注意缺损多动障碍关联于DXS7位点 Association of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and the DXS7 Locus

采用单体型相对风险和传递/不平衡检验方法,在中国人群中对注意缺损多动障碍（ADHD）与DXS7位点进行了遗传关联分析。结果表明,以父母双亲为对照,DXS7位点157bp等位基因与ADHD具有显著关联(χ2=9.10, P<0.05)并连锁(χ2=9.53, P<0.05)。提示,ADHD关联和连锁于DXS7位点。 Abstract　The present study was designed to assess the genetic association between attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder(ADHD) and DXD7 locus polymorphism in Chinese population, with haplotype-based haplotype relative risk(HHRR) and the transmission/disequilibrium test(TDT) analysis. We found significant association(χ2=9.10, P<0.05) and linkage (χ2=9.53, P<0.05) between the 157bp DXS7 allele and DSM-Ⅲ-R-diagnosed ADHD(N=54) in trios composed of father, mother and affected offspring. Our results suggest that ADHD was associated and in linkage with DXS7 locus.     

注意缺损多动障碍和儿茶酚-O-甲基转移酶基因无关联性

以往研究表明,儿茶酚胺系统可能参于注意缺损多动障碍（attention—deficit hyperactivityity disorder,ADHD）的发生,而儿茶酚胺-O-甲基转移酶（catechel—O—methyltransferase,COMT）是一种降解多巴胺和去甲肾上腺素系统的儿茶酚胺神经递质的酶。因此,采用两种以家系为基础的分析方法,即传递不平衡实验（transmission disequilibrium test,TDT）和单倍型为基础的单倍型相对风险率（haplotype—based haplotype relative risk,HHRR）去探讨COMT和中国人群中79个ADHD核心家系的关联性,ADHD诊断符合DSM—IV的诊断标准。TDT（X^2=1．03,df=1,P〉0．05）和HHRR（X^2=1．08,df=1,P〉0．05）两种方法的分析结果表明,COMT等位基因不能优先传递给ADHD儿童,提示在中国人群中ADHD与COMT基因无关联性。     

一个先天性眼球震颤家系致病基因的初步定位

为确定一个X染色体显性遗传先天性眼球震颤家系的致病基因与X染色体的连锁关系, 选用X染色体上的DXS1214、DXS1068、DXS993、DXS8035、DXS1047、DXS8033、DXS1192和DXS1232共8个微卫星DNA标记对该家系进行基因扫描与基因分型,并利用LINKAGE等软件包对基因分型结果进行分析,探讨该家系致病基因与X染色体的连锁关系。 两点连锁分析时X染色体短臂4个基因座最大LOD值均小于-1,不支持与该家系致病基因连锁; X染色体长臂4个基因座中最大LOD值达到2,提示存在较大的连锁可能性。该家系的致病基因可初步定位于X染色体长臂,且提示Xq26-Xq28区间附近可能是先天性眼球震颤一个共同的致病基因座,但区间范围仍较大,仍须进一步选择合适的微卫星标记进行精确的定位以缩小候选基因的筛查范围。Abstract： To investigate the relationship between X chromosome and obligatory gene of a pedigree with congenital nystagmus,we used the following markers: DXS1214、DXS1068、DXS993、DXS8035、DXS1047、DXS8033、DXS1192 and DXS1232.Genome screening and genotyping were conducted in this pedigree of congenital nystagmus, and linkage analysis by LINKAGE package was used to determine the potential location. The linkage was not found on the Xp ( All LOD score <-1) but on Xq (the maximum LOD score=2). The related gene of this pedigree was located on the long arm of X chromosome. We demonstrate that Xq26-Xq28 is a common locus for CMN. It bring us closer to the identification of a gene responsible for X-linked CMN.     

原发性高血压相关新基因的发现--D1S249位点与汉族EH相关联

原发性高血压(essential hypertension, EH)被认为是多基因、多因素相互作用引起的复杂疾病. 过去10年中, 高血压相关基因研究虽然已取得令人高兴的进展, 但究竟有多少基因参与发病, 及其之间的相互作用仍不清楚. 以北京房山区高血压群体及家系为研究对象, 应用全基因组扫描技术, 通过病例-对照相关研究和98对受累同胞对连锁分析, 筛查鉴定与汉族原发性高血压相关联的新基因位点. 病例-对照群体分析结果表明, 位于1号染色体长臂1q32区的D1S249微卫星多态性位点与汉族原发性高血压相关联,χ2 = 14.6, P = 0.002. 该位点存在12种等位基因, A9等位基因(181 bp)频率在高血压组较对照组明显升高, 两组间频率为13.6% v.s 2.7%, χ2 = 6.30, P = 0.01(OR = 4.57, 95% CI = 1.21～25.4); 98对受累同胞对等位基因共享连锁分析显示, χ2 = 3.78, P = 0.048. 上述结果提示, D1S249微卫星多态位点与北京房山区汉族原发性高血压遗传易感相关联, 致病基因可能于D1S249位点存在连锁不平衡.     

多巴胺D4受体基因与注意缺损多动障碍

为探讨注意缺损多动障碍（ADHD）与多巴胺D4受体基因（dopamine D4 receptor gene,DRD4)间的关系,采用Amp-FLP的方法检测了上海地区汉族人群中68例ADHD患及其父母DRD4的多态性,数据采用基于单体型的单体型相对风险（HHRR）及传递不平衡检验（TDT）进行遗传关联分析。结果表明HHRR分析和复等位基因的TDT检验,均未显示出与ADHD的遗传关联性（P＞0．05）。提示上海地区人群中DRD4基因与ADHD无显性关联。     

5个精神分裂症高发家系与COMT关联的分析

本研究旨在探测儿茶酚氧位甲基转移酶基因（COMT）多态性与精神分裂症（SP）的关系,搜寻中国汉族人精神分裂症易患性基因。 应用聚合酶链反应（PCR）和限制性片段长度多态性（RFLP）方法对5个精神分裂症高发家系进行初步研究。 用改进的传递/不平衡（TDT）进行统计分析,结果表明,在5个精神分裂症高发家系中,COMT基因与精神分裂症相关联（P=0.0455）。 研究结果提示,在我们研究的家系中,22号染色体长臂（22q11.2）可能存在精神分裂症易患性基因。 Abstract:This study is to explore the relationship between polymorphism of Catechol O-methyltransferase gene and schizophrenia.Search for a gene predisposing to schizophrenia in the Han nationality in China.Five pedigrees with high incidence of schizophrenia were studied by polymerize chain reaction(PCR) and restriction fragment length polymorphism(RFLP) technique.Statistics analysis of the transmission/disequilibrium test (TDT) showed that the COMT gene is associatted with schizophrenia in the five pedigree with high incidence schizophrenia(P=0.0455).The results suggest that there might have a schizophrenia liability gene on 22 chromosome (22q11.2) in our studied pedigrees.     

中国人St14/TaqⅠRFLPs及其在甲型血友病基因连锁分析与产前基因诊断中的应用

St 14(DXS 52)是人X染色体长臂远端的一段基因外DNA序列,与FVⅢ基因紧密连锁。我们分析了95个中国人的St 14/Taq I RFLPs,在44条无遗传关系的X染色体中,St14/Taq 13.6 kb片段出现的频率为31％而4.5kb、4.1kb片段出现的频率则相对较低,与国外报道明显不同。以此RFLPs作为FVⅢ基因的遗传标志,我们分析了8个甲型血友病家系。3个家系中有缺陷FVⅢ基因的可以用此RFLPs进行连锁分析,其中1例为首次应用这一RFLPs连锁分析完成的产前基因诊断。     

用复合PCR检测DXS7132和DXS6804的单倍型

建立X染色体短串联重复基因座DXS7132和DXS6804的复合扩增系统,并用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳和银染技术进行分型,调查广东汉族人群该二基因座的多态性。结果发现DXS7132有7个等位基因,扩增产物的生长在276-300bp;DXS6804有6个等位基因,扩增产物的长度在177-201bp。序列分析揭示这两个基因座的重复单位均为四核苷酸重复。由于基因组作图信息显示DXS7132和DXS6804之间存在紧密连锁,故用家系分析法确定女性的单体型。在827条染色体（男性211,女性616）中,共发现了33种单体型,女性的二倍体数据符合Hardy-Weinberg平衡。基因多样性、多态性信息量和女孩非父排除率分别达0.9999、0.9440和0.9411。对308个三联体的家系调查表明这两个基因座符合X染色体共显性遗传,未发现突变。结果表明,DXS7231和DXS6804在女孩的亲权认定,特别是缺乏双亲检验的案件中有重要的应用价值。     

利用传递不平衡分析在多群体中鉴别猪脐疝易感基因

在本实验室前期利用白色杜洛克×二花脸F₂资源家系开展脐疝易感位点全基因组扫描定位的基础上,文章在7号染色体上的SWR1928和10号染色体上的SW830易感标记区域,结合脐疝发病机制在多群体中进行脐疝位置功能候选基因的筛选和易感位点的精细定位。在两个显著关联的微卫星位点区域搜寻到12个位置功能候选基因,采用比较测序法,选取12个候选基因内共计40个SNP位点在白色杜洛克×二花脸资源家系F₂/F₃脐疝群体中进行基因分型,利用Plink v1.07软件对基因型数据进行质量控制和传递不平衡(Transmission disequilibrium test,TDT)分析。结果表明,IL16(Interleukin 16)基因中的g.708C>T位点和CDC73(Cell division cycle 73)基因中的g.10664G>A位点与脐疝的关联性达到显著水平(P<0.05)。对这两个位点在西方商业猪种脐疝患病家系中进行基因分型和TDT验证分析,发现CDC73基因中的g.10664G>A位点仍与猪脐疝呈显著关联(P<0.05)。同时对CDC73基因中与资源家系脐疝呈弱相关的两个SNP位点g.10546A>G和g.10811A>G在西方商业猪种中进行TDT验证分析,发现这两个SNP位点与商业猪种脐疝发生的关联性达到极显著水平(P<0.01)。根据文章的分析结果,结合脐疝发生的生理机制及CDC73基因的生物学功能,推测CDC73基因可能为猪脐疝发生的易感基因。     

常染色体显性遗传小眼球病与12个微卫星多态标志的初步连锁分析

本文报道了一个常染色体显性遗传小眼球的大家系,初步排除了此家系致病基因在目前已知位点(CHX10、MITF、RX、MCOP、NNO1、NNO2)的可能,并探讨了与11号染色体上的微卫星DNA标志的连锁关系。采用聚合酶链(PCR)扩增微卫星DNA片段,扩增产物进行聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳,用银染显示结果;用MLINK连锁分析软件计算LOD值。结果显示,本家系小眼球致病基因与6个已知位点及11号染色体上的微卫星DNA标志之间不存在连锁,提示此家系的致病位点目前尚未被定位。     

Aland eye disease: linkage data

A large Danish family with Aland Island eye disease (AIED) was studied by linkage analysis using 16 polymorphic DNA markers covering the whole X chromosome. Positive lod scores were found for marker loci at the proximal part of the short arm of the X chromosome, DXS255 and TIMP (Zmax = 3.93 and 3.18 at theta = 0.0), suggesting an assignment of the locus for AIED to this part of the X chromosome. Recombination was observed with the locus DXS7 as well as with other loci distal to DXS7. These results are not in agreement with the deletion presented previously by D-A. M. Pillers et al. (1990, Am. J. Med. Genet. 36: 23-28), which mapped AIED to Xp21.     

Association of attention-deficit disorder and the dopamine transporter gene.

Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has been shown to be familial and heritable, in previous studies. As with most psychiatric disorders, examination of pedigrees has not revealed a consistent Mendelian mode of transmission. The response of ADHD patients to medications that inhibit the dopamine transporter, including methylphenidate, amphetamine, pemoline, and bupropion, led us to consider the dopamine transporter as a primary candidate gene for ADHD. To avoid effects of population stratification and to avoid the problem of classification of relatives with other psychiatric disorders as affected or unaffected, we used the haplotype-based haplotype relative risk (HHRR) method to test for association between a VNTR polymorphism at the dopamine transporter locus (DAT1) and DSM-III-R-diagnosed ADHD (N = 49) and undifferentiated attention-deficit disorder (UADD) (N = 8) in trios composed of father, mother, and affected offspring. HHRR analysis revealed significant association between ADHD/UADD and the 480-bp DAT1 allele (chi 2 7.51, 1 df, P = .006). When cases of UADD were dropped from the analysis, similar results were found (Chi 2 7.29, 1 df, P = .007). If these findings are replicated, molecular analysis of the dopamine transporter gene may identify mutations that increase susceptibility to ADHD/UADD. Biochemical analysis of such mutations may lead to development of more effective therapeutic interventions.     

秦巴山区汉族人群DXS8027基因座的多态性分布研究

为了解秦巴山区汉族人群的DXS8027微卫星序列的遗传多态性,获得该基因位点的群体遗传学数据.采集秦巴山区汉族人群无关个体静脉血样550份,EDTA抗凝,用酚一氯仿法抽提基因组DNA,PCR扩增目的片段,8%非变性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳,0.1%硝酸银(AgNO3)染色分型.结果,在秦巴山区人群中共检出9种不同的DXS8027等位基因,整体人群的基因频率符合Hardy-Weinberg平衡(P＞0.05),并具有较高的杂合度(Het=0.7968).虽然男性和女性间等位基因分布不一致(χ2=30.242,P＜0.01),但在不同地域同性别人群间、不同地域的全体研究人群间无差异(χ2=4.703,P＞0.05;χ2=14.952,P＞0.05;χ2=15.2,P＞0.05);比较秦巴山区和欧洲人群的DXS8027等位基因,发现两者之间存在极显著差异(χ2=37.572,P＜0.01).这些结果为进一步研究该位点在不同人群中的分布提供了基础数据.     

Definitive localization of Becker muscular dystrophy in Xp by linkage to a cluster of DNA polymorphisms (DXS43 and DXS9)

Summary A study of linkage between Becker muscular dystrophy and four X chromosome-specific DNA polymorphisms in 17 kindreds has indicated that this gene is located in Xp, as already anticipated by single pedigree analysis. In particular the DXS43 and DXS9 loci, identified by probes D2 and RC8, respectively, are closely linked to each other and are both located at approximately 15 cM from the Becker locus. These linkage data, together with the previously established linkage between Becker and the DXS7 locus identified by probe L 1.28, indicate that the Becker gene is located in the same region where Duchenne has been mapped and also yield information about relative genetic distances among different DNA polymorphisms of the X chromosome.     

X-linked dominant hypophosphatemia is closely linked to DNA markers DXS41 and DXS43 at Xp22

Summary Two families with X-linked dominant hypophosphatemia (McKusick No. ^*30780) were investigated for linkage of the disease locus with several marker genes defined by cloned, single-copy DNA sequences derived from defined regions of the X chromosome. Close linkage was found with DNA markers DXS41 (p99-6) and DXS43 (pD2) at Xp22, suggesting a location of the HPDR gene on the distal short arm of the X chromosome.     

Confirmation and refinement of the genetic localization of the Coffin-Lowry syndrome locus in Xp22.1-p22.2

The Coffin-Lowry syndrome (CLS) is an X-linked inherited disease of unknown pathogenesis characterized by severe mental retardation, typical facial and digital anomalies, and progressive skeletal deformations. Our previous linkage analysis, based on four pedigrees with the disease, suggested a localization for the CLS locus in Xp22.1-p22.2, with the most likely position between the marker loci DXS41 and DXS43. We have now extended the study to 16 families by using seven RFLP marker loci spanning the Xp22.1-p22.2 region. Linkage has been established with five markers from this part of the X chromosome: DXS274 (lod score [Z] (theta) = 3.53 at theta = .08), DXS43 (Z(theta) = 3.16 at theta = .08), DXS197 (Z(theta) = 3.03 at theta = .05), DXS41 (Z(theta) = 2.89 at theta = .08), and DXS207 (Z(theta) = 2.73 at theta = .13). A multipoint linkage analysis further placed, with a maximum multipoint Z of 7.30, the mutation-causing CLS within a 7-cM interval defined by the cluster of tightly linked markers (DXS207-DXS43-DXS197) on the distal side and by DXS274 on the proximal side. Thus, these further linkage data confirm and refine the map location for the gene responsible for CLS in Xp22.1-p22.2. As no linkage heterogeneity was detected, this validates the use of the Xp22.1-p22.2 markers for carrier detection and prenatal diagnosis in CLS families.     

Linkage studies in a new X-linked myopathy, suggesting exclusion of DMD locus and tentative assignment to distal Xq.

We here report linkage studies in a family suffering from a recently described hereditary muscle disease named X-linked myopathy with excessive autophagy (XMEA). Significant lod scores excluding linkage to the Duchenne-Becker muscular dystrophy locus were found. Several other loci on the short and long arms of the X chromosome produced negative lod scores, whereas probe DX13-7 defining locus DXS15 showed no recombinants and a lod score of z = 0.903 at theta = .0. Further studies should be done to determine whether the gene for XMEA is (1) located at Xq and (2) caused by a mutation of the Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy gene, which has been assigned to the same region.     

Long-range physical mapping around the human steroid sulfatase locus

The region of the human X chromosome containing the steroid sulfatase locus was analyzed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Restriction site maps were generated for the X chromosome in the blood of a normal male individual and that in the mouse-human hybrid cell line ThyB-X; these maps extend over approximately 4.3 Mb of DNA of the former, and 3.2 Mb of the latter. Physical linkage was defined between the STS locus and sequences detected by the probes GMGX9 (DXS237), GMGXY19 (DYS74), CRI-S232 (DXS278), and dic56 (DXS143), and the order telomere--(STS, DYS74)--DXS237--DXS278--DXS143--centromere was deduced. The pulsed-field maps were used to demonstrate a deletion of 180 kb of DNA from the X chromosome of an individual with X-linked ichthyosis. Also, possible locations for the Kallmann syndrome gene were revealed, and the distance between the steroid sulfatase locus and the pseudoautosomal region was estimated to be at least 4 Mb.