血流感染葡萄球菌菌种分布及耐药特性分析

目的了解血流感染中葡萄球菌的菌种分布及其耐药特性,以指导临床合理使用抗菌药物。方法回顾性分析南昌大学第二附属医院2013年1月至2013年8月期间临床各科室送检的血培养标本中葡萄球菌的菌种分布和耐药特性。采用BACT/ALERT 3D全自动血培养仪进行培养,VITEK2-compact全自动细菌分析仪进行菌种鉴定和药敏试验。WHONET 5.6软件分析数据。结果共分离获得176株葡萄球菌,其中金黄色葡萄球菌24株,占13.6%;路邓葡萄球菌1株,占0.6%;凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(CNS)151株,占85.8%,人葡萄球菌53株、溶血葡萄球菌32株、表皮葡萄球菌23株及头状葡萄球菌15株居前四位。最常见的葡萄球菌分别为人葡萄球菌、溶血葡萄球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌及表皮葡萄球菌。耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)和耐甲氧西林CNS(MRCNS)检出率分别为29.2%和85.4%,对青霉素耐药率均100.0%,磺胺甲噁唑对MRSA(耐药率仅14.3%)有较强的体外抗菌活性,利福平对MRCNS(耐药率仅18.2%)有较强的体外抗菌活性,均未发现耐万古霉素、利奈唑胺和替加环素的菌株。结论葡萄球菌引起的血流感染菌种分布较广,以人葡萄球菌、溶血葡萄球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌及表皮葡萄球菌为主,人葡萄球菌较金黄色葡萄球菌耐药及多重耐药性严重,但均仍对万古霉素、利奈唑胺、替加环素保持高度敏感。     

葡萄球菌下呼吸道感染的细菌学分类及抗生素敏感性分析

目的：探讨葡萄球菌下呼吸道感染的细菌学分类情况及抗生素耐药性特点。方法：利用复星公司FOUTUNE IMS细菌鉴定药敏分析系统,凝固酶试验用试管法。结果：47株菌株分离到6种葡萄球菌,排在前3位的是施氏葡萄球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、木糖葡萄球菌,其中金黄色葡萄球菌占29．8％。耐甲氧西林葡萄球菌（MRS）占78．7％,耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌（MRCNS）占凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌（CNS）78．8％;MRS对万古霉素敏感率为81．1％。MRS建议用药依次为万古霉素、呋喃妥因、氯霉素、四环素和喹诺酮类,未发现对万古霉素耐药的耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（MRSA）。结论：凝固酶阴性、耐甲氧西林葡萄球菌成为下呼吸道球菌感染的主要菌株,MRS比例上升,MRS治疗首选万古霉素。     

重症监护病房凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌分布及耐药性分析

目的了解重症监护病房(ICU)凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(CNS)临床分布及耐药情况,以期指导临床合理使用抗菌药物。方法采用VITEK-2细菌鉴定及药敏分析系统,对2009年10月至2010年9月重症监护病房的患者各类标本分离的凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌进行鉴定和药敏试验。结果共检出CNS 189株,以表皮葡萄球菌和溶血葡萄球菌为主,占71.42%。耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(MRCNS)122株,分离率为61.5%,β-内酰胺酶检出率达100%,MRCNS对青霉素、红霉素、苯唑西林耐药率最高,分别达100%、93.44%、91.80%,对复方新诺明、喹诺酮类药的耐药率次之,对利福平、呋西地酸、替考拉宁、喹奴普汀/达福普汀等耐药率均较低;甲氧西林敏感凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(MSCNS)67株,分离率为38.5%,β-内酰胺酶检出率为61.1%,MSCNS对大多数抗生素敏感;189株CNS中未检测到万古霉素耐药株。结论 ICU分离的CNS以表皮葡萄球菌和溶血葡萄球菌为主,MRCNS检出率高且呈多重耐药,万古霉素、呋西地酸、替考拉宁、喹奴普汀/达福普汀是治疗MRCNS感染的首选药物。     

儿童血液凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌的感染情况及耐药性分析

目的了解本院儿童血培养凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌（CNS）的感染率及其药物敏感情况,为儿科合理使用抗生素提供依据。方法对本院2006年1月至2007年12月间住院及门诊儿童血液培养的结果进行回顾性统计分析。结果在1265例儿童血培养中共检出CNS117株,其中表皮葡萄球菌41株（占35．0％）,人葡萄球菌27株（占23．1％）,溶血葡萄球菌21株（占18．0％）,其他凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌28株（占23．9％）;耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌（MRCNS）分离率为79．5％;MRCNS药敏结果显示多重耐药。结论CNS已成为儿童血液感染的重要致病菌,MRCNS检出率高且多重耐药,万古霉素、喹宁始霉素-达福普汀、呋西地酸是治疗MRCNS感染的首选药物。     

新生儿耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌败血症40例分析

目的：探讨耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌（MRCNS）在新生儿败血症中的分布,临床特征及耐药性特点。方法：应用全自动血培养系统（BACTE/9050）,ATB细菌鉴定仪,从80例新生儿血培养阳性瓶中分离出40株MRCNS。应用ATB药敏系统,测定了青霉素等17种抗生素的耐药性。结果：80株细菌中,分离出40株MRCNS（占50%）,其中溶血葡萄球菌17株（42.5%)居首位,表皮葡萄球菌15株（37.5%),其他葡萄球菌8株（20%）。药敏结果显示多重耐药。结论：凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌（CNS）已成为小儿血培养的第一位检出菌,主要为溶血葡萄球菌和表皮葡萄球菌,MRCNS占主导地位（达50%左右）,成为新生儿病房院内感染的主要致病菌。药敏结果显示MRCNS呈多重耐药,万古霉素及其他糖肽类抗生素是治疗MRCNS感染的首选药物,MRCNS在新生儿病房造成院内感染的危害性以及耐药性应引起广泛关注。     

血培养病原菌构成及耐药性分析

了解2008年至2012年哈尔滨医科大学附属第一医院血培养常见病原菌构成及耐药性。对血培养分离出的病原菌进行鉴定,用MIC法、K-B法测定药物敏感性,用WHONET 5.6统计软件进行细菌菌谱及耐药性分析。共分离出病原菌4 245株;其中凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌最多,947株占22.3%;其次为大肠埃希菌822株,肺炎克雷伯菌520株,鲍曼不动杆菌195株,金黄色葡萄球菌142株;耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(MRCNS)和耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)检出率分别为81.1%、38.8%,未发现耐万古霉素、利奈唑胺及替考拉宁的凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌和金黄色葡萄球菌;大肠埃希菌及肺炎克雷伯菌产ESBLs检出率分别为55.2%、53.8%,对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、头孢替坦、头孢西丁、阿米卡星的耐药率较低,对碳青霉烯类抗菌药物存在耐药现象;鲍曼不动杆菌对抗菌药物的耐药率普遍较高。及时、准确地对血培养分离出的病原菌进行监测,以便指导临床合理用药,控制耐药株的产生。     

葡萄球菌耐药性的监测分析

目的：研究葡萄球菌的感染及耐药性状况,指导临床合理用药。方法：常规方法及阳光微生物鉴定仪鉴定菌株。药敏试验用革兰阳性需氧球菌药敏检测卡,检测耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（MRSA）和耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌（MRCNS）,金黄色葡萄球菌（SA）和凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌（CNS）对12种抗生素的耐药率。结果：158株葡萄球菌中,MRSA占47.5%（78/158）,MRCNS占21.5%(34/158),SA占70.9%（112/158）,CNS占29.1%(46/158)。耐甲氧西林葡萄球菌（MRS）对12种抗生素的耐药率均高于甲氧西林敏感葡萄球菌（MSSA）。结论：MRSA的耐药性较高,需加强其抗生素的耐药性检测。     

426株凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌临床分布及耐药性分析

目的:分析凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(CNS)的分布及耐药性,为临床合理应用抗菌药物提供理论依据.方法:对我院2005年1月-2007年12月临床分离的CNS采用琼脂纸片扩散法(K-B法)检测药敏.结果:在426株CNS中共分离13种菌,其中表皮葡萄球菌、溶血葡萄球菌、人葡萄球菌分别为218株、103株、46株,各占51.17%、24.18%和10.80%;CNS对氟霉素、阿米卡星的耐药率小于25%,对万古霉素和替考拉宁的耐药率为0%;对青霉素、笨唑西林、红霉素、头孢西丁、哌拉西林、庆大霉素和环丙沙星的耐药率大于50%.从CNS中检出的耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(MRCNS)和甲氧西林敏感的凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(MSCNS)分别为350株和76株,分别占82.16%和17.84%;MRCNS对多种抗菌药物耐药,与MSCNS相比差异有显著性统计学意义(p＜0.01).结论:需要加强量CNS病原学耐药性监测,了解其分布特点,及时向临床反馈公布,为临床医师合理应用抗菌药物提供依据.     

2011～2013年血液分离葡萄球菌的临床分布及耐药性分析

目的了解临床各科发热患者（怀疑细菌感染）血培养中葡萄球菌分布及耐药性,为临床治疗提供参考依据。方法血培养采用BaeT／Alert3D全自动血培养仪（梅里埃）培养5d,采用MicroScanWalk—Away-96plus全自动微生物鉴定和药敏分析系统（西门子）进行细菌鉴定和药敏试验。结果血培养共检出葡萄球菌185株,检出最多的科室是ICU,耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（methicillin—resistant Staphylococcus aureus,MRSA）检出率为30．4％,而耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌（methicillin—resistant coagulase-negative Staphylococci,MRCNS）的检出率高达80．7％。还检出了1株万古霉素中介的凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌。结论通过血培养检出葡萄球菌的耐药性分析发现,凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌对苯唑西林、氨苄西林、青霉素、红霉素的耐药率在70％以上,而对氯霉素、利福平、四环素的耐药率在30％以下,因此这三种药物应为我院应对凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌血流感染的常用首选药物。     

826株临床分离葡萄球菌的鉴定和耐药性研究

目的：研究葡萄球菌感染病原菌的分类、分布特点及对常用抗生素的耐药性。方法：应用MicroScan WalkAway-40全自动微生物分析仪对临床标本中分离的826株葡萄球菌进行鉴定和药敏试验。结果：826株葡萄球菌感染中,其中金黄色葡萄球菌(SA)294株占35．6％,表皮葡萄球菌为主的凝固酶阴性细菌(CNS)532株占65．4％。葡萄球菌分离株主要来源于呼吸道(46％)和泌尿道(23．7％)。MRS的产生率分别为金黄色葡萄球菌77．9％,表皮葡萄球菌80．3％,溶血葡萄球菌74．8％,腐生葡萄球菌82．5％,其他78．5％。MRSA、MRCNS对青霉素G、氨苄西林、苯唑西林几乎全部耐药,对万古霉素、阿米卡星、利福平、头孢哌酮／舒巴坦仍敏感,但发现3例万古霉素低敏株。结论：葡萄球菌感染仍以呼吸道和泌尿道为主,MRS菌株高达70％以上,万古霉素、阿米卡星、利福平、头孢哌酮／舒巴坦仍是治疗的首选药物。     

Co-trimoxazole resistance in methicillin-resistant staphylococci isolated from clinical material in 2001-2003

The aim of this study was to determine resistance to co-trimoxazole among 476 strains of methicillin-resistant Staphylococus aureus (MRSA) and 2137 strains of methicillin resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci (MRCNS) isolation during three years (2001-2003). Their susceptibility testing were performed by the disc-diffusion techniques according to recomendation of NCCLS (National Committe for Clinical Laboratory Standards). Co-trimoxazole resistance was demonstrated more frequently among MRCNS (52,8%, 51,4%, 63,9% in 2001, 2002, 2003), than among MRSA (23,4%, 19,5%, 16,8% adequately).     

深圳市人民医院近五年临床分离金黄色葡萄球菌的分布及耐药性分析

目的 分析医院感染患者金黄色葡萄球菌的临床分布特征及耐药性变化,为临床治疗金黄色葡萄球菌感染提供依据。方法 回顾性分析2012年1月至2016年12月我院从临床各类标本中分离获得的1 141株金黄色葡萄球菌,统计其在各类标本和病区中的分布特点,并用Ｋ-Ｂ法测定该菌对常用抗菌药物的敏感性。结果 5年中共分离出1 141株金黄色葡萄球菌,标本来源构成比最多的是伤口分泌物（43.3%）、呼吸道标本（24.0%）和血液标本（10.2%）。耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（MRSA）共有339株,占29.7%。各年MRSA的检出数依次为53株（31.9%）、51株（26.0%）、82株（35.2%）、81株（30.3%）和72株（26.0%）。MRSA主要分离自神经外科（13.8%）、呼吸监护室（10.6%）、重症监护室（8.8%）和骨科（7.7%）。MRSA对抗菌药物的耐药性普遍高于MSSA,二者比较差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。未发现对万古霉素、利奈唑胺、替考拉宁耐药的金黄色葡萄球菌。结论 MRSA感染多发生于长期使用抗菌药物,有皮肤软组织伤口及侵入性操作的科室及患者。MRSA具有多重耐药性,应严格掌握抗菌药物的使用适应证;同时临床治疗应根据药物敏感性报告针对性地合理用药,以便及时有效地控制感染并防止耐药菌株的扩散。     

mecA基因PCR扩增法检测耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌

目的 应用mecA基因PCR扩增法检测耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus,MRSA）。方法 临床分离的70株金黄色葡萄球菌,应用mecA基因PCR扩增法鉴定MRSA,并与苯唑西林纸片扩散法进行比较。结果 70株金黄色葡萄球菌用PCR扩增法和纸片扩散法有6株鉴定有差异,4株。mecA基因阳性而纸片扩散法鉴定为敏感,1株mecA基因阳性纸片扩散法鉴定为临界耐药,1株mecA基因阴性却表现为苯唑西林耐药,2种方法符合率为91．43％。结论 mecA基因PCR扩增法可以准确、快速判定MRSA,特别是对隐匿型或低水平耐药菌株的检出有重要的价值。     

Comparison of methods for the detection of methicillin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus isolates from food products

AIMS: To compare several methods for detection of methicillin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus isolates from food. METHODS AND RESULTS: Two hundred S. aureus isolates from food of animal origin were screened for methicillin resistance by a PCR assay specific for the mecA gene, an oxacillin agar screen test and a cefoxitin disk diffusion test. Six out of 200 strains (3%) were found to be methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) by PCR. The oxacillin agar screen test detected only one of the MRSA isolates (sensitivity of 16.7%) and mischaracterized three additional strains as MRSA (specificity of 98.45%). None of the MRSA strains was detected by the cefoxitin test (sensitivity of 0%), while 15 methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) strains were misclassified as resistant (specificity of 92.3%). Fifteen MSSA strains displayed a beta-lactamase hyperproducer-like phenotype. The six MRSA (mecA-positive) strains resembled the characteristics of heteroresistant strains. CONCLUSIONS: As MRSA of animal origin may display atypical phenotypes, PCR appears to be more reliable for detection of methicillin resistance in animal strains. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The study stresses the need for implementing the methods of screening S. aureus from food of animal origin for methicillin resistance.     

烧伤病房患者创面金葡菌分布及耐药性分析

目的分析烧伤病房患者不同创面金葡菌的分布及耐药性,为临床合理选用抗菌药提供依据。方法对2006年1月至2013年12月间中国人民解放军第八五医院烧伤病房患者创面分离出金葡菌,采用K—B纸片扩散法进行药物敏感试验。分析金葡菌的耐药性,并对难愈性创面、非难愈性创面的耐甲氧西林金葡菌（MRSA）与甲氧西林敏感金葡菌（MSSA）的耐药性进行对比分析。结果分离出金葡菌112株,其中难愈性创面有70株MRSA和17株MSSA来自难愈性创面,16株MRSA和9株MSSA来自非难愈性创面。金葡菌对青霉素、红霉素、克林霉素的耐药率较高（分别为94．64％、81．25％和74．11％）,对复方新诺明、呋喃妥因的耐药率较低（分别为16．07％和1．79％）,对万古霉素、利奈唑烷的耐药率为0。MRSA的耐药率高于MSSA。来源于难愈性创面与非难愈性创面的MRSA仅在对利福平的耐药率上有明显差异,而来源于两创面的MSSA的耐药率无明显差异。结论创面金葡菌中MRSA的构成比高,难愈性创面MRSA耐药严重,应积极防控创面MRSA感染和扩散。     

神经外科重症监护病房常见病原菌及耐药性分析

目的:了解神经外科重症监护病房(NICU)常见病原菌及其耐药情况,为临床抗菌药物合理使用提供理论依据。方法:收集2009年1月-2010年12月NICU收治患者的各种标本,对病原菌的分布情况及其对抗菌药物的耐药情况进行回顾性分析。结果:分离出病原菌537株,其中革兰氏阴性菌239株(占68.72%),革兰氏阳性菌139株(占25.88%),真菌29株(占5.40%);前5位病原菌依次为鲍曼不动杆菌(19.93%)、肺炎克雷伯菌(18.44%)、金黄色葡萄球菌(12.29%)、铜绿假单胞菌(7.82%)、大肠埃希氏菌(5.77%);产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)肺炎克雷伯菌和大肠埃希氏菌分离率分别为37.37%、64.52%;耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)分离率和耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(MRCNS)分离率分别为63.08%、87.50%。结论:NICU病原菌以革兰氏阴性菌为主,对常用抗菌药物的耐药性高。需持续进行细菌流行病学及耐药性监测,指导临床合理使用抗菌药物,减少细菌耐药性产生。     

253株金黄色葡萄球菌耐药现状分析

目的 了解医院金黄色葡萄球菌临床分布情况及其对常用抗菌药物的耐药率,为临床合理使用抗菌药物提供依据.方法 回顾分析医院2010年5月至2011年4月检出的金黄色葡萄球菌,采用VITEK-AMS全自动微生物分析仪进行菌种鉴定和药敏分析.结果 共检出金黄色葡萄球菌253株,菌株的主要来源为痰130株(51.4％)、血液39株(15.4％)、创面24株(9.5％);菌株主要科室分布前3位是神内科35株(13.8％)、ICU30( 11.8％)、脑外科26株(10.3％);其中耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌( MRSA)为165株(65.2％),MRSA对多种抗菌药物耐药率＞70.0％,MSSA为88株(34.8％),对除青霉素、红霉素外的大多数抗菌药物敏感,未发现耐万古霉素菌株.结论 MRSA检出率高,耐药现状严重,应加强对金黄色葡萄球菌耐药性的监测,并根据药敏试验结果合理使用抗菌药物.     

Reduced susceptibility to triclosan in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

Susceptibility to triclosan in Staphylococcus aureus was determined. The study was carried out on 200 strains, including 100 resistant (MRSA) and 100 susceptibile (MSSA) to methicillin. The examined strains were isolated from varied clinical samples and patients in 18 medical centers, in majority from hospitals in the region of Gdansk. The susceptibility was estimated by the MIC (minimal inhibitory concentration) using dilution test in Mueller-Hinton agar. The antimicrobial resistance patterns were determined, including resistance to methicillin and mupirocin. The most of MRSA strains (62%) demonstrated reduced susceptibility to triclosan (MIC 2mg/L), while 93% of MSSA strains were highly sensitive to this antibacterial agent (MIC 0,031mg/L). The majority (66,1%) of MRSA strains with reduced susceptibility to triclosan demonstrated the same antimicrobial resistance pattern. Reduced susceptibility to triclosan was observed in 8 from 9 high - level mupirocin resistant strains, but the most of MRSA strains with reduced triclosan susceptibility (91,5%) were found among fusidic acid resistant strains.     

Resistance of Staphylococcus aureus strains to quaternary ammonium compounds and chlorhexidine

The level of susceptibility of 90 different Staphylococcus aureus strains to chosen quaternary ammonium compounds: cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide, benzalkonium chloride and benzethonium chloride as well as to chlorhexidine digluconate were examined. The examined strains consist of three groups: hospital originated MRSA, hospital originated MSSA and non-hospital MSSA. The significant differences between these groups were observed in they susceptibility to the investigated disinfectants. The obtained MIC values showed that the most resistant were hospital MRSA strains, where 55% was estimated as resistant to cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide, 72% were resistant to benzalkonium chloride and benzethonium chloride and 7% were resistant to chlorhexidine digluconate. Among hospital originated MSSA 3% of strains were resistant to cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide and 6% were resistant to benzalkonium chloride and benzethonium chloride. 14% non-hospital S. aureus strains were resistant to benzalkonium chloride and benzethonium chloride. None were resistant to chlorhexidine digluconate or cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide.     

Disappearance of differences in antibiotic resistance of Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated in hospitals and in general practice

There is general opinion that Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated in hospitals are more frequently resistant to antibiotics than community strains, however, the increasing resemblance between hospital and community strains has been recently reported. The aim of the study was to compare the antibiotic resistance and phage-type pattern of S. aureus strains isolated from patients treated either in hospitals or in general practice in northern part of Poland. The study was conducted on 771 S. aureus strains isolated from different specimens. Phage typing was performed according to the method of Blair and Williams. The drug susceptibility was determined by the disc-diffusion method. There were no significant differences in antibiotic resistance or phage-type pattern when hospital and community methicillin-sensitive S. aureus (MSSA) strains were compared. The most MSSA were resistant to penicillin (84.6% and 82.1% respectively) and doxycycline (49.3% and 50.4% respectively) whereas they were rarely resistant to other antibiotics. The predominance of phage group II was found in both hospitals (28.0%) and general practice (29.9%). Phage group III, usually associated with hospitals, occurred in small percentage (12.9% and 9.4% respectively) while to this group predominantly (76.6%) multiresistant methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA) isolated in hospitals belonged. These results suggest, that there is only slight difference in antibiotic resistance between hospital and community S. aureus strains. Antibiotic resistance pattern mainly results from frequency of appearance of MRSA, mostly occurring in hospitals.