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Résumé Des expériences d'excision et de remplacement par divers implants d'une portion de tube neural et des expériences d'interposition d'un écran entre le tube neural et le mésoderme somitique ont été pratiquées chez l'embryon de Poulet de 2 à 2 jours 1/2 d'incubation, afin d'étudier le rôle du tube neural dans le développement du plumage dorsal.L'excision entraîne la non-différenciation d'une portion de la ptéryle spinale: absence de chevrons plumaires sans perturbation du patron hexagonal, ou formation d'une aptérie ou d'une zone irrégulièrement emplumée.Le remplacement par un fragment d'agar-agar ou de tantale ou par un autre tissu (tube digestif, mésoderme somatopleural, somites) aboutit aux mêmes types de déficience du plumage dorsal que ceux qui sont produits par les excisions. De même, le remplacement par un fragment de tube neural préalablement traité à la température de 100° C perturbe gravement le développement du plumage dorsal. Au contraire, si le tube neural a été exposé à la température de 60° C seulement, le patron plumaire spinal se développe normalement ou presque.L'interposition d'un écran solide de 0,8 à 2 mm de long (tantale, membrane coquillière, filtre Millipore) entre le tube neural et le mésoderme somitique provoque une échancrure triangulaire de la ptéryle spinale en empêchant le développement des plumes du territoire plumigène situé latéralement par rapport à l'écran.On en conclut que la présence du tube neural est indispensable à la différenciation du patron plumaire dorsal. Le tube neural ne peut être remplacé par un autre tissu, même plumigène, ni par des objets inanimés. Il est vraisemblablement nécessaire à la transformation du dermatome en cellules prédermiques. En son absence, le derme dense ne se constitue pas et, par conséquent, la ptéryle spinale ne peut se développer au niveau de l'opération.
Role of neural tube in the development of the dorsal plumage in the chick embryo
Summary Experiments were performed on 2- to 2 1/2-day chick embryos in order to study the role of the neural tube in the development of the dorsal plumage. Pieces of neural tube were excised or replaced by various living or inanimate implants. In other experiments, a screen was interposed between neural tube and somitic mesoderm.The excision resulted in the non-differentiation of a portion of the spinal pteryla: absence of several feather chevrons without disruption of the hexagonal feather pattern, or formation of an apterium or an irregularly feathered area.The replacement by a piece of agar or tantalum or by another tissue (gut, somatopleural mesoderm, somites) led to the same type of dorsal plumage deficiencies as those which were produced by the excisions. Similarly, the replacement by a fragment of neural tube treated at 100° C severely interfered with the development of dorsal plumage. On the contrary, when the neural tube had been exposed to a temperature of 60° C only, the spinal feather pattern was normal or nearly so.The interposition of a solid screen 0.8 to 2 mm in length (tantalum, egg shell membrane, Millipore filter) between neural tube and somitic mesoderm resulted in the formation of a featherless triangular notch in one side of the spinal pteryla. The screen prevented the development of the feathers in the feather field lateral to the screen.These experiments show that the neural tube is indispensable for the differentiation of the dorsal feather pattern. The neural tube cannot be replaced by inanimate objects or by any of the tested tissues, not even by feather-forming ones like somites. Its presence is likely to be necessary for the transformation of dermatomes into predermal cells. When it is absent, dense feather-forming dermis does not form at that level and, consequently, the corresponding portion of the spinal pteryla cannot develop.
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Hydrobiological studies in the Straits of Dover show a differencebetween the characteristics of the French coastal water andthe open sea water. A cruise between Boulogne-sur-mer and Dover(October 15, 1985) confirms the existence of a frontal area(4 miles off the French coast). This area is characterized byan increase of the salinity (1%) and decrease of the suspendedmatter content (from 27 to 20 mg l–1), of primary production(from 15 to 3 mg C m–3h–1) and of chlorophyll aconcentration (from 4.5 to 1.5 mg m–3). The presence ofdifferent zooplanktonic species in the two water masses alsocharacterizes this discontinuity. Oncaea sp., Corycaeus anglicus,Centropages typicus and Calanus helgolandicus are indicatorspecies of open sea water, while Cyciopina littoralis and ‘Saphirella’are only present in coastal water.  相似文献   

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《Geobios》1986,19(6):689-704
Brachiopod species have been collected in lithologicalunits dated with ammonites in the Bajocian and the Bathonian of the Vienne valley (South-West of the Parisian Basin, France) where detailed surveys were carried out. These observations brought out informations about stratigraphical range and palaeoecology of the species.Some of these brachiopods had alrewdy been observedin the Creuse valley (Fischer 1962, 1964). Comparison between the two lithological and faunal sequences in these valleys, allows to give a new interpretation about the stratigraphical sequence in the Creuse valley. The occurrence of Eudesia infrabathonica Fischer in the Upper Bajocian (Parkinsoni Zone) is noticeable.  相似文献   

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