserum was highly dependent on the ionic strength and pH of coating buffer, adsorption of antigenically active FMDV antigen was relatively unaffected by the buffering conditions. Both antigens were adsorbed optimally in 0.01 M phosphate buffer, pH 8.0. When monoclonal antibodies were used to detect antigen, there was a greater degree of dependence on the coating buffer than that found with polyclonal antisera. Moreover, when they were used to detect antigen adsorbed under several buffering conditions, monoclonal antibodies showed a variety of preferred buffers. The usefulness of this differential reactivity in distinguishing epitope specificity is demonstrated.     

Effect of organic Cr(III) complexes on chromium speciation

Abstract

Chromium speciation in the presence of organic chromium(III) complexes was investigated using solid-phase extraction. The adsorptions of Cr(VI) and Cr(III) on alumina and pumice powder were studied. Maximum sorption of Cr(VI) was obtained by alumina (90.22%), while Cr(III) was highly adsorbed onto pumice powder (86.65%). This result shows that pumice may be a new and promising adsorbent for Cr(III). The experimental equilibrium data for Cr(VI) adsorption onto alumina and Cr(III) sorption onto pumice were analysed using Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. The separation and adsorption of Cr(VI), Cr(III) and five organic chromium(III) complexes onto pumice and alumina at different pH values were evaluated. Ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA), oxalate, citrate, glycine, alanine and 8-hydroxyqinoline were used as ligands. Sorption of alanine and ethylenediaminetetraacetate complexes was higher onto alumina than pumice at pH>3. The enhancement of adsorption of chromium(III) complexes onto pumice was achieved by surface modification of pumice using a surfactant, namely hexadecyltrimethylammoniumbromür (HDTMA). The presence of surfactant enhanced the adsorption of Cr(III) citrate, oxalate, glycine and 8-hydroxyquinoline complexes onto pumice. However, the adsorption of EDTA and alanine complexes decreased, with ratio of 13.40% and 4.00% respectively. Here we demonstrate that chromium speciation methods depending on adsorption onto various adsorbents including alumina may lead erroneous results. Analytical measurements were performed by flame AAS, data were obtained by standard addition method.     

Salinity Effects on the Adsorption of Nucleic Acid Compounds on Na-Montmorillonite: a Prebiotic Chemistry Experiment

Any proposed model of Earth’s primitive environments requires a combination of geochemical variables. Many experiments are prepared in aqueous solutions and in the presence of minerals. However, most sorption experiments are performed in distilled water, and just a few in seawater analogues, mostly inconsistent with a representative primitive ocean model. Therefore, it is necessary to perform experiments that consider the composition and concentration of dissolved salts in the early ocean to understand how these variables could have affected the absorption of organic molecules into minerals. In this work, the adsorption of adenine, adenosine, and 5’AMP onto Na⁺montmorillonite was studied using a primitive ocean analog (4.0 Ga) from experimental and computational approaches. The order of sorption of the molecules was: 5’AMP?>?adenine > adenosine. Infrared spectra showed that the interaction between these molecules and montmorillonite occurs through the NH₂ group. In addition, electrostatic interaction between negatively charged montmorillonite and positively charge N1 of these molecules could occur. Results indicate that dissolved salts affect the sorption in all cases; the size and structure of each organic molecule influence the amount sorbed. Specifically, the X-ray diffraction patterns show that dissolved salts occupy the interlayer space in Na-montmorillonite and compete with organic molecules for available sites. The adsorption capacity is clearly affected by dissolved salts in thermodynamic terms as deduced by isotherm models. Indeed, molecular dynamic models suggest that salts are absorbed in the interlamellar space and can interact with oxygen atoms exposed in the edges of clay or in its surface, reducing the sorption of the organic molecules. This research shows that the sorption process could be affected by high concentration of salts, since ions and organic molecules may compete for available sites on inorganic surfaces. Salt concentration in primitive oceans may have strongly affected the sorption, and hence the concentration processes of organic molecules on minerals.     

Biosorption of lead, cadmium, and zinc by Citrobacter strain MCM B-181: characterization studies

The biosorption process for removal of lead, cadmium, and zinc by Citrobacter strain MCM B-181, a laboratory isolate, was characterized. Effects of environmental factors and growth conditions on metal uptake capacity were studied. Pretreatment of biomass with chemical agents increased cadmium sorption efficiency; however, there was no significant enhancement in lead and zinc sorption capacity. Metal sorption by Citrobacter strain MCM B-181 was found to be influenced by the pH of the solution, initial metal concentration, biomass concentration, and type of growth medium. The metal sorption process was not affected by the age of the culture or change in temperature. Equilibrium metal sorption was found to fit the Langmuir adsorption model. Kinetic studies showed that metal uptake by Citrobacter strain MCM B-181 was a fast process, requiring <20 min to achieve >90% adsorption efficiency. The presence of cations reduced lead, zinc, and cadmium sorption to the extent of 11. 8%, 84.3%, and 33.4%, respectively. When biomass was exposed to multimetal solutions, metals were adsorbed in the order Co2+ < Ni2+ < Cd2+ < Cu2+ < Zn2+ < Pb2+. Among various anions tested, only phosphate and citrate were found to hamper metal sorption capacity of cells. Biosorbent beads prepared by immobilizing the Citrobacter biomass in polysulfone matrix exhibited high metal loading capacities. A new mathematical model used for batch kinetic studies was found to be highly useful in prediction of experimentally obtained metal concentration profiles as a function of time. Metal desorption studies indicated that Citrobacter beads could, in principle, be regenerated and reused in adsorption-desorption cycles. In an expanded scale trial, biosorbent beads were found to be useful in removal/recovery of metals such as lead from industrial wastewaters.     

Regulation of helper cell activity by specifically adsorbable T lymphocytes.

Mice immunized with soluble proteins such as human serum albumin (HSA) or ovalbumin (OA) develop in their spleens antigen-specific T and B lymphocytes. These populations of lymphocytes can be separated from each other by different means; e.g. treatment with anti-theta-antiserum and complement removes selectively T lymphocytes, whereas passage through glass bead columns coated with mouse immunoglobulin (Ig): anti-Ig complexes creates a relatively pure population of T lymphocytes. During the course of such separation studies it was observed that the helper capacity of HSA (or OA) immune mouse spleen cells after Ig:anti-Ig column passage frequently was higher than expected from the enrichment in theta-positive cells. In addition, after adsorption onto antigen coated Bio-Gel beads this effect was even more pronounced, i.e., and increase in the relative helper capacity of about 3 or 4 times compared with an increase in the content of theta-positive cells from about 30% to 40 to 50% after adsorption. The present results will demonstrate that the increased helper capacity was a specific phenomenon which was regulated by theta-positive cells. The regulatory cells specifically adsorbed onto antigen-coated Bio-Gel beads have not been successfully eluted by EDTA or excess-free antigen so far, and they were still adsorbed after pre-incubation with anti-Ig antibodies under conditions where specific B lymphocyte adsorption was almost prevented.     

Experimental binding of lead to a low cost on biosorbent: Nopal (Opuntia streptacantha)

The use of nopal cladodes (Opuntia streptacantha) as raw material for Pb(2+) biosorption was investigated. Batch experiments were carried out to determine Pb(2+) sorption capacity and the efficiency of the sorption process under different pH, initial Pb(2+) and nopal biomass concentrations. The experimental data showed a good fit to Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms models. The maximum adsorption capacity for Pb(2+) was 0.14 mmol g(-1) with an efficiency higher than 94% (pH 5.0 and 2.5 g L(-1) nopal biomass). The Pb(2+) kinetics were best described by the pseudo-second-order rate model. The rate constant, the initial sorption rate and the equilibrium sorption capacity were determined. The practical implication of this study is the development of an effective and economic technology in which the nopal biomass did not undergo any chemical or physical pretreatment, which added to nopal abundance in Mexico and its low cost makes it a good option for Pb(2+) removal from contaminated waters.     

Esterified coir pith as an adsorbent for the removal of Co(II) from aqueous solution

Coir pith was chemically modified for the adsorption of cobalt(II) ions from aqueous solution. Chemical modification was done by esterification using succinic anhydride followed by activation with NaHCO(3) in order to improve the adsorption of Co(II). Adsorptive removal of Co(II) from aqueous solution onto modified coir pith was evaluated in batch studies under varying conditions of agitation time and metal ion concentration to assess the kinetic and equilibrium parameters. A pseudo-second-order kinetic model fitted well for the sorption of Co(II) onto modified coir pith. Sorption kinetics showed that the loading of Co(II) by this material was quite fast under ambient conditions. The Langmuir and Freundlich equilibrium isotherm models provided excellent fits for the adsorption data, with R(2) of 0.99 and 0.98, respectively. After esterification, the maximum Co(II) sorption loading Q(0); was greatly improved. It is evident that chemically modified adsorbent exhibits better Co(II) removal capability than raw adsorbent suggesting that surface modification of the adsorbent generates more adsorption sites on its solid surface for metal adsorption. A complete recovery of the adsorbed metal ions from the spent adsorbent was achieved by using 1.0N HCl.